对虾池塘养殖过程中纤毛虫的动态变化及改性粘土防控初探

纤毛虫是一类单细胞原生动物,部分类群是对虾池塘养殖过程中的病害生物。该研究跟踪了2020年7~10月凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖过程中纤毛虫的动态变化情况,分析了多种环境因素对其动态变化的影响。通过现场喷洒,发现改性粘土对纤毛虫有一定的控制作用;故结合室内实验,探究了改性粘土对水体中纤毛虫的去除作用和机制。研究结果表明,虾池内纤毛虫及2~5 µm微微藻的密度变化呈现出一定的捕食-被捕食关系,后者可通过食物丰歉的方式上行控制纤毛虫;虾池水温为20~25 ℃时更易于纤毛虫生长;纤毛虫偏好较低盐度的环境。在养殖过程中使用改性粘土调控水质会在一定程度上降低水体中的纤毛虫的密度;进而通过室内实验初步探讨了改性粘土对水体中的纤毛虫的去除作用及机制,发现氧化复合改性的硫酸铝改性粘土(MC II)可有效去除纤毛虫,该研究将为对虾养殖过程中纤毛虫病害的防控工作提供参考。     

虾池水中固着性纤毛虫的监测与控制的探讨

本文报导了应用载玻片浸挂法对对虾育苗期和养成期水中固着性纤毛虫的数量进行监测的结果。文中还探讨了控制纤毛虫的措施,以达到防治的目的。     

海洋浮游桡足类摄食纤毛虫的研究

20世纪60年代起,人们发现了许多有关桡足类摄食纤毛虫的直接或间接的证据。20世纪70年代,有人在实验室内培养纤毛虫并开展桡足类对其清滤率的研究,结果表明桡足类对纤毛虫的清滤率为0.1—58.1mL/(ind.·h)。桡足类对纤毛虫的摄食方式有多种,包括伏击摄食和通过游泳过滤海水中的纤毛虫等。有的纤毛虫有逃避摄食的行为。20世纪80年代末,自然状况下桡足类群体对自然饵料中纤毛虫的摄食得到了研究,结果表明桡足类对纤毛虫的清滤率多数情况下低于40mL/(ind.·h)。实验室内和自然海区的研究都表明,与浮游植物相比,桡足类倾向于选择摄食纤毛虫。根据现场测定的清滤率和桡足类丰度估计自然海区桡足类对纤毛虫的摄食压力的大部分研究结果表明,桡足类群体对纤毛虫生物量的摄食压力大约为每天5%。这些自然海区的研究多集中在近岸区域,需要加强对大洋浮游桡足类摄食纤毛虫的研究。     

鲍鱼幼苗培养池附板上的危害性纤毛虫及其优势类群研究

应用纤毛虫的定性和定量方法,研究了人工养殖幼鲍培养池中危害性纤毛虫的种类组成和数量变化过程及优势类群的种群动力学变化。共观察到16目、46属、68种纤毛虫,锐利Shun纤虫Aspidisca lynicaster、钟虫Vorticella sp.和双眉虫Diophrys histrix是优势种。还对幼鲍培养过程中危害性纤毛虫的密度、种类与幼苗附板上藻类密度、鲍苗密度等关系进行了分析。     

鲍人工养成阶段养殖环境中的周丛纤毛虫

应用定性和定量方法,研究了人工养成阶段杂色鲍Haliotis diversicolor外壳的周丛纤毛虫的种类组成和优势类群演变。共观察到3纲9目35属58种纤毛虫,缘毛类Peritrichida的种类最多,有23种。在养成阶段的早期,周丛纤毛虫的优势类群为钟虫类;在养成阶段的中、后期,周丛纤毛虫的优势类群演变为聚缩虫类,其中交替聚缩虫Zoothamnium alternans占绝对优势;文中还对各种环境因子对养殖环境中的周丛纤毛虫的影响进行了分析。     

皱纹盘鲍稚鲍体内的一种寄生虫初步研究

纤毛虫类同双壳类有着极密切的关系,Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ－ｓｏｎ１９３８年在牡蛎中发现了寄生的纤毛虫［１］,并定名为Ａｎｃｉｓｔｒｏｃｏｍａ　ｐｅｌｓｅｎｅｅｒｉ,它主要寄生在双壳类的鳃上皮和触角器官中。直到１９９３年,ＳｕｓａｎＭ．Ｂｏｗｅｒ在牡蛎中又发现了一种寄生虫,并确定为一新种纤毛虫（Ｓｔｅｇｏｔｒｉｃｈａ　ｅｎｔｅｒｉｋｏｓ　ｇｅｎｎｏｖ,ｓｐｎｏｖ,）,它广泛存在于加拿大哥伦比亚沿海的牡蛎的消化腺中,一年四季平均感染率达７３％,春天感染率偏高。由于该寄生虫体外培养还未成功,其感染途径未知,预…     

南麂列岛火焜岙潮间带底栖纤毛虫物种多样性和群落时空分布

纤毛虫是潮间带沉积物中多样性高且丰度占优势的类群,其群落结构可反映环境状态。于2013年11月(秋季)、2014年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)和8月(夏季)开展了南麂列岛火焜岙砂质潮间带沉积物中纤毛虫物种多样性和群落结构的时空分布研究。结果表明,该生境中底栖纤毛虫物种丰富,共检获148种纤毛虫,涉及19目70余属;纤毛虫的丰度和物种组成呈现显著的季节差异和垂直分层差异。其中,丰度占优势的纤毛虫按食性依次为菌食类群、肉食类群和藻食类群;已非典型的砂隙纤毛虫区系,而是呈现出某些有机质丰富的泥沙质沉积物中的纤毛虫群落的特点,这可能是该生境受人类活动影响的后续效应。但纤毛虫物种多样性较高,这表明尽管存在人类干扰的长期效应,潮间带周边环境良好,对周边居民及设施的动迁等多样性保护措施可能已经产生了向好的结果。     

长江口邻近海域夏季底栖纤毛虫的多样性与群落结构特点

采用Ludox-QPS方法,研究了2011年8月采自长江口邻近海域9个站位沉积物中纤毛虫的群落结构及分布特点,并结合沉积环境进行综合分析。结果表明,表层8cm沉积物中底栖纤毛虫的平均丰度为(2782±1493)cells/10cm2,生物量为(10.06±6.41)μgC/10cm2。长江口海域北部站位的丰度和生物量呈从近岸向外海增加,南部的站位呈现相反的分布趋势。在垂直分布上, 62%的底栖纤毛虫分布在表层2cm, 12%分布在5—8 cm。本研究共检获纤毛虫106种,隶属于15纲/亚纲, 24目, 69属,前口纲在丰度及生物量上均为最优势类群(丰度占45.5%,生物量占56.4%),核残迹纲在生物量上居第二位。就食性来看,肉食性纤毛虫物种数最多(44种),其丰度和生物量所占比例也最高(40.3%,66.8%),但在长江口外站位(M1站),菌食性纤毛虫为最优势摄食类群。分析表明,研究海域底栖纤毛虫群落结构与底层水盐度最相关。聚类分析结果显示,由于较多量的伪钟虫属(Pseudovorticella)和原领毛虫属(Prototrachelocerca)种类出现导致长江口北部L1站的纤毛虫群落结构不同于其他站位。本研究所获底栖纤毛虫的丰度和生物量较东海离岸海域已有研究结果均高,表层8cm沉积物中纤毛虫的丰度约是上层30m水柱中浮游纤毛虫的116倍,生物量约是后者的150倍。基于目前黄东海有关底栖纤毛虫物种多样性的已有报道,其多样性在长江口离岸海域高于近岸潮间带,且在离岸海域东海低于黄海。     

深圳湾福田红树林区藻类、纤毛虫等生物群落及其与环境的关系

对福田国家级红树林自然保护区近岸水域进行水质及生态调查,结果显示,深圳湾潮汐对红树林中微型生物生态及湿地污染状况产生了最为直接的影响;藻类在红树林中具有较好的水质污染指示作用,其生态功能大于纤毛虫、轮虫等微型生态类群;微型生物可通过食物链对污染物起放大和传递作用,传递途径在水体中以藻→纤毛虫为主,底质中以藻→底栖动物幼虫为主。     

三亚湾近岸浮游纤毛虫群落的昼夜变化特征

浮游纤毛虫广泛分布于海洋环境中,是连接微食物环和经典食物链的关键环节,在生态系统的物质传递和能量流通中占据重要地位。为深入认识纤毛虫在热带海区的分布特征及其生态功能,于2014年4月在三亚湾近岸海区设置昼夜连续监测站点,分早晨(6:00)、中午(12:00)、傍晚(18:00)和夜晚(24:00)四个时间点分别采集浮游纤毛虫及环境因子检测样品,并用分子生物学方法分析了表层水体浮游纤毛虫群落结构的昼夜变化特征。结果显示:1)表层浮游纤毛虫多样性高,共获得79条不同代表序列;2)不同时间表层海水中浮游纤毛虫多样性差异显著,表现为白天降低,夜晚升高,其多样性高低依次为:早晨[48个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)]夜晚(37个OTU)傍晚(32个OTU)中午(29个OTU)。浮游纤毛虫群落结构表现出昼夜变化现象,可能是因为不同类群纤毛虫具有不同的空间分布规律。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia

Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.     

4-溴苯甲酸-2,3,4,5,6-五溴苯酯的合成(英文)

以苯酚和4—溴苯甲酸为原料,合成一种尚未见文献记载的新化合物——4—溴苯甲酸—2,3,4,5,6—五溴苯酯,用无水三氯化铝催化苯酚的全溴化。此产物可望在阻燃剂方面得到应用。     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.