浅析晚古生代同沉积构造对煤层的控制

本文所讨论的内容仅局限在北半球范围内,含煤地层仅就石炭、二叠系而言,地质构造是指海西运动及其之前所形成的一些构造形迹。     

Palaeozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan, central Asia

The Chinese Tien Shan range is a Palaeozoic orogenic belt which contains two collision zones. The older, southern collision accreted a north-facing passive continental margin on the north side of the Tarim Block to an active continental margin on the south side of an elongate continental tract, the Central Tien Shan. Collision occurred along the Qinbulak-Qawabulak Fault (Southern Tien Shan suture). The time of the collision is poorly constrained, but was probably in in the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous. We propose this age because of a major disconformity at this time along the north side of the Tarim Block, and because the Youshugou ophiolite is imbricated with Middle Devonian sediments. A younger, probably Late Carboniferous-Early Permian collision along the North Tien Shan Fault (Northern Tien Shan suture) accreted the northern side of the Central Tien Shan to an island arc which lay to its north, the North Tien Shan arc. This collision is bracketed by the Middle Carboniferous termination of arc magmatism and the appearance of Late Carboniferous or Early Permian elastics in a foreland basin developed over the extinct arc. Thrust sheets generated by the collision are proposed as the tectonic load responsible for the subsidence of this basin. Post-collisional, but Palaeozoic, dextral shear occurred along the northern suture zone, this was accompanied by the intrusion of basic and acidic magmas in the Central Tien Shan. Late Palaeozoic basic igneous rocks from all three lithospheric blocks represented in the Tien Shan possess chemical characteristics associated with generation in supra-subduction zone environments, even though many post-date one or both collisions. Rocks from each block also possess distinctive trace element chemistries, which supports the three-fold structural division of the orogenic belt. It is unclear whether the chemical differences represent different source characteristics, or are due to different episodes of magmatism being juxtaposed by later dextral strike-slip fault motions. Because the southern collision zone in the Tien Shan is the older of the two, the Tarim Block sensu stricto collided not with the Eurasian landmass, but with a continental block which was itself separated from Eurasia by at least one ocean. The destruction of this ocean in Late Carboniferous-Early Permian times represented the final elimination of all oceanic basins from this part of central Asia.     

Lower Palaeozoic unconformities in an intracratonic platform setting: glacial erosion versus tectonics in the eastern Murzuq Basin (southern Libya)

The stratigraphic record of the eastern Murzuq Basin has been importantly influenced by deformation resulting in angular and/or deeply erosional unconformities, though the overall context is intracratonic. Major transgressive events and the Ordovician glaciation are nevertheless documented, allowing the delineation of tectonic-, eustasy- or climate-driven unconformities. Lower Palaeozoic key events and related unconformities that characterize the North Gondwana platform have therefore a signature in the eastern Murzuq Basin. The basement/cover unconformity, also known as the infra-Tassilian surface, truncates all the deformed and metamorphosed Lower Cambrian and older rocks. Above is a ?Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician megasequence (Murizidié and Hasawnah Fms.), which is in turn truncated by an intra-Ordovician, angular unconformity. This megasequence is unconformably overlain by a Middle Ordovician (Hawaz Fm.) to Silurian (Tanzzuft and Akakus Fms) megasequence, which includes the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic unit (Mamuniyat Fm.), bounded at the base by a polygenic glacial erosion surface showing corrugated glacial lineations, tillites, and glaciotectonic structures. The Middle Ordovician to Silurian megasequence is finally truncated by a base-Devonian, angular unconformity overlain by fluvial sandstones. Regarding the possibility that those fluvial deposits may be as younger as Late Devonian in the eastern Murzuq Basin based on palaeoflora, the so-called Caledonian unconformity might be here a much younger (mid-Eifelian?) surface, and the occurrence of the Lower Devonian “Tadrart Fm.” is questioned. The Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface, which is sometimes referred to as the Taconic unconformity, usually truncates Middle Ordovician strata in the Murzuq Basin but reaches significantly deeper stratigraphic levels in places that have been previously involved in the intra-Ordovician deformation event. In the Murizidié (southeastern Murzuq Basin), the infra-Tassilian surface, the intra-Ordovician unconformity, and the Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface amalgamate together. Here, an estimate of the glacial erosion depth cannot be derived from the stratigraphic hiatus beneath the glacial incision, the main part of which relate to the intra-Ordovician tectonic event. The Upper Ordovician climate-related glacial erosion surface is not a valid unconformity for a sequence hierarchy framework of the Lower Palaeozoic, although it presents most of the physical attributes of tectonic-driven unconformities.     

Relationship of late Quaternary tectonics and volcanism in the Khanarassar active fault zone, the Armenian Upland

The Syunik rhombus-like structure in the Khanarassar active dextral fault zone of Armenia is a typical pull-apart basin, formed between terminal parts of two adjacent en echelon fault segments. Some component of subsidence associated with the faults of the structure is found between the en echelon segments; nevertheless, the dextral component continues to be predominant even on the boundaries of the pull-apart basin. The late Pleistocene and Holocene lava volcanoes of the basin are also associated with those faults that have a component of extension. The relative ages of fault displacements and volcanic eruptions have been identified by the mutual correlation of lavas, moraines and topographic features and by archaeological and radiocarbon dating. According to the interpretation of rupturing and volcanism, major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions appear inter-related and three pulses of such activity during the earlier and middle Holocene have been identified.     

Palaeozoic collision between the North and South China blocks,Triassic intracontinental tectonics,and the problem of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism

The Qinling–Dabie Belt represents the boundary between the North and South China blocks (NCB, SCB, respectively), where ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks are widespread. A structural study in eastern Qinling and zircon LA ICPMS dating of the migmatites that form the core of the Central Qinling Unit allows us to argue that continental collision occurred in the Silurian, before 400 Ma. In the Late Palaeozoic, from the Devonian to the Permian, the northern margin of SCB experienced a continental rifting. From the Late Permian to Middle Triassic, northward continental subduction of SCB is responsible for the development of a high-pressure metamorphism. The age of the UHP metamorphism remains unsettled yet. A two-time genesis, Early Palaeozoic and Early Triassic, is often preferred, but a single Palaeozoic age followed by a Triassic resetting cannot be ruled out.     

Extensional tectonics in Mt Parnon (Peloponnesus,Greece)

Peloponnesus in the south-western part of the Aegean is formed by a heterogeneous pile of alpine thrust sheets that was reworked by normal faulting from Upper Miocene to recent times. Upper Miocene–Lower Pliocene extension in Mt Parnon was accommodated by several mappable brittle detachment faults that exhibit a top-to-the-NE-ENE sense of shear. The hanging wall of the detachments comprises a number of highly tilted fault blocks containing abundant evidence of intense internal deformation by normal faulting and layer-parallel shearing contemporaneous with faulting. These fault blocks are remnants of a cohesive extensional block that slipped to the NE-ENE and broke up along high-angle normal faults that sole into or are cut by the detachments. The largest part of this block is located at the eastern edge of the metamorphic core forming the hanging wall of East Parnon high-angle normal fault that excised part of the aforementioned detachments. The lowermost metamorphic Unit of the nappe-pile does not seem to be affected by the previous extensional episode. Upper plate reconstruction shows that various units of the nappe-pile were affected by high-angle normal faults that linked to detachment faults in the weaker layers. Since the Middle-Upper Pliocene further exhumation of the metamorphic rocks has resulted in the formation of high-angle normal faults overprinting Neogene extensional structures and cut the entire nappe-pile. This new fault system tilted the earlier extensional structures and produced a NE-SW coaxial deformation of Mt Parnon.     

Glaciation and tectonics in an active intracratonic basin: the Late Palaeozoic Itararé Group, Paraná Basin, Brazil

The Paraná Basin (1 600 000 km²) is the largest intracratonic basin in southern South America and contains a thick (1300 m) Permo-Carboniferous glacial succession (the Itararé Group). This paper describes over 1700 m of drill core recovered during recent exploration for oil and gas. Itararé Group sediments consist of massive and stratified diamictites interbedded with massive and graded sandstones, and massive and laminated mudstones. Facies are interpreted as the product of sediment gravity flows in a glacially influenced marine basin. Three stratigraphic formations can be defined across the basin, each consisting of a lowermost sandstone-rich member overlain by a diamictite-rich member. Examination of Itararé Group rocks both in core and outcrop shows that depositional processes were influenced by active faulting and downslope resedimentation on relatively steep and unstable substrate slopes. Primary glacial deposits such as tillites and associated striated pavements occur along the present eastern outcrop belt which probably coincided with the eastern basin margin during deposition of the Itararé Group. Ice masses fringing the eastern (southern African) and western (Bolivian) basin margins supplied sediment to the basin in the form of fluvio-glacial deltas, fans and floating ice tongues. This sediment was then resedimented downslope as debris flows and turbidites. Both stratigraphic relationships and the regional distribution of facies types identify a clear pattern of basin subsidence and step-wise expansion by outward faulting within Late Proterozoic mobile belts. The position of successive basin margins can be related to specific lineament structures in the underlying basement. Asymmetric expansion of the Paraná Basin occurred along the northern and southern basin margins during deposition of the Itararé Group; this expansion probably reflects shallow crustal adjustments activated by collisional movements along the Andean margin of South America during the Hercynian Orogeny.     

Environmental changes in the Hirnantian (upper Ordovician) of the Prague Basin,Czechoslovakia

Sedimentary sequences through the uppermost Ordovician (Hirnantian), Kosov Formation, are described. The Kosov Formation is a shale-dominated formation with two thin horizons of sandy diamictites near the base and two ‘flysch’ units separated by shales forming the main part of the formation, which is overlain abruptly by Silurian graptolitic shales. The diamictites are interpreted as of glaciomarine origin, probably deposited from coastal winter ice. The flysch units have many beds with hummocky cross-stratification and wave-ripples indicating deposition from storm generated currents above storm wave-base. The shales between the two flysch units have thin interbedded sandstones and siltstones with mainly unidirectional current structures, but also some wave-ripples, suggesting deposition around storm wave-base. The sequence shows clear evidence of two regressive phases, the second of which is the more pronounced, followed by rapid transgression near the Ordovician/Silurian boundary. The regressions and subsequent transgression are interpreted as being caused by Hirnantian glacioeustatic changes rather than being tectonic in origin. The importance of the glaciomarine diamictites is that they record the onset of cold climatic conditions in the region as being early Hirnantian. The disappearance of most of the fauna at about the same time might reflect the influence of low temperatures on faunal diversity, and could have significance for the end Ordovician extinction.     

Synsedimentary faulting and palaeocurrent patterns in the Triassic sandstones of the High Atlas (Morocco)

The influence of syndepositional fault patterns on palaeocurrents is demonstrated in fluvial to shallow-marine sandstones of Upper Triassic basins in the High Atlas. The synsedimentary nature of faults is deduced from hydroplastic slickensides, thickness variations due to block tilting and dislocation of layers next to the fault scarp. On a regional scale, it is shown that the major normal fault trend of N050–070° controlled the overall palaeocurrent pattern which was directed towards the west-southwest, i.e. in the direction of the future Atlantic ocean. Some anomalies in the palaeocurrent pattern could be related to an increase in subsidence which induced a general coarsening of sediment towards the top of the Triassic.     

On the tectonics of the Ligurian Apennines (northern Italy)

Four nappes have been recognized in the Ligurian Apennines. In the Lavagna Nappe very low-grade metamorphism is combined with very large, originally W-facing isoclinal folds. In the other nappes, no evidence for metamorphism is found and all eutectonic folding was originally E- to NE-facing. Tectonic transport along the major nappe contacts was in an E- to NE-direction. A tectonic model is presented, which explains the generation of the large, originally W-facing folds as a result of originally E-inclined subduction within a young oceanic basin. Young oceanic lithosphere (maximum age approximately 25 Ma) subducted beneath oceanic lithosphere with a maximum age of approximately 40 Ma, under the influence of horizontally oriented compressional forces. Within the tectonic wedge, associated with the subduction, originally W-facing isoclinal folding and metamorphism occurred. Decrease and/or termination of compression resulted in the cessation of the subduction movements, followed by uplift of the region above the subducted plate by means of buoyancy. This uplift formed a slope from which sequences slid in an E- to NE-direction, causing E- to NE-facing folds. Ultimately, detachment and thrusting of gravitational nappes took place, by which process rock sequences of oceanic origin have been externally transported to attain ensialic (continental) domains. The Triassic-Early Oligocene tectonic events recognized in the Ligurian Apennines correlate quite well with the events that preceded the collision phase of the Alps.     

Thin skinned tectonics in the Ponga region (Cantabrian Zone,NW Spain)

The Variscan thrust and associated fold structures of the Ponga Region (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain) are interpreted in terms of thin skinned tectonics, with a dominant eastward transport direction.A 2.5 km thick sequence of Paleozoic rocks was deformed by an east vergent thrust system that includes an imbricate fan and a duplex. The thrust surfaces have a very irregular map outcrop pattern due to the existence of a set of folds (longitudinal and transverse systems). A strike-normal balanced section illustrates the geometry of the thrusts and their related folds. The minimum value of accumulate transport is about 62 km. A tear fault can be recognized in a transverse cross-section.A later out-of-sequence thrust system (e.g. Peña Ten Thrust) with dominant southward direction is superimposed upon the earlier eastward verging thrust system. These thrust reactivate the earlier lateral structures as frontal structures.

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Zusammenfassung Die Vartszische Front und damit verbundene Faltenstrukturen des Pongagebietes (Kantabrische Zone, NW Spanien), werden mit Hilfe von »thin skinned tectonic« mit dominierendem ostwärts gerichtetem Transport interpretiert. Eine 2,5 km mächtige Folge paläozoischer Gesteine wurde durch ostvergente überschiebung deformiert. Dabei wurde ein Schuppenfächer und eine Duplexstruktur ausgebildet.Das Ausbei\en der überschiebungsbahn an der Oberfläche ist duch die Existenz longitudinaler und transversaler Faltensysteme sehr unregelmä\ig. Ein Profil senkrecht zum Streichen verdeutlicht die Geometrie der überschiebungen und Faltensysteme.Die gesamte Transportweite beträgt mindestens 62 km.In einem diagonalen Profil kann eine »tear fault« festgestellt werden.Ein späteres überschiebungssystem (z. B. Peña Ten überschiebung), mit hauptsächlich Südwärts gerichtetem Transport hat das frühere Ostwärts vergierende System überprägt. Das jüngere überschiebungssystem hat die älteren Lateralstrukturen als Frontstrukturen reaktiviert.

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Resumen La estructura de la Región del Ponga (Zona Cantábrica, NO de España) es interpretada en el contexto de su situación en la zona externa de una cordillera, y consiste en un sistema de cabalgamientos que han sido emplazados predominantemente hacia el Este con un conjunto de pliegues asociados. Las superficies de cabalgamiento muestran un trazado cartográfico muy irregular debido a la existencia de un conjunto de pliegues transversales a ellos. La Ventana Tectónica del Río Monasterio representa una estructura lateral de estos mantos. El desplazamiento mínimo calculado en una sección a través de la parte central de la región es de 62 Km.Posteriormente, tiene lugar el emplazamiento hacia el Sur de un nuevo sistema de cabalgamientos que reactivan estructuras laterales del sistema previamente emplazado, pasando a constituir estas las estructuras frontales de los nuevos cabalgamientos.Estas estructuras fueron formadas durante la orogénesis varíscica y afectan a un conjunto de materiales Paleozoicos de 2.5 Km. de espesor.

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Two-stage partial melting during the Variscan extensional tectonics (Montagne Noire,France)

International Journal of Earth Sciences - One of the striking features that characterise the late stages of the Variscan orogeny is the development of gneiss and migmatite domes, as well as...     

Ordovician and Silurian coronates (echinodermata) from Czechoslovakia

Coronates form a small but distinctive group of lower Palaeozoic echinoderms, most closely related to eublastoids. The coronate fauna of Czechoslovakia includes Mespilocystites bohemicus Barrande 1887 from the Lower and Middle Caradoc, characterized by a conical theca, coronal processes which diverge markedly upwards, and distinctly angled radial furrows; Stephanoblaslus mints (Barrande 1887), from the Wenlock, typified by an elongate bud-shaped theca with three radiating keels at the base and a very narrow stem; and ‘Stephanocrinus’ gemmiformis (Hall 1852) from the Ludlow, with a cup-shaped theca and low coronal processes. ‘S.’ gemmiformis has not previously been reported from outside North America or above the Wenlock.     

大陆构造、大洋构造和地球构造研究构想

大陆动力学和大洋动力学是当前固体地球科学的前沿领域 ,反映处于中期阶段的板块理论正向更加深入、全面、完善的方向发展 ,并走向统一的地球构造学的趋势。中、新生代造山带构造 ,全球高原构造的比较 ,周边洋底构造对欧亚大陆的动力作用 ,应是大陆动力学中优先研究的问题。对全球洋底构造的继续探测 ,用地震各向异性研究地幔的流动或变形 ,布设海底宽频带地震台阵探测地幔细结构 ,将会提供更多的地球内部过程信息。“地球大系统科学”概念的提出 ,将能推进固、液、气三态地球多球层相互作用的研究 ,例如固体地球微动态、固液气三态球层运动的可比较性、不同球层分区性的比较等 ,都是需要深入探讨的问题 ,代表了从整体地球系统开展学科交叉研究的方向     

Palaeozoic sequences and evolution of the Calabrian-Peloritan Arc (Southern Italy)

Three Palaeozoic sequences belonging to three different basins crop out in the Calabrian–Peloritan Arc. Their age covers the time span from middle (?) Cambrian to early Carboniferous. The sequences comprise terrigenous, volcanic and carbonate rocks, and show low-grade metamorphism. The basement is of pre-middle Cambrian age, crops out in the Calabrian–Peloritan Arc, and was metamorphosed prior to the opening to the Palaeozoic basins. The Palaeozoic basins existed no later than the middle Carboniferous, with inferred maximum crustal extension in the Cambro-Ordovician. By Devonian time, the tectonic regime was compressional overall with middle Devonian island-arc type volcanic activity that continued until the closure of the basins. Approximately 330 Myr, the Palaeozoic sequences experienced low-pressure greenschist facies metamorphism and continuing subduction controlled the Variscan tectonogenesis with 280 Myr island-arc type intrusive magmas. Subduction ceased and late-stage 280–270 Myr granitic magmas were emplaced during continental collision. The crustal sector carrying the Palaeozoic basins is interpreted as comprising fragments of an active continental margin, one of the several microplates, located at the southern margin of the Euro-Asia continent which faced a large (at least 1500 km in width) ocean basin.     

Palaeozoic micro-pelmatozoan thecae from the bedload of the River Maas (province of Limburg,the Netherlands)

In the Netherlands, Late Palaeozoic pelmatozoans – that is, stalked echinoderms – are known from building stones and cobbles in rivers, but there are no in-situ carbonate rocks from which they might be collected. Unsurprisingly, most recognisable specimens are columnals and pluricolumnals. Two small thecae, collected in the mid-1970s from silexite cobbles in the bedload of the River Maas in the Venlo-Tegelen area (province of Limburg, south-east Netherlands) are exceptional finds. One specimen, the diplobathrid camerate crinoid Rhodocrinites sp., has an unsculptured theca and some minor differences of form, yet otherwise satisfies the diagnosis of this genus. The other, the pentremitid blastoid Doryblastus? sp. is rather poorly preserved, yet is the first blastoid to be recorded from the Netherlands. Either or both of these specimens may be juveniles, particularly the blastoid. They are unlikely to be coeval, coming from separate cobbles and being of slightly different preservation. Their provenance from silexite cobbles suggest they originated from Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean = Mississippian) carbonates in the southern Ardennes (south-central Belgium).     

拆离构造理论与找矿实践(七)--拆离构造研究方法

6 4　拆离构造研究的其它方法《拆离构造理论与找矿实践》(五、六 )已分别就挤压型和拉张型拆离构造的常规地质研究方法作了详细的论述 ,本节侧重介绍拆离构造的其它研究方法。6 4 1　几何作图法6 4 1 1　平衡剖面法自从 60年代末加拿大地学者Ｄａｈｌｓｔｒｏｎ( 1 969)提出运用几何学原理的平衡剖面概念之后 ,通过不断的发展和完善 ,形成了一套平衡剖面理论 ,并成为主要的几何作图方法而广泛应用于推覆拆离构造研究中 ,从而深化了逆冲推覆拆离构造几何学的研究。平衡剖面系指标准的地质横剖面 ,其中的构造变形可通过几何学原则和构造学准…     

拆离构造理论与找矿实践（六）——拆离构造研究方法

(上接第 1 7卷第 2期 )6 3　拉伸型 (或伸展型 )拆离构造的常规地质研究方法拉伸型拆离构造与挤压型拆离构造由于其拆离滑脱面均属低角度断层而具共性 ,故二者易于混淆 ,但由于其变形构造、运动学特征和动力学机制等方面完全不同而又具有差异。在本节讨论拉伸型拆离构造方法学之前 ,有必要根据新的资料对大型低角度断层区分“滑脱”与“拆离”术语的含义作进一步补充说明。以往有关文献将滑脱 (ｄｅｃｏｌｌｅｍｅｎｔ)与拆离 (ｄｅｔａｃｈ ｍｅｎｔ)作同义语使用 (童航寿 ,1 994) [1 ] 。 80年代后期 ,Ｒａｍｓａｙ和Ｈｕｂｅｒ(1 987)将…     

On the tectonics of the eastern Betic Cordilleras (SE Spain)

The tectonically deepest part of the eastern Betic Cordilleras consists of rocks showing medium grade metamorphism of alpine age. In this zone several individual tectonic units are distinguished, each with a basis of polymetamorphic pre-Silurian schists, covered by a sequence of younger metamorphites considered to be partly of Triassic age. The crystalline schists of the Sierra Nevada, together with their cover of younger schists — which represent the deepest part of the mixed zone of previous authors — form a single tectonic unit. It seems appropriate to combine the crystalline schists of the Sierra Nevada and this former mixed zone to a complex of tectonic units, which are characterized by a medium grade metamorphism of alpine age and for which the name Nevado-Filabride units or Nevado-Filabrides is proposed.The Nevado-Filabrides are tectonically overlain by the Alpujarrides, generally characterized by low grade alpine metamorphism, and these in their turn by the Betic of Málaga — merely present as small dispersed remnants — consisting of rocks that are almost devoid of alpine metamorphism.Important movements, that have taken place after the major thrust movements leading to the formation of the nappe structures, have caused horizontal displacements of considerable magnitude, sometimes resulting in changes of the original tectonic succession.

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Zusammenfassung Der tektonisch tiefste Teil der östlichen betischen Kordilleren besteht aus Gesteinen, die eine mittlere Metamorphose alpidischen Alters zeigen. In dieser Zone kann man mehrere selbständige tektonische Einheiten unterscheiden. Bei jeder von ihnen besteht die Basis aus polymetamorphen präsilurischen Schiefern, die überlagert werden von einer Folge jüngerer metamorpher Gesteine, bei denen z. T. triassisches Alter angenommen wird. Die kristallinen Schiefer der Sierra Nevada und die darüber liegenden jüngeren Schiefer (die den tiefsten Teil der Mischungszone älterer Autoren bilden) sind eine telefonische Einheit. Diese kristallinen Schiefer der Sierra Nevada und die früher verwendete Mischungszone faßt man am besten zu einem Komplex tektonischer Einheiten zusammen, die gekennzeichnet sind durch eine mittlere Metamorphose alpidischen Alters. Für sie wird der Name Nevado-Filabride Einheiten oder Nevado-Filabriden vorgeschlagen.Die Nevado-Filabriden werden tektonisch überlagert von den Alpujarriden, die durch einen geringen alpinen Metamorphismus gekennzeichnet werden. Auf diesen liegt das Betikum von Malaga, das vorwiegend in kleinen verstreuten Resten vorliegt und aus Gesteinen besteht, denen eine alpidische Metamorphose fast ganz fehlt.Nach den großen Überschiebungen, die die Deckenstrukturen schufen, haben bedeutende Bewegungen zu Horizontalverschiebungen beträchtlichen Ausmaßes geführt. Bisweilen bewirkten sie eine Änderung der ursprünglichen tektonischen Abfolge.

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Résumé La partie tectoniquement la plus profonde des cordillères bétiques orientales est formée de roches montrant un métamorphisme d'âge alpin de degré moyennement élevé. Dans pette zone on distingue plusieurs unités tectoniques individuelles, chacune avec une partie inférieure constituée de schistes polymétamorphiques pré-siluriens, recouverte par une succession de roches métamorphiques plus récentes considérées partiellement d'âge triasique. Les « schistes cristallins de la Sierra Nevada », avec leur couverture de schistes plus récents — qui représentent la partie la plus profonde de la « Mischungszone » des anciens auteursforment une seule unité tectonique. Il semble convenable de considérer les « schistes crystallins de la Sierra Nevada » et cette ancienne « Mischungszone » comme un seul complexe d'unités tectoniques qui sont caractérisées par un métamorphisme de degré moyen, d'âge alpin, et pour lesquelles l'auteur propose le nom d'unités Nevado-Filabrides ou, simplement, Nevado-Filabrides.Les Nevado-Filabrides sont tectoniquement surmontées par les Alpujarrides, généralement caractérisées par un degré de métamorphisme alpin peu élevé, et celles-ci sont à leur tour recouvertes par le Bétique de Málaga, dont n'existent —dans la région en question — que des témoins dispersés, constitués de roches presque dépourvues de métamorphisme alpin.Des mouvements importants, postérieurs aux grands charriages conduisant à la formation de la structure en nappes, ont causé des déplacements horizontaux de grand ampleur, causant parfois des changements dans la succession tectonique originelle.

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Hydrothermal dolomitization in a complex geodynamic setting (Lower Palaeozoic,northern Spain)

Burial hydrothermal dolomitization is a common diagenetic modification in sedimentary basins with implications for oil and gas reservoir performance. Outcrop analogues represent an easily accessible source of data to refine the genetic models and assess risk in hydrocarbon exploration and production. The Palaeozoic succession of northern Spain contains numerous excellent exposures of epigenetically dolomitized limestones, particularly in the Carboniferous and Cambrian. The epigenetic dolomites in the Cambrian carbonates of the Láncara Formation are volumetrically small, but have a large aerial distribution across different tectonic units of the Variscan fold and thrust belt. Coarse crystals, abundant saddle dolomite cement, negative δ¹⁸O and fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures between 80°C and 120°C characterize these dolomites, which are petrographically and geochemically similar to the tens of kilometre‐sized hydrothermal dolomites replacing the Upper Carboniferous succession in the same area. In both cases, the dolomitizing fluids are derived from highly evaporated sea water, modified to a limited degree through fluid‐rock interaction. The dolomitization events affecting both Cambrian and Carboniferous strata are probably related to the same post‐orogenic hydrothermal fluid flow. The formation of the post‐collisional (latest Carboniferous) Cantabrian arc fostered dolomitization: the extension related to bending of the arc generated deep‐reaching faults and strike‐slip movements, which favoured the circulation of hot dolomitizing fluids in the outer parts of this orocline. A similar dolomitization process affected other areas of Europe after the main stages of the Variscan orogeny. Dolomitization was a continuous, uninterrupted, isochemical process. Limestone replacement resulted in a major porosity redistribution and focused the fluid flow into the newly created porous zones. Replacement was followed immediately by partial to complete cementation of the pores (including zebra fabrics and vugs) with saddle dolomite. The amount of porosity left depends on the volume of cement and therefore on the volume of fluids available.