长江中下游地区不同尺度铜地球化学异常的意义与大型矿床预测

以长江中下游1∶20万铜区域地球化学数据为基础,研究了铜元素地球化学异常特征,认为不同尺度的地球化学异常图具有不同的研究意义:(1)1∶20万地球化学异常可以圈定矿床异常,用于大型矿床预测。研究区内13个大型矿床中有12个落在具有三层套合结构的地球化学异常中,已知矿床储量与异常面金属量、异常面积之间的相关系数分别为0.94、0.95,显示区域地球化学异常规模与储量之间的较好相关性。(2)1∶50万地球化学异常可以圈定矿区异常,用于在成矿带中预测有利成矿区。(3)1∶100万地球化学异常可以圈定大型矿集区或成矿带,用于矿集区预测。如果把研究区内面积大于1 000km2且含有3个以上已知矿床的异常作为矿集区的话,则长江中下游存在3个大型矿集区:马鞍山—南京矿集区、九江—瑞昌—大冶矿集区和德兴—黄山—安庆—铜陵矿集区(实际上包含德兴和铜陵2个矿集区)。大型矿床多产于多层套合的地球化学异常中,大型矿集区所形成的异常具有至少3层套合结构,浓集中心与大型矿床存在对应关系,这些规律的发现为在不同成矿域预测新的大型矿集区提供了重要地球化学标志。     

大兴安岭成矿带大型银多金属矿区域地球化学预测指标

如何利用地球化学填图数据来预测大型矿是当前面临的一个重要课题。文中利用大兴安岭地区1∶20万区域化探扫面数据和1∶100万中蒙边界地球化学填图数据进行综合研究。发现1∶100万地球化学编图圈定的地球化学省与矿集区存在十分密切的关系,1∶20万地球化学编图圈定的区域地球化学异常与大型矿存在对应关系。以大兴安岭3个大型银铅锌矿为例建立了预测大型矿的地球化学指标。大型银多金属矿具有Pb、Zn、Ag 等3个以上元素异常在空间上相套合;异常具有3层以上套合结构,即地球化学省（>500 km2）包裹区域异常（>100 km2）,区域异常包裹局部浓集中心（n×10 km2）;标准化综合异常下限大于4.5,异常衬度大于2.0。     

固体矿产地球化学勘查进展与成果

为庆祝第三十届国际地质大会在北京召开,让世界各国地质同行们了解中国地矿部门固体矿产地球化学勘查工作的进展,本文主要介绍我国地球化学勘查的成果。近十五年来已完成区域化探覆盖面积517万km2,中比例尺化探普查面积约90万km2,发现各类化探异常约4.3万处,通过检查化探异常和工程验证发现具工业价值的大、中、小型矿床569处,找矿效果非常显着,特别是化探找金、银矿方面取得突破性成果,化探方法技术不断提高和广泛推广。特殊景观区的野外工作方法、化探样品微量、痕量元素测试方法技术、化探异常的查证方法及化探数据处理与成图等方面均接近或达到国际水平。回顾过去,地球化学勘查进展迅速,成果丰硕,技术水平不断提高。展望未来,地球化学勘查目标明确,任务繁重,地质找矿潜力巨大。     

东天山中段区域化探异常评价方法研究

本文利用1/20万区域化探数据,研究了东天山中段地区针对不同类型铜矿化的元素组合异常圈定方法。选择典型（含）铜矿床及其周围地段的化探测量点为建模样本,通过因子分析,查明针对不同矿化类型的指示元素定量组合;以因子得分为综合指标,用泛克里格剩余值圈定化探异常。结果得到3个元素组合：Cu-Co-Ni-Mn-V-Fe-Cr组合...     

新疆-甘肃-内蒙古衔接区Cu和W地球化学异常及找矿意义

对新疆-甘肃-内蒙古衔接区的1：20万地球化学数据研究结果表明,该区Cu地球化学异常主要与基性、超基性岩和斑岩体有关,成矿元素组合为Co-Zn-Cr—Ni—Cu;W地球化学异常主要与中酸性岩有关,成矿元素组合为W—Sn—Bi。区内主要铜、钨矿床和新发现的矿床（点）均有相应元素区域异常显示,表明地球化学异常在本区具有重要指示意义。在全区确定了4个Cu地球化学省、5个W地球化学省、15个Cu区域异常和17个W区域异常,其中上马崖一铜山Cu地球化学省、黄山-梧桐窝子-葫芦北Cu地球化学异常带、土屋-赤湖Cu区域异常、大狐狸山Cu地球化学省、鹰嘴红山W地球化学省、古堡泉-柳园W地球化学省、英姿山W区域异常具有重要的找矿意义。     

老挝普老地区多金属矿地球化学异常特征及找矿前景

普老地区Pb、Zn、Sn多金属异常区位于老挝北部长山成矿带,1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学测量发现了以Pb、Sn为主,伴生Zn、Ag、W、Sb、Bi、As、Hg、Cu、Au等元素异常。1∶1万土壤地球化学测量圈定了3个综合异常带,Pb、Zn、Sn等元素具有异常强度高、规模大、浓集中心明显的特点,经异常检查发现铅锌、锡多金属矿化点13处。研究和分析异常区元素的地球化学分布和异常特征,认为该区多金属异常为矿致异常,具有寻找热液型铅锌、锡及多金属矿的潜力。     

区域化探异常(老资料)评价、评序方法讨论

对区域化探老资料及成矿区(带)的化探资料圈出的异常进行评价、分类、评序是一项紧迫工作。笔者用谢学锦和邵跃的异常评价方法思路提出了新的异常评序方法。方法是:先计算出异常的各种地球化学参数;每个异常按元素规格化面金属量NAP值从大至小依次排队,写出每个异常的多元素组合表达式;根据区域地球化学特征、区域地质矿产规律、成矿物质来源、控矿地质条件、已知矿区异常规律结合异常特征等对异常进行评价,对有找矿远景的异常进行矿种预测;按异常评价结论对异常进行分类;最后将各类异常中每一个异常的成矿元素及其前缘元素NAP值累加值作为异常评序参考值,按其值的大小序列进行排队,这样同类型矿床的异常就可以进行比较了。1981年至1982年对湖南省区域化探(老资料)中圈出来的132个异常评价、分类、评序取得较好的结果。经评序后已知大中型矿床的异常都排在每类的最前面,说明最前面的异常找矿规模也最大,其中排在前面的尚未见矿的异常一般是有找矿希望的异常。且这种序列与异常评价结论是一致的。异常评价后发现有七个异常的评价意见与新的储量资料相吻合。1983年至1984年在两个异常区钻探打到相应的工业矿体,说明这种异常评价、评序方法是可行的。     

新疆—甘肃—内蒙古衔接区Cu和W 地球化学异常及找矿意义

对新疆—甘肃—内蒙古衔接区的1∶20万地球化学数据研究结果表明,该区Cu地球化学异常主要与基性、超基性岩和斑岩体有关,成矿元素组合为Co-Zn-Cr-Ni-Cu;W地球化学异常主要与中酸性岩有关,成矿元素组合为W-Sn-Bi。区内主要铜、钨矿床和新发现的矿床（点）均有相应元素区域异常显示,表明地球化学异常在本区具有重要指示意义。在全区确定了4个Cu地球化学省、5个W地球化学省、15个Cu区域异常和17个W区域异常,其中上马崖—铜山Cu地球化学省、黄山—梧桐窝子—葫芦北Cu地球化学异常带、土屋—赤湖Cu区域异常、大狐狸山Cu地球化学省、鹰嘴红山W地球化学省、古堡泉—柳园W地球化学省、英姿山W区域异常具有重要的找矿意义。     

内蒙古东部重力场特征以及寻找内生矿床的意义

依据岩石密度特征，应用布格重力异常资料，在内蒙古东部地区推断7个大型岩浆岩活动区（带）。这些岩浆岩活动区（带）控制着内蒙古自治区东部地区大部分内生矿床，也就是说每一个大型岩浆岩活动区（带）实际上是一个成矿系统。因此，应用布格重力异常资料可以推断岩浆岩活动区（带），预测内生矿床，筛选化探异常。     

物化探综合找矿方法在西口沟钼矿勘查中的应用

通过梳理、筛选1∶20万区化异常,结合成矿地质背景,选择具有良好找矿前景的化探异常,利用1∶5万水系沉积物测量进一步缩小了找矿靶区。在此基础上,综合应用1∶1万土壤测量等地球化学方法及激电中梯测量、激电测深等地球物理方法,在物化探异常对应较好及矿化发育地段,择优开展钻探工程验证,最终发现了西口沟钼矿,取得了较好的找矿效果。这说明综合运用物化探方法找矿是可行、有效的,对于区域上寻找同类型矿床具有很好的借鉴意义。     

粤北某铀矿勘查区深部铀矿找矿潜力分析

基于大比例尺区域地质调查工作,在粤北某铀矿勘查区通过分量化探和土壤氡气测量开展深部铀矿找矿工作。已知的隐伏铀矿区测量结果表明,铀矿赋存在断裂之中,在含矿断裂上方形成U的分量化探异常和土壤氡气异常;在该异常区内,同时伴随W、Be、Ba、Mo、Li、Ni的分量化探异常。综合分析分量化探和土壤氡气资料,勘查区内北北东向F_2、F_1处的分量化探和土壤氡气异常具备已知隐伏铀矿区的全部异常特征,推测该处异常具有较大的深部找矿前景,进一步的钻探工作正在进行中。     

Pb-Zn (Ba) deposits of the oriental Saharan Atlas (north-east of Algeria): distribution,control and implications for mining exploration

Analysis and integration of geological/metallogenic data and digitally processed gravimetric/aeromagnetic data to the oriental Saharan Atlas domain were carried out to understand the spatial distribution and structural control on Pb-Zn (Ba) deposits of the oriental Saharan Atlas. The use of this combined technique suggests that most of mineral deposits appear to be regionally controlled by structural trends (subparallel NE-SW-trending) along margins of subsiding sedimentary basins. Mineralization occurs along or near major NE-SW-trending faults, locally intersected by NW-SE-trending faults. In addition, mineral deposits are usually either inside anticlinal hinge zones (example, Merouana, Ichmoul and Ain Mimoum ore deposits) or on the flanks of anticlinal structures (example, Ain Bougda ore deposit). In “diapiric zone”, mineral deposits are generally located on diapiric structures borders (peridiapiric concentrations), related to NE-SW/NE-SW and E-W-trending faults. Other mineral concentrations occurs along the margins of tectonic troughs zones (example, Morsott trough) resulting probably by NW-SE-trending deep faults movement. In summary, our research suggested that regional parameters, such as NE-SW/NW-SE-trending lineaments, intersections of these lineament zones and margins of subsiding sedimentary basins/diapiric structures, serve as significant indicators and provides a valuable framework for guiding the early stages of Pb-Zn (Ba) mineral exploration; other considerations must then be applied in this region, like integration of surficial geochemical anomalies that allows better delineation of targets for further mineral exploration.     

Application of singularity mapping technique to identify local anomalies using stream sediment geochemical data,a case study from Gangdese,Tibet, western China

Identifying geochemical anomalies from background is a fundamental task in exploration geochemistry. The Gangdese mineral district in western China has complex geochemical surface expression due to complex geological background and was chosen as a study area for recognition of the spatial distribution of geochemical elements and separating anomalies from background using stream sediment geochemical data. The results illustrate that weak anomalies are hidden within the strong variance of background and are not well identified by means of inverse distance weighted; neither are they clearly identified by the C–A method if this method is applied to the whole study area. On the other hand, singularity values provide new information that complements use of original concentration values and can quantify the properties of enrichment and depletion caused by mineralization. In general, producing maps of singularities can help to identify relatively weak metal concentration anomalies in complex geological regions. Application of singularity mapping technique in Gangdese district shows local anomalies of Cu are not only directly associated with known deposits in the central part of the study area, but also with E–W and N–E oriented faults in the north of the study area. Both types of anomalies should be further investigated for undiscovered Cu mineral deposits.     

Regional geochemical anomalies related to plate tectonic models for the Northwestern Canadian shield

Regional geochemical maps of a 97,000-km² area of the northwestern Canadian Shield were based on analysis of lake sediment samples collected at 5-km grid points. The maps revealed three global-scale geochemical features: (1) a major anomaly of refractory and chalcophile elements associated with a Proterozoic volcanic-plutonic belt of previously proposed Andean are affinities; (2) a dramatic increase in Ba concentrations on crossing a proposed Precambrian suture zone; and (3) another major anomaly of refractory and chalcophile elements associated with the Archean greenstone belt closest to the supposed suture zone.The regional geochemical anomaly in the Proterozoic volcanic-plutonic belt is considered to have originated during an island-arc-type evolution of the belt by intrusion of magma formed by stages of partial melting of subducted oceanic basalts contaminated by subducted ocean floor sediments. The increase in Ba concentration found on crossing the proposed Precambrian suture is attributed to exposure of deep crust by the post-collision erosion of the uplifted edge of one of the proto-continents. The multielement, geochemical signature of the Archean greenstone belt is tentatively attributed to Archean subduction of oceanic crust and ocean sediments.The regional, multielement anomalies delineated are associated with known or suspected base metal and uranium mineralization. If the geotectonic relationships proposed above are valid, routine geochemical mapping of the Precambrian Canadian Shield will not only be of use in prospecting and mineral potential evaluation but may indirectly assist in metallogenic interpretations. Further, there is a possibility that routine geochemical mapping of the Canadian Shield may define other subduction and suture zones.     

Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993

By means of multi-temporal analysis of satellite images and statistical algorithms, the amount of pyroclastic material deposited on Lascar volcano walls after the gravitational collapse of the eruptive column caused by the eruption that occurred on April the 19th and the 20th in 1993 was determined and quantified. For this analysis, scenes corresponding to Landsat 4 TM in 1989 and Landsat 7 ETM+ in 2001 were used. By careful selection methods such as combination of bands, unsupervised classification, and the Karhunen–Loève transform, detailed analysis of zones of change that correspond to pyroclastic deposits were made. This analysis was complemented with in situ data in order to correct and calibrate the satellite images to identify zones of 1993s eruption pyroclastic deposits. Using Kittler’s and other thresholding algorithms, a search was performed for a proper threshold to binarize the images to determine the surface area covered by the eruptive process. Matlab™ software was used both for general programming and for digital image processing.     

Incorporation of principal component analysis,geostatistical interpolation approaches and frequency-space-based models for portraying the Cu-Au geochemical prospects in the Feizabad district,NW Iran

Delineation of mineralization-related geochemical anomalies of stream sediment data is an essential stage in regional geochemical exploration. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 12 selected elements to acquire a multi-element geochemical signature associated with Cu-Au mineralization in Feizabad district, NE Iran. The spatial distribution of enhanced multi-element geochemical signature of the second component (PC2) was modeled by different geostatistical procedures including variogram calculation, ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation techniques. Concentration-area (C-A) fractal and U-spatial statistics models were then applied to the continuous-value interpolated models for delineation of geochemical anomalies. Quantitative comparison of results based on the known mineral occurrences in the study area was carried out using normalized density index and success-rate curves. All generated models represent a high positive relation with known Cu (±Au) deposits in the study area, although, comparison of the results revealed that the OK-based U-spatial statistics model was superior to the rest of models. Besides, the low, moderate and high-intensity anomalies are spatially associated with geological-structural features in the study area.     

因子图解法预测雅克拉构造含油气性及图形数据再处理

雅克拉构造位于中国新疆塔里木盆地东北部，沙雅隆起的中段，为一高断块，地处南北侧两个生油拗陷油气运移指向的聚集地带。布于构造上的沙参２井于奥陶系获高产工业油气流。在油气化探工作中，土壤气体测量法属多指标找矿法。在数学地质领域内，因子分析（Ｒ型或Ｑ型）是一种多元统计方法，是用以进行系统分类和成因分类的重要手段。本文通过对雅克拉工区１９５个土壤样品、１３个气测指标（烃类气体１２个，稀有气体１个）进行Ｒ型因子分析，根据因子图解特征，划分因子得分异常区带。以预测该区含油气性。随着地质资料的日益丰富，为进一步对比研究地表异常划分和异常分布特征，作者于１９９３年再次对图形数据进行处理，采用电子计算机成图，对工区异常区带的划分作了修改。     

湘南四个金属矿田的区域重磁异常特征

湘南位于南岭构造带中段偏北地区,区内地层较齐全,岩浆岩活动频繁,褶皱、断裂发育,矿产十分丰富,大型—特大型内生多金属矿田比较集中,为华南重要的找矿远景区之一。     

Regional Probabilistic and Statistical Mineral Potential Mapping of Gold–Silver Deposits Using GIS in the Gangreung Area, Korea

The aim of the present study is to analyze relationships between epithermal Au‐Ag deposits of the hydrothermal type and related geological factors and integrate the relationships using probabilistic and statistical models in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. A variety of spatial geological data were compiled, evaluated and integrated to produce a map of potential Au and Ag deposits in the Gangreung area, Korea. This empirical approach assumes that all deposits shared a common genesis. The method consists of three main steps: (i) identification of spatial relationships; (ii) quantification of such relationships and (iii) integration of multiple quantified relationships. A spatial database containing Au and Ag deposits, topographic, geologic, geophysical and geochemical data was constructed using a GIS. The factors relating to 103 Au and Ag mineral deposits are the geological data such as lithology and fault structure, geochemical data including the abundance of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, conductivity, Cr, Cu, Eh, Fe, HCO3–, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, pH, Si, Sr, V, W, Zn, Cl^?, F^?, PO₄^3?, NO₂^?, NO₃^? and SO₄^2?, and geophysical data including Bouguer and magnetic anomalies. Using the constructed spatial database, the relationships between mineral deposit areas and 36 related factors are identified and quantified by probabilistic and statistical modeling; that is, likelihood ratio, weights of evidence and logistic regression. All the factors were combined to produce a map of the regional mineral potential using the overlay method in a GIS environment. The mineral potential map was then verified by comparison with known mineral deposits. The verification results give respective accuracies of 82.52%, 72.45% and 81.60% for the likelihood ratio, weights of evidence and logistic regression models, respectively. The mineral potential map can be used as a source of basic information for mineral resource development.     

西准噶尔成矿带金矿异常识别及其不确定性分析

西准噶尔成矿带地处中亚成矿域核心区,伴随着古生代强烈的构造岩浆活动,发生了广泛的金成矿作用,形成了一系列金矿床、矿点及矿化点,如萨尔托海、哈图、包古图等金矿床,已成为我国重要的黄金开发基地之一.基于该成矿带水系沉积物地球化学数据,采用集成序贯指示模拟技术和多重分形局部奇异性分析方法,开展金异常信息识别及其不确定性定量模拟,有效突出局部异常和弱缓异常,实现金元素富集异常在空间上的概率分布与量化表达.研究结果显示,金奇异性指数小于2的条件下,金元素富集异常的高概率区与已知金矿产地在空间分布上非常吻合,该研究可为西准噶尔成矿带金矿勘查及其不确定性风险评估提供决策依据.