闽南-台湾浅滩渔场鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源生产量和允许总渔获量

以海洋生态系营养动力学为基础 ,采用Steele模式估算闽南 台湾浅滩渔场中上层鱼类资源年生产量为 86 4.6 3kt,进而以鲐鱼参鱼类群聚资源在中上层鱼类资源的比例 ,估算鲐鱼参鱼类群聚资源的年生产量为 5 1 9.5 6kt。Gulland和MSY简单模式估算鲐鱼参鱼类群聚资源的最大持续产量分别为 2 5 0 .5 7kt和 2 5 9.78kt。Schae fer和Fox剩余产量模式估算鲐鱼参鱼类群聚资源的最大持续产量分别 2 36 .0kt和2 34.1kt,最大持续捕捞力量分别为 1 1 40 4.1和 1 2 6 6 6 .6MW·d ,折算为福建灯光围网渔船分别为 42 4和 471组 ,并从开发现状和种群生态学及捕捞死亡等参数分析鲐鱼参鱼类群聚资源的开发前景。     

闽南-台湾浅滩海域鱼类资源生产量

以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,根据调查所获得的有关闽南-台湾浅滩海域的初级生产力资料,检测了该海域的浮游植物有机碳含量,测算了生态效率,检测了52种主要经济鱼类营养级及其有机碳含量.采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算了该海域生态系统中鱼类资源的生产量(自然生产量),同时采用Cadima模式和MSY简单模式估算鱼类资源最大可持续开发量.估算结果如下鱼类资源生产量为98.63×104t,最大可持续开发量为 48.35×104t.1997年以来实际年渔获量为48.64×104t -53.83×104t,超过了鱼类资源的最大可持续开发量,呈现过度捕捞态势.还讨论了加强该渔场渔业资源管理的7项重要措施,以促进鱼类资源的较快恢复.     

所谓的主权主张

越南——有效占领及继承 越南对南沙岛礁的占据始于1956年派海军小分队在南威岛登陆。1973年，越南将南沙群岛并入福绥省的一部分，并开始将该地区的石油勘探权授予外国公司；1974年，南越被逐出西沙群岛后，西贡政府随即占领了南沙群岛的5个岛礁（有的文献说是6个）．1975年越南统一后，北越军队接管由南越控制的岛礁。20世纪70年代以来，越南陆续占领了南沙群岛的诸多岛礁，到目前为止，越南已占据的南沙群岛岛礁达30个之多（有的文献说是29个）。     

南沙现状、争端与国际法

自古以来,南沙群岛就是我国的固有领土,我国对南沙群岛及其附近海域拥有不可争辩的主权。然而,７０年代以后,周边一些国家不顾历史事实,相继对南沙提出主权要求,侵占部分岛礁,建立军事基地,进行资源开发,致使我国的主权受到严重侵犯。特别是随着《联合国海洋法公...     

千里海疆万里船——南沙永暑礁建立海洋站考察记忆

1987年2月，联合国教科文组织海洋委员会第14次会议决定：在中国南沙群岛设立常年海洋观测站，由中国组织实施。5月，我国立即派出了科学考察队，乘向阳红五号海洋调查船进入南沙群岛及其邻近海域，对南沙群岛部分岛礁进行地理、地质、地貌、水文、气象、生物等基本考察。当时南沙群岛的争议形势已非常严峻。越南、菲律宾、马来西亚已占领了我国南沙群岛的大部分岛礁，这些国家的渔船、     

南沙群岛礁概化地形上拍岸浪数值模拟与统计分析

南沙群岛珊瑚岛礁众多,大多数岛礁具有向海坡陡峭、外礁坪比较平缓的特征。将南沙群岛岛礁的迎浪向地形概化为陡坡和缓坡组成的双斜坡,采用FUNWAVE-TVD模式数值模拟概化地形上的波浪,根据模拟的破碎波高分析其拍岸浪特征。对拍岸浪数值模拟结果进行比较分析,向海坡的坡度对拍岸浪影响不大,外礁坪上拍岸浪高随地形坡度增大而略有增大;向海坡和外礁坪交界位置(即坡折点)水深对拍岸浪有比较明显的影响,拍岸浪高随坡折点水深增大而减小;拍岸浪高随入射波高和波周期增大而增大。利用大量的拍岸浪数值模拟数据对国内外5种统计模型进行检验,并且基于拍岸浪数值模拟数据建立了3种南沙群岛岛礁拍岸浪统计模型,计算结果显示这些模型适用性较好。     

海洋生物资源知多少

１．海洋生物资源量估计海洋是生物资源宝库。据生物学家统计，海洋中约有２０万种生物，其中已知鱼类约１．９万种，甲壳类约２万种。许多海洋生物具有开发利用价值，为人类提供了丰富食物和其他资源。关于海洋生物资源的数量，特别是其中鱼类资源的数量，是人们十分关心的问题，生物学家曾做过许多研究，有些专家用全球海洋净初级生产力（浮游植物年产量）和以估算世界海洋渔业资源数量基础，其结果为：世界海洋浮游植物产量５０００亿t。折合成鱼类年生产量约６亿t。假如以５０％的资源量为可捕量，则世界海洋中鱼类可捕量约３亿t。２．…     

国外深层海水开发利用现状及未来我国开发设想

深层海水资源具有低温、富含营养盐以及清洁无菌等特性,国际上美国、日本和我国台湾省已先期进行了多年研究并已开始产业化。我国台湾岛和南海西沙、南沙群岛具备开发深层海水资源的条件,建议我国开展深层海水资源开发及利用的先期研究。     

东海区底拖网渔业主要经济鱼类渔业生物学的初步研究

根据1997~2000年东海区底拖网渔业资源调查资料,分析了18种主要经济鱼类的渔业生物学特征,运用体长频率法估算了von Bertalanffy生长参数、总死亡系数、自然死亡系数、捕捞死亡系数和开发率。结果表明,大部分鱼类已出现个体小型化,15种鱼类的开发率过高,处于超额开发状态,其中,4种为重度超额开发,开发率大于0.8,7种为中度超额开发,开发率介于0.7~0.8之间,4种为轻度超额开发,开发率为0.5~0.7。建议加强保护和管理,以利于鱼类资源的可持续利用。     

西沙群岛重要岛礁鱼类资源调查

为摸清岛礁海域鱼类资源种类及分布 ,合理安排渔船生产 ,2 0 0 3年 5月采用延绳钓和底层刺网在西沙群岛的浪花礁、东岛、永兴岛、华光礁、金银岛、玉琢礁和北礁等 7座珊瑚礁水域进行了 1个航次的鱼类资源调查。 2种作业投入的捕捞努力量分别为延绳钓 3 740钓、底层刺网 14 480m ,单次作业努力量延绳钓 80～ 3 2 0钓、底层刺网 12 0～ 80 0m。捕获鱼类 177种 ,渔获量 3 70 0尾 2 767.0 0kg ,其中延绳钓 3 3种计 77尾 1711.5 5kg ,底层刺网共 15 3种计 3 62 3尾 10 5 5 .45kg。按岛礁平均 ,渔获率和单位捕捞努力量渔获量 (CPUE)延绳钓为 2 .0 6尾·(10 0钓 ) -1、45 .76kg·(10 0钓 ) -1,底层刺网为 2 5 0 .2 1尾·(1km) -1、72 .89kg·(1km ) -1。捕获的主要经济种类有鲨鱼、裸胸鳝、石斑鱼、笛鲷、裸颊鲷、鹦嘴鱼和绯鲤等。北礁、金银岛和玉琢礁的鱼类资源比较丰富 ,开发潜力较高 ;浪花礁、东岛、华光礁和永兴岛次之 ,也有一定的生产价值。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.