Short pulse radar used to measure sea surface wind speed and SWH

A joint airborne measurement program is being pursued by NRL and NASA Wallops Flight Center to determine the extent to which wind speed and sea surface significant wave height (SWH) can be measured quantitatively and remotely with a short pulse (2 ns), wide-beam (60deg), nadir-looking 3-cm radar. The concept involves relative power measurements only and does not need a scanning antenna, doppler filters, or absolute power calibration. The slopes of the leading and trailing edges of the averaged received power for the pulse limited altimeter are used to infer SWH and surface wind speed. The interpretation is based on theoretical models of the effects of SWH on the leading edge shape and rms sea-surface slope on the trailing-edge shape. The models include the radar system parameters of antenna beam width and pulsewidth. Preliminary experimental results look promising and indicate that it may be possible to design a relatively compact airborne radar to infer, in real-time, the sea surface SWH and surface wind speed.     

Experimental investigation of fluctuations of radar signals caused by surface waves

On the oceanographic platform of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, we performedin situ investigations of surface waves based on the analysis of the fluctuations of radar signals at a wavelength of 1.2 cm. We analyzed both the traditional modulation transfer function used to describe variations of the scattering cross section for the scales of surface waves and the correlation of mean variations of the level of radar signals with the group structure of waving. This is of interest for applications in medium-resolution radar systems (−200–500m) recording the group structure of waving in the process of its smoothing. The experimental estimations of the amplitude of variations of radar signals caused by the group structure of waving are in good agreement with numerical results obtained with the help of a two-scale model of scattering of radar signals by the sea surface. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Experimental study on loss factor for corrugated plates by bandwidth method

The material loss factor for technically orthotropic plates was measured by half-power bandwidth method. Rectangular and trapezoidal corrugated plates of steel were considered. A simple isotropic steel plate was also considered for comparison of the results. The concept of single degree of freedom system was adopted. The tests were undertaken at very low frequency range (0–100) Hz. The plate models were suspended freely with two wires to minimize or prevent excessive extraneous energy dissipation. Out of plane point force, random in nature was applied to the top middle of the plates and the responses were measured from the middle point of the plates by FFT analyzer using miniature small mass accelerometer as sensor. The aim of these tests is to investigate the effects of bending rigidity and mode orders over material loss factor. The values of estimated modal damping loss factors are compared and tabulated for the plates models considered. Natural frequencies of some of the initial modes of the plates are also presented.It is observed that the higher the value of bending rigidity of the plates, the larger the values of loss factor of it. There was a significant increase in value of loss factor in corrugated plates to that of the isotropic plate.     

Numerical simulation of sloshing with large deforming free surface by MPS-LES method

Moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is a fully Lagrangian particle method which can easily solve problems with violent free surface. Although it has demonstrated its advantage in ocean engineering applications, it still has some defects to be improved. In this paper, MPS method is extended to the large eddy simulation (LES) by coupling with a sub-particle-scale (SPS) turbulence model. The SPS turbulence model turns into the Reynolds stress terms in the filtered momentum equation, and the Smagorinsky model is introduced to describe the Reynolds stress terms. Although MPS method has the advantage in the simulation of the free surface flow, a lot of non-free surface particles are treated as free surface particles in the original MPS model. In this paper, we use a new free surface tracing method and the key point is "neighbor particle". In this new method, the zone around each particle is divided into eight parts, and the particle will be treated as a free surface particle as long as there are no "neighbor particles" in any two parts of the zone. As the number density parameter judging method has a high efficiency for the free surface particles tracing, we combine it with the neighbor detected method. First, we select out the particles which may be mistreated with high probabilities by using the number density parameter judging method. And then we deal with these particles with the neighbor detected method. By doing this, the new mixed free surface tracing method can reduce the mistreatment problem efficiently. The serious pressure fluctuation is an obvious defect in MPS method, and therefore an area-time average technique is used in this paper to remove the pressure fluctuation with a quite good result. With these improvements, the modified MPS-LES method is applied to simulate liquid sloshing problems with large deforming free surface. Results show that the modified MPS-LES method can simulate the large deforming free surface easily. It can not only capture the large impact pressure accurately on rolling tank wall but also can generate all physical phenomena successfully. The good agreement between numerical and experimental results proves that the modified MPS-LES method is a good CFD methodology in free surface flow simulations.     

构造生烃

生烃是岩石中所含的有机质产生流体有机化合物的化学反应。岩石有机质化学反应存在两种系统：封闭系统和开放系统,随着埋深加大,烃源岩越来越致密,岩石的化学反应逐渐由开放系统转变为封闭系统。目前的生烃理论仅仅是开放系统下烃源岩成熟与生烃理论,烃源岩成熟与生烃是不匹配的。封闭系统下烃源岩成熟与生烃是不匹配的,烃源岩成熟但不生烃,而是形成另外一种成熟的固体有机质。大多数情况是烃源岩为半封闭系统,烃源岩处于欠生烃状态。构造运动形成的断层和裂隙将烃源岩与疏导层沟通,烃源岩迅速由封闭、半封闭系统转变为开放系统。这种生烃系统的转变形成短时间内过量生烃,笔者将这种生烃作用命名为构造生烃,意味着构造运动期即为主生烃期,伴随着多次构造运动可以形成多个幕式生烃高峰。构造生烃理论开拓两个极其重要的勘探领域：第一,新构造勘探。以往认为已经过了生、排烃期的构造得以解放,如渤海湾郯庐断裂带第四纪圈闭不是过了主生烃期,而是正处于构造生烃的过生烃高峰期。以PL19-3为代表的油气运聚强度只有构造生烃能够解释;第二,超深勘探,特别是天然气勘探。深层勘探的下限将大大延伸,生烃门限,特别是生气门限将大大加深,仅生烃而言万米都不是天然气勘探的极限。     

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as a novel approach to measure macromolecule–surface interactions and activities of extracellular enzymes

The dynamics of high molecular weight organic matter in marine systems are influenced by molecular conformation, interactions with surfaces and susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis, parameters that are difficult to observe experimentally. Here we use electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and spin-labeled (SL-) polysaccharides to monitor the sorption of SL-polysaccharides to natural sediment surfaces and to montmorillonite and to observe decreases in polysaccharide size due to enzymatic hydrolysis. SL-pullulan, SL-xylan and SL-maltoheptaose all sorbed rapidly to muddy sediments but not to sandy sediments. SL-pullulan and SL-maltoheptaose also both sorbed to montmorillonite; however, SL-pullulan reached substantially greater final surface loadings than did SL-maltoheptaose. Using EPR has the advantages of being rapid (spectra can be acquired in 100 seconds), non-destructive and functional in complex media, including sediment slurries, muddy water or other optically opaque samples, permitting investigation of the interactions between biomacromolecules, extracellular enzymes and mineral surfaces in aquatic environments.     

Evaluation of the indophenol method to measure NH4 in extracts from coastal marine sediments

It has been found that the measurement of NH₄⁺ in extracts of marine sediments was influenced by factors which inhibit the indophenol colour development, and through gel chromatography, diffusion, dilution and internal standard assays, it was possible to determine the extent of this interference. The measurement of NH₄⁺ in KCl extracts and porewater, using internal standards, indicated that colour development was inhibited 13% and 51%, respectively. Dilution of samples alleviated this inhibition, but more than five-fold dilution was necessary for some extracts. Diffusion of NH₃, collection and measurement generally gave concentrations comparable with those derived from the use of internal standards. These data suggest that the indophenol reagents should be added to sufficient diluted sediment extracts or to diffusates from extracts, to prevent interference to the colour development of NH₄⁺.     

A statistical method to get surface level air-temperature from satellite observations of precipitable water

Ten-day mean surface level air-temperature from SSMI precipitable water (SSMI-T _a ) has been derived and compared with the temperature from two ocean data buoys (Buoy-T _a ) of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) for a period of six months (July–December, 1988). Statistical relations between air-temperature and mixing ratio, using data from ocean data buoys are used to derive air-temperature from mixing ratio, obtained from SSMI precipitable water. For getting the mixing ratio from precipitable water, regional mixing ratio-precipitable water relations have been used, instead of global relation proposed by Liu (1986). The rms errors (standard deviation of the difference between SSMI-T _a and Buoy-T _a ) for two buoy locations are found to be 1.15 and 1.12°C, respectively. Surface level temperature for the two buoy locations are also derived using direct regression relation between Buoy-T _a and precipitable water. The rms errors of the SSMI-T _a , in this case are found to be reduced to 1.0°C.     

An instrument to measure seabed boundary-layer processes

An instrumented platform for investigating the processes governing sediment resuspension and transport near the seabed is described. Water velocities at five positions, suspended-sediment concentration profiles, surface wave activity, and other parameters are measured. The data logger is extremely flexible. There is no fundamental limit to the number or type of sensors that can be fitted. Regular and adaptive sampling are supported to make best use of its 12 Mb of solid-state data storage. Each individual sensor has its sampling rate specified at up to 10 Hz. The platform is designed to minimize flow interference in the vicinity of the current meters. Its orientation is monitored during deployment so that it can be aligned optimally     

Determination of copper complexation with natural organic ligands in seawater by equilibration with MnO2 II. Experimental procedures and application to surface seawater

The MnO₂ adsorption method combined with voltammetry is proposed for the direct determination of metal complexation in seawater of various salinities as a more satisfactory alternative to direct voltammetric measurements and bioassay methods. A small quantity of MnO₂ is equilibrated with copper ions in filtered seawater. Natural organic ligands in the seawater compete for copper with the MnO₂. Total dissolved copper is measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry after filtration and acidification of the sample. Preconcentration of natural water samples is unnecessary and measurement is performed at the natural equilibrium pH of the aerated sample. The analytical limit of detection of the method depends on contamination from the filtration step, and for copper complexation a ligand concentration of 5 × 10^?8 M was obtained. The sensitivity can be increased by use of radioisotopes as tracers. The method is very versatile in that complexation of various metals may be determined by any analytical method that measures total dissolved metal concentrations. Neither organic ligands nor their complexes with copper adsorb on the MnO₂ at pH8, but at pH 1.8 MnO₂ is an efficient scavenger for electroactive organic material.Samples of surface water from the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean were found to contain ligand concentrations of 1.7 × 10^?7 and 1.1 × 10^?7 M, with conditional stability constants (log values) of 9.84 ± 0.13 and 9.86 ± 0.23, respectively, at pH 8.0.     

A method to measure the isotopic (C) composition of dissolved organic carbon using a high temperature combustion instrument

The stable isotopes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are a powerful tool for distinguishing sources and inputs of organic matter in aquatic systems. While several methods exist to perform these analyses, no labs routinely utilize a high temperature combustion (HTC) instrument. Advantages of HTC instruments include rapid analysis, small sample volumes and minimal sample preparation, making them the favored devices for most routine oceanic DOC concentration measurements. We developed a stable carbon DOC method based around an HTC system. This method has the benefit of a simple setup, requiring neither vacuum nor high pressures. The main drawback of the method is a significant blank, requiring careful accounting of all blank sources for accurate isotopic and concentration values. We present here a series of experiments to determine the magnitude, source and isotopic composition of the HTC blank. Over time, the blank is very stable at  20 ng of carbon with a δ¹³C of − 18.1‰ vs. VPDB. The similarity of the isotopic composition of the blank and seawater samples makes corrections relatively minor. The precision of the method was determined by oxidizing organic standards with a wide isotopic and concentration range (− 9‰ to − 39‰; 18 μM to 124 μM). Analysis of seawater samples demonstrates the accuracy for low concentration, high salinity samples. The overall error on the measurement is approximately ± 0.8‰.     

一种改进的随机起伏海面的仿真方法

根据线性滤波器模型的基本原理,提出了一种改进的基于高阶滤波器的随机起伏海面仿真方法.利用Pierson的半经验海浪谱模型,得到了各种不同风速条件下海面随机起伏的仿真结果,并且对仿真结果进行了比较和讨论,结果表明,利用高阶滤波器方法能更加准确地仿真不同风速下的实际海面、更好地再现随机起伏海面的海浪谱特征.这一方法的提出为海浪的物理模拟实验提供了更为准确的数值计算方法,也为研究目标与海面共存条件下高频地波雷达信号的回波特性提供了更好的数值仿真平台.     

Variational method for computing surface acoustic pressure on vibrating bodies, applied to transversely oscillating disks

A variational principle derived from the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral relation can be applied to acoustic radiation and diffraction problems. An illustrative example discussed here is that of sound radiation from a flat rigid circular disk in transverse oscillation. The variational formulation has the surface pressure as the unknown variable, with the normal velocity of the surface taken as given. The Rayleigh-Ritz method used in determining approximate solutions in terms of truncated expansions of basis functions encounters some numerical problems in the evaluation of integrals with singular integrands. The integrands are nevertheless integrable and techniques are described for handling the singularities. Another potential source of difficulty is that the tangential derivative of the surface pressure for the exact solution must be infinite at the edge of the disk. One makes use of prior knowledge of such a fact by using basis functions with the correct dependence on radial distance near the disk edge. Because basis functions in the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure have been selected with the aid of prior insight into the nature of the true solution, accurate results are obtained with a relatively small number of basis functions. The numerical solutions agree well with results calculated by Leitner in 1949.     

Experimental study of the angular method for the determination of the sea surface temperature from space in the 8–12 μm window

The structure of the field of outgoing into space radiation for the 8–12 m spectral interval is studied using the data of satellite observations of the oceans. The regularity found is employed to substantiate the angular method for the sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction. The band of the angles of view is determined in which the error of the SST reconstructon does not exceed 0.3°C with the assigned error of the satellite measurements of radiation temperatures of 0.05°C.UDK 551.507.362.2Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Application of potentiometric method using a cell without liquid junction to underway pH measurements in surface seawater

This study evaluated a method to carry out underway pH measurements of surface seawater by means of a cell without liquid junction using glass electrodes for hydrogen and sodium ions as follows:

Glass-electrode-Na+

Test solution (reference solution)

H+-glass-electrode

Full-size table

Table options

     

17.

A practical surface panel method to predict velocity distribution around a three-dimensional hydrofoil including boundary layer effects     

A. C. Takinaci  M. Atlar  E. Korkut 《Ocean Engineering》2003,30(2):163-183

A practical, low order and potential-based surface panel method is presented to predict the flow around a three-dimensional rectangular foil section including the effect of boundary layer. The method is based on a boundary-integral formulation, known as the “Morino formulation” and the boundary layer effect is taken into account through a complementary thin boundary layer model. The numerical approach used in the method presents a strongly convergent solution based on the iterative wake roll-up and contraction model including the boundary layer effect. The method is applied to a three-dimensional foil section for which the velocity distribution around the foil was measured using a 2D Laser Doppler Velocimetry system in a large cavitation tunnel. Comparison of the predicted velocity distributions both inside and outside of the boundary layer of the foil as well as the boundary layer shapes obtained from the numerical model show fairly good correlation with the measurements, indicating the robustness and practical worthiness of the proposed method.     

18.

海洋表层沉积物类型分布图绘制方法研究     

曹兵  马越  王长海 《海洋通报》2011,30(6):615-618

介绍一种绘制海洋沉积物类型分布图的新方法.假定构成海洋沉积物粒度(砂、粉砂和粘土)的比例数值在海床分布呈线性或非线性渐变过程.在绘图海域内,“无缝”加密设置有限个插值点,避开不易操作的类型插值问题.利用已知采样点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,直接采用数值方法单因子插值,根据每个插值点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,按...     

19.

A method to estimate the forces exerted by internal solitons on cylindrical piles   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shuqun Cai  Xiaomin Long  Zijun Gan 《Ocean Engineering》2003,30(5):673-689

Internal soliton is the large amplitude wave existing in the pycnocline, induced by internal tide in the condition of special bottom topography. During its propagation process, the induced disturbance can bring about strong convergence of sea water and sudden strong current (wave-induced-current), which can cause severe threat to the ocean engineering structures, such as oil drilling platform and pipeline. In this paper, Morison’s empirical method, modal separation and regression analyses are introduced to estimate the forces and torques exerted by internal soliton on cylindrical piles. As an example, a limited set of observational data recording a passage of the internal soliton near Dongsha Islands is used to estimate the horizontal velocity and its acceleration in a vertical section for computing the force and torque on a supposed pile, and the estimation results are reasonable. It is shown that, the higher number of the modes retained in the calculation, the better the estimation of velocity profile fits the observational one. A better overall approximation to the real solution can be reached if there are more observational current data acquired in a whole vertical profile.     

20.

基于QuikSCAT/NCEP风场的1999-2009年中国海表风场研究     

张德天  郑崇伟  石岭琳  刘志宏  陈晓斌 《海洋预报》2011,28(4):58-64

利用1999年8月-2009年7月具有高精度的QuikSCAT/NCEP混合风场,对中国海海表风场的风速风向、极值风速、大风频率等特征进行分析,研究发现:MAM和SON的风速大值中心位于台湾海峡,JJA位于南海西南部海域,DJF大值区主要位于琉球群岛-台湾海峡-东沙群岛-平顺海岛一带,风向也具有明显的季节特征;极值风速...     

A practical surface panel method to predict velocity distribution around a three-dimensional hydrofoil including boundary layer effects

A practical, low order and potential-based surface panel method is presented to predict the flow around a three-dimensional rectangular foil section including the effect of boundary layer. The method is based on a boundary-integral formulation, known as the “Morino formulation” and the boundary layer effect is taken into account through a complementary thin boundary layer model. The numerical approach used in the method presents a strongly convergent solution based on the iterative wake roll-up and contraction model including the boundary layer effect. The method is applied to a three-dimensional foil section for which the velocity distribution around the foil was measured using a 2D Laser Doppler Velocimetry system in a large cavitation tunnel. Comparison of the predicted velocity distributions both inside and outside of the boundary layer of the foil as well as the boundary layer shapes obtained from the numerical model show fairly good correlation with the measurements, indicating the robustness and practical worthiness of the proposed method.     

海洋表层沉积物类型分布图绘制方法研究

介绍一种绘制海洋沉积物类型分布图的新方法.假定构成海洋沉积物粒度(砂、粉砂和粘土)的比例数值在海床分布呈线性或非线性渐变过程.在绘图海域内,“无缝”加密设置有限个插值点,避开不易操作的类型插值问题.利用已知采样点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,直接采用数值方法单因子插值,根据每个插值点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,按...     

A method to estimate the forces exerted by internal solitons on cylindrical piles

Internal soliton is the large amplitude wave existing in the pycnocline, induced by internal tide in the condition of special bottom topography. During its propagation process, the induced disturbance can bring about strong convergence of sea water and sudden strong current (wave-induced-current), which can cause severe threat to the ocean engineering structures, such as oil drilling platform and pipeline. In this paper, Morison’s empirical method, modal separation and regression analyses are introduced to estimate the forces and torques exerted by internal soliton on cylindrical piles. As an example, a limited set of observational data recording a passage of the internal soliton near Dongsha Islands is used to estimate the horizontal velocity and its acceleration in a vertical section for computing the force and torque on a supposed pile, and the estimation results are reasonable. It is shown that, the higher number of the modes retained in the calculation, the better the estimation of velocity profile fits the observational one. A better overall approximation to the real solution can be reached if there are more observational current data acquired in a whole vertical profile.     

基于QuikSCAT/NCEP风场的1999-2009年中国海表风场研究

利用1999年8月-2009年7月具有高精度的QuikSCAT/NCEP混合风场,对中国海海表风场的风速风向、极值风速、大风频率等特征进行分析,研究发现:MAM和SON的风速大值中心位于台湾海峡,JJA位于南海西南部海域,DJF大值区主要位于琉球群岛-台湾海峡-东沙群岛-平顺海岛一带,风向也具有明显的季节特征;极值风速...