东非裂谷Kerio盆地石油地质特征与勘探潜力

东非裂谷东支的South Lokichar盆地于2012年获得勘探突破,成为研究和勘探的热点地区.但近年来周边盆地勘探效果不佳,有待深入分析.Kerio盆地紧邻South Lokichar盆地,勘探程度低,国内在此地的研究处于空白区.基于最新地震地质综合研究成果,阐述其石油地质特征和勘探潜力.结果表明:Kerio盆地为主动裂谷,呈西陡东缓的半地堑结构;发育渐新世以来的5套沉积地层,最大沉积厚度可达6500 m;存在一套被证实的烃源岩,生烃指标好,但厚度仅20 m;发育河流和三角洲相砂岩,孔渗物性好.盆地可划分为4个凹陷和5个构造圈闭带.中部缓坡带和东部反转构造带为盆地的有利勘探区带,可能存在2种成藏模式.盆地具有一定勘探潜力,烃源岩是最主要的地质风险.     

东非裂谷系西支构造样式及其对油气成藏的控制作用

基于东非裂谷系西支地震地质综合解释对比研究,发现该生长型裂谷盆地受基底属性影响,主要发育陡断面地堑型盆地结构,沿边界主控断裂走向发育背离型和接近型两类主要调节构造,沿边界主控断裂倾向主要发育地垒式和地堑式两类调节构造。构造样式控制了主要成藏条件：陡断面地堑式裂谷能够形成沉积范围广、厚度大的湖相优质烃源岩;裂谷间走向调节构造属于一级调节带,控制长轴辫状河三角洲的展布;裂谷内错断的边界断裂带属于次级走向调节构造,控制中小型扇三角州的发育。倾向调节构造形成的断鼻、断块圈闭,为该类盆地的主要油气藏类型。     

东非裂谷Tanganyika地堑石油地质特征和勘探潜力分析

随着东非裂谷乌干达区块的勘探获得重大突破,与之石油地质条件相似的Tanganyika地堑的勘探潜力受到了人们的重视.Tanganyika地堑地处东非,属于东非裂谷西支的中段,是典型陆内裂谷盆地,主要沉积中新世以来的地层,现仍大部分被湖水覆盖,湖盆水体较深.盆地整体分为2个次盆,呈三隆夹两凹的构造格局.盆地目前勘探程度较低,根据现有资料推测,盆地地层埋深较大,深洼区中新统地层发育成熟烃源岩,具有较大的生烃潜力和生烃规模;陆内盆地物源相对充足,储盖组合条件较好;应力复杂,能够形成大量多种类型构造及构造-地层圈闭;各种成藏条件匹配关系较好,有利于油气聚集成藏.综合分析认为,盆地具有较大勘探潜力,其中盆地转换带是最有利的油气勘探区.     

东非大陆边缘构造演化过程与油气勘探潜力

近年来,东非大陆边缘油气接连获得大突破,已成为世界油气勘探的热点。与西非和北非相比,东非油气勘探和研究程度均很低,尤其经历错综复杂的构造演化过程后,盆地构造、沉积与油气系统及其三者之间的相互作用关系十分复杂,不利于对东非油气勘探前景的分析和判断。本文通过对东非大陆边缘形成与演化过程的探讨,并结合现今盆地结构和油气发现状况,研究认为,东非大陆边缘先后经历了Karoo陆内裂谷、侏罗—白垩纪裂谷两期裂谷和一期被动陆缘作用阶段。两期裂谷发育多套烃源层系,并与被动陆缘阶段的三角洲-深水浊积扇储层时空上构成较好的油储关系,两者均受控于东非复杂构造演化作用,构造对油藏系统的改造或破坏作用影响了东非油气富集规模和类型。     

东非裂谷系Albert湖凹陷新生代构造沉降特征

新生代形成的东非裂谷是威尔逊旋回萌芽阶段的典型陆内裂谷,长期以来备受国内外地质学家关注。Albert湖凹陷位于东非裂谷系的西支最北端,整体呈北西向带状展布的不对称(半)地堑。目前,该区已有较好的工业性油气发现,分析其沉降演化规律对进一步揭示该凹陷的构造沉降特征及其油气勘探潜力具有重要的意义。基于钻井资料,结合地震资料解释、沉降史、埋藏史与断层活动性分析,重新划分了构造单元,总结了构造沉降特征,探讨了沉降与断裂的关系、沉降中心迁移的规律及其对油气勘探的指示意义。研究表明:Albert湖凹陷东部的次级构造单元主要受到东部边界断裂的控制,F_1、F_2断层对东部陡断带、东部断阶带以及三个构造调节带的沉降变化及其形成起主要控制作用;南部次凹在早期沉降速率较大,有利于晚中新世形成巨厚的烃源岩,随着沉降中心向北迁移,北部次凹发育了上中新统和下上新统烃源岩;沉降中心周缘的构造带是油气运聚的有利指向区。研究成果为东非裂谷系Albert湖凹陷油气进一步勘探提供了新的依据。     

东非肯尼亚裂谷活动断层型地裂缝变形特征与机理研究

2018年雨季期间,东非裂谷肯尼亚段地表突然出现一条7～8 km长的巨大地裂缝,该裂缝直接导致连接肯尼亚东西区域的主干道B3公路的毁坏(以下称为B3地裂缝),而作为我国“一带一路”倡议的重点项目“内罗毕至马拉巴标准轨铁路”仅距离该裂缝几公里,科学解释地裂缝的形成机理是铁路工程设施安全运营的重要保障。本文对该地裂缝的空间展布和形成机理进行研究,利用遥感影像详细解译了地裂缝空间位置,通过无人机航拍测绘建立了裂缝带高分辨率数值高程模型,在此基础上详细测量了地裂缝两侧地表垂向位移、地裂缝宽度和深度等指标。通过野外调查发现地裂缝发育在裂谷东边界F₄活动断层之上,其空间位置受F₄断层控制,地裂缝垂向剖面显示全新世沉积物有明显断错,且有多条破裂结构面贯穿其中：地裂缝下部火山碎屑岩层有明显拉张裂隙,这成为雨季期间地表水垂向下渗的通道,使浅表部松散沉积物向下运移。同时,裂谷区发育的南北向断层系统是雨季期间地下水横向流动的主要通道,这些过程导致地下水径流在雨季期间会不断潜蚀下部的土层,致使地表物质不断向下搬运,从而造成地表大规模开裂和塌陷,形成裂谷区受活动断层空...     

汾渭与贝加尔裂谷系相似性的统计分析

在野外观测与遥感综合解译的基础上,充分利用区内已积累的地质与地球物理资料,应用统计分析方法,从7个方面分别计算分析了汾渭与贝加尔裂谷系的相似性系数。显著性统计检验表明,两裂谷系在几何形态、三维构造格局、历史与现今活动性各方面都存在显著的相似性。
结合空间测量与两裂谷系现今构造应力场的实测资料分析,推断汾渭与贝加尔裂谷系高度相似性产生的动力学机制与东亚大陆这一地带南、北块体间不等速西向运动所造成的大规模S形张裂作用存在成因联系。      

Γ—分布与地壳灾变

文章通过概率分布拟合优度检验,证实大洋中脊裂谷系转换断层和东非裂谷地堑型断裂的间距均服从Г-分布,并由此讨论了地壳灾变等有关问题。     

裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式的控制——以西非裂谷系Termit盆地下白垩统为例

Termit盆地位于尼日尔东南部,属于西非裂谷系的北延部分,是发育于前寒武系—侏罗系基底之上的中、新生代裂谷盆地。该盆地早白垩世—古近纪经历了"裂谷—坳陷—裂谷"的构造演化过程及"陆相—海相—陆相"的沉积演化过程,表现为晚白垩世大规模海侵、早白垩世和古近纪两期裂谷叠置的特点。基于构造作用影响裂谷盆地层序发育的观点,分析了Termit盆地下白垩统裂谷阶段内的层序地层充填样式。根据裂谷作用的强弱,将早白垩世裂谷阶段划分为裂谷初始期、裂谷深陷期及裂谷萎缩期3个阶段。裂谷初始期层序断裂活动弱,构造沉降小,长轴物源体系较为发育,陡坡带为加积至退积型河流或三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育加积型河流或三角洲体系。裂谷深陷期层序断裂活动强烈,构造沉降大,陡坡带形成退积型水下扇或滑塌扇沉积,缓坡带发育退积型三角洲体系,盆地中心为泥岩充填。裂谷萎缩期层序断裂活动减弱并趋于停止,陡坡带为进积型扇三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育进积型三角洲体系。研究表明:裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式具有明显的控制作用,以构造作用为主线的裂谷盆地层序地层分析方法,能有效预测沉积体系和储层分布。     

南堡凹陷古近系层序地层格架中烃源岩分布与生烃特征研究

南堡凹陷油气资源丰富,古近系主要分布有沙三段、沙一段和东三段三套有效烃源岩。在层序地层学研究的基础上,应用有机地球化学、有机岩石学和沉积有机相等研究手段和方法对东三段、沙一段和沙三段不同层序和同一层序不同体系域中烃源岩特征进行综合研究。结果表明,南堡地区烃源岩非均质性特征明显,烃源岩生烃的层位主要分布于SQ9、SQ5~SQ8、SQ2和SQ1的湖扩展体系域和早期高位体系域,SQ2为优质烃源岩段。造成这种非均质性的主要原因是不同体系域的沉积特征,这影响着烃源岩有机质类型和保存条件。     

东非裂谷东支South Lokichar盆地石油地质特征及成藏规律

东非裂谷东支由多个盆地组成,South Lokichar是唯一有油气发现的盆地,目前对于该盆地的石油地质特征及成藏规律仍认识不清,严重制约着东非裂谷东支下一步勘探.本文综合利用钻井、地震、岩芯、薄片以及分析化验等资料,对South Lokichar盆地的构造和地层发育特征、关键成藏条件和影响因素以及成藏规律进行详细分析...     

A 1.3 million year record of synchronous faulting in the hangingwall and border fault of a half-graben in the Malawi (Nyasa) Rift

This paper analyzes throw-depth (T-z) profiles from a high resolution 2D reflection seismic grid in the central basin of Lake Malawi to investigate whether evidence exists: 1) for migration of faulting away from the border fault of the half-graben; and 2) that faults in the hangingwall lengthened over the last 1.3 million years. We use the high-precision age model from a 2005 scientific drilling project in our study area to constrain the ages of our seismic horizons and examine a fault array and two individual faults within the hangingwall of the central basin border fault. We account for climatic and sedimentological controls on stratal growth with a lake-level curve that accompanies the age model. A comparison of our hangingwall T-z profiles with published throw-distance (T-x) profiles for the border fault shows synchronous faulting over the last 1.3 m.y. rather than basinward migration of faulting. Furthermore, we find no evidence for significant propagation of the tips of the hangingwall faults in the last 1.3 m.y. and conclude that the lack of basinward migration of faulting is a consequence of strain localization on faults established at an early stage in basin development.     

Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system: geochemical evidence from the Kivu volcanic province

This study presents new major and trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic results for a suite of Miocene–Recent mafic lavas from the Kivu volcanic province in the western branch of the East African Rift. These lavas exhibit a very wide range in chemical and isotopic characteristics, due to a lithospheric mantle source region that is heterogeneous on a small scale, probably <1 km. The chemical and isotopic variations are mostly geographically controlled: lavas from Tshibinda volcano, which lies on a rift border fault on the northwestern margin of the province, have higher values of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, (La/Sm)_n, Ba/Nb, and Zr/Hf than the majority of Kivu (Bukavu) samples. The range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr at Tshibinda (0.70511–0.70514) overlaps some compositions found in the neighboring Virunga province, while Bukavu group lavas include the lowest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70314) and highest _Nd (+7.6) yet measured in western rift lavas. The Tshibinda compositions trend towards a convergence for Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic values among western rift lavas. Among Kivu lavas, variations in ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd correlate with those for certain incompatible trace element ratios (e.g., Th/Nb, Zr/Hf, La/Nb, Ba/Rb), with Tshibinda samples defining one compositional extreme. There are covariations of isotopic and trace element ratios in mafic lavas of the East African Rift system that vary systematically with geographic location. The lavas represent a magmatic sampling of variations in the underlying continental lithospheric mantle, and it appears that a common lithospheric mantle (CLM) source is present beneath much of the East African Rift system. This source contains minor amphibole and phlogopite, probably due to widespread metasomatic events between 500 and 1000 Ma. Lava suites which do not show a strong component of the CLM source, and for which the chemical constraints also suggest the shallowest magma formation depths, are the Bukavu group lavas from Kivu and basanites from Huri Hills, Kenya. The inferred extent of lithospheric erosion therefore appears to be significant only beneath these two areas, which is generally consistent with lithospheric thickness variations estimated from gravity and seismic studies.     

中非裂谷系前寒武系基岩油气成藏组合

中非裂谷系是在前寒武系结晶基岩基础上发育起来的中新生代裂谷盆地群。通过露头和钻井资料研究发现,基岩主要由前寒武系岩浆岩、正变质岩和少量副变质岩组成。根据暗色矿物含量可以将基岩划分为长英质和铁镁质岩石两大类,前者更有利于风化和裂缝的形成,储层物性较好。寒武纪-侏罗纪长期风化作用形成了广泛分布且厚度较大的球形风化壳(段),早白垩世中非剪切带的走滑拉张应力场与前寒武系刚性基岩的耦合作用在基底产生了大量高角度断层、共轭缝、微裂缝和节理等,风化淋滤、表生和热液作用控制了溶蚀、胶结和次生孔隙发育。风化壳和裂缝储层发育具有“似层状”的特征,垂向上基岩潜山储层序列可进一步划分为风化淋滤带、裂缝发育带、半充填裂缝带和致密带四个区带。中非裂谷系盆地在早白垩世、晚白垩世和古近纪三期裂谷期发育了三期区域性厚层泥页岩,古近系暗色泥岩由于埋藏浅,处于未成熟阶段,不能作为有效烃源岩,上白垩统泥岩以滨浅湖相为主,有机质含量总体不高,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,下白垩统深湖相泥岩是区域上的优质烃源岩,同时为基岩提供了良好的油源和顶盖层。根据盖层的时代,可以划分出下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3类成藏组合。乍得Bongor盆地基岩勘探获得极大成功,发现了一批高产稀油油田,打开了中非地区一个新的油气勘探领域。     

Tectonic and lithological constraints on the evolution of the Karoo graben of northern Malawi (East Africa)

The results of a lithostratigraphic, tectonic and kinematic study of the Karoo deposits of northern Malawi are reported. The objective of the lithostratigraphic study is to correlate the deposits of the Karoo basins of northern Malawi with the well-known deposits of southern Tanzania, thus establishing a stratigraphic framework through which the timing of faulting can be constrained. The kinematic analysis of faulting constrains the opening direction for the Karoo graben in this area and provides basic data to discuss the Karoo graben development within the regional tectonic framework of south-eastern Africa. The studied adults are defined by moderately to steeply dipping cataclastic zones with a width of up to 15 m and are characterized by an array of slickensided fault surfaces with different orientations and slip directions. In this study, small faults (offset < 10 m) and meso-scale faults (offset > 10 m, but generally not exceeding 30–40 m) have been distinguished. Methods used to analyse the kinematic data include the ‘pressure tension’ (PT) method, which estimates the principal axes for the bulk brittle strain, and the internal rotation axis (IRA) method, which estimates the axis of bulk internal rotation and the overall sense of slip at the faults. A mass balance calculation reveals a volume increase of up to 16% during cataclastic deformation in the fault zones. The PT method shows an approximately east trending extension direction for faults that occur only in the latest Carboniferous (?) and Early Permian strata, whereas the fault kinematics from faults that cut middle Permian to Early Triassic rocks is characterized by a ESE to SE trending extension direction. The small faults yield essentially the same kinematic results as the meso-scale faults. In a transport-parallel cross-sectional view, the principal extension axes are at an acute angle of approximately 60° to the major fault planes. Given the moderate fault density, the relatively high angle between the orientation of the principal extension axis and the fault planes suggest only a moderate amount of horizontal extension across the Karoo graben of northern Malawi. Riedel structures in the fault zones formed within two conjugate sets of localized shear zones; slip on one set was top to the W/NW and, on the other, top to the E/SE. The two conjugate sets of Riedel structures have an acute angle about the regional shortening axes, implying that no pronounced rotation of the strain axes occurred. The internal rotation axes for the Riedel structures reveal a largely bimodal distribution and inferred weakly monoclinic to orthorhombic symmetry. Therefore the overall deformation during Karoo rifting in northern Malawi is interpreted to be close to a coaxial deformation with a limited amount of horizontal extension.[/p]     

Tertiary Mafic Lavas of Turkana, Kenya: Constraints on East African Plume Structure and the Occurrence of High-{micro} Volcanism in Africa

The East African Rift System is important to understanding plume-initiatedrifting as manifest in the geochemistry of mafic lavas eruptedalong the rift throughout its evolution. We present new datafrom high-MgO Tertiary lavas from Turkana, northern Kenya, toinvestigate regional melt source components, to identify thedepths and degrees of melting, and to characterize spatiallyand temporally the chemical structure of the underlying mantle.The Turkana area is a region of high lithospheric extensionthat sits between two topographic uplifts thought to be surfaceexpressions of one or more upwelling mantle plumes. Thinningof local crust is believed to be accompanied by widespread removalof the mantle lithosphere, causing the asthenosphere to be inclose contact with the overlying crust. New geochemical dataon basanites, picrites and basalts (MgO >7 wt %) tightlyconstrain the primary melt source regions of Tertiary volcanism.Initial isotopic signatures (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0·51267–0·51283,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0·7031–0·7036) and trace elementabundances (Ce/Pb 30, La/Nb = 0·6–0·8 andBa/Nb = 3–10) in these lavas are consistent with derivationfrom sub-lithospheric sources. Basalts and picrites eruptedbetween 23 and 20 Ma have Sr–Nd–Pb–He isotopiccharacteristics indicative of high-µ influence, recordhigh depths and degrees of partial melting, and are associatedwith rift propagation to the north and south. Accordingly, theselavas sample a source region that is geochemically distinctfrom that reflected both in Oligocene Ethiopian flood basaltsand in the modern Afar region. The geochemical data supportnumerical and theoretical models as well as tomographic resultsproviding for a complex thermal structure in the mantle beneathEast Africa and are interpreted to reflect isotopically distinctplume heads beneath Tanzania and Afar that are derived fromthe chemically heterogeneous South African superplume. KEY WORDS: East African Rift System; mantle plumes; HIMU; geochemistry; Afar