云南雨季开始期与5月雨量的TBB特征

利用17年卫星TBB及云南雨量资料,研究了热带TBB演变与云南雨季开始期及5月雨量的关系。结果表明:当孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃的主对流云云涌稳定通过20°N,TBB≤-20℃强对流区北移到18°N附近,而且TBB≤-5℃区稳定控制云南时,云南大部分地区雨季开始。云南5月少雨年,孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃位置偏南且为正距平区控制,云南为TBB正距平区,对流活动偏弱;云南5月多雨年,上述地区的TBB场分布特征则反之。同时还提出了利用TBB资料跟踪预测云南雨季开始期的方法。     

福建“98.6”中尺度强降水红外云图特征量统计分析

对福建省“98.6”中尺度强降水红外云图特征量进行统计分析。结果表明，福建省6月份中尺度对流云团出现强降水（某站小时雨量≥8mm)机率达到70%，云顶温度TBB平均值为-58℃，冷层（TBB≤-44℃）云温面积占有率TBZ为42%。可以利用冷层云温面积占有率绝对增量△TBZ及云温档次号TBBi作为影响因子估测地面降水。     

广东2022年一次强降水的FY-4A观测及闪电特征

利用FY-4A卫星闪电成像仪LMI、TBB、地基闪电ADTD数据和NCEP-FNL再分析资料等,以2022年5月10日广东一次暴雨过程为例,对两个不同强降水区域对流云团发展演变的观测特征进行了分析。结果表明：中北部清远至九连山南侧的强降水1区属于典型的锋面低槽型暴雨,发生在低槽前部冷暖交汇区,珠江口西侧沿海附近的强降水2区则是暖区西南和偏南气流辐合作用的结果。此个例强降水发生前TBB迅速下降,强降水主要位于对流云团TBB低值中心梯度大值区。对流发展初期TBB逐渐下降到230 K以下,TBB变率较前1 h下降幅度可达-15℃以上,局部可达-30℃,对流云团移动前方的闪电对下一时刻对流的发展移动有很好的指示意义,锋面降水中ADTD较LMI提前出现;成熟阶段TBB大范围下降到220 K以下,局部200 K以下,TBB变率减小,维持在0～-10℃,闪电达到峰值,密集闪电随着TBB≤220 K低值区移动。     

2004年7月18～21日暴雨过程的中尺度对流云团特征

分析2004年7月18-21日广西暴雨过程中尺度对流云团发展的大尺度动力、热力背景和卫星云图的TBB特征。结果表明：低涡切变是强降水的重要天气系统，西风带的冷空气加入对中尺度云团的发展至关重要，它有利于形成强降水天气发生的斜压不稳定区；暴雨强度与中尺度云团的最冷云区亮温和面积密切相关，强降水出现在对流云团的发展阶段，云团下风方和≤-70℃的冷云覆盖区与暴雨落区有较好的对应关系。     

西藏中东部一次强雷暴天气过程的云图特征分析

利用FY-2C红外卫星云图图像和TBB资料,结合地面常规气象观测资料、地面和高空天气图及物理量资料等,运用天气分析诊断方法,对2008年6月28日—7月3日发生在西藏中东部地区的一次强降水雷暴过程的发生、发展和演变的环流特征、卫星云图特征和物理量场特征进行分析,并试图建立预报标准,形成预报思路和预报概念模型。结果表明：本次过程在FY-2C卫星云图、大尺度环流形势场和物理量场上都有明显的特征。TBB低值区、水汽条件、垂直散度场配置、高温高湿、层结不稳定是预报强雷暴天气的着眼点。TBB低值带与强降水雷暴的落区有很好的对应关系。暴雨的发生区往往是TBB的相对低值中心,雨带摆动及强度与TBB低值带的摆动和强度相一致。TBB≤-33℃,应注意强降水的预报。TBB≤-50℃,可能有暴雨出现。TBB≤-60℃,可能出现大暴雨并伴有雷暴天气。TBB≤-33℃的范围越大、强度越强,降水持续的时间越长、降水强度越强。     

2004年7月18～21日暴雨过程的中尺度对流云团特征

分析2004年7月18～21日广西暴雨过程中尺度对流云团发展的大尺度动力、热力背景和卫星云图的TBB特征.结果表明低涡切变是强降水的重要天气系统,西风带的冷空气加入对中尺度云团的发展至关重要,它有利于形成强降水天气发生的斜压不稳定区;暴雨强度与中尺度云团的最冷云区亮温和面积密切相关,强降水出现在对流云团的发展阶段,云团下风方和≤-70℃的冷云覆盖区与暴雨落区有较好的对应关系.     

2006年6月10日浙江飑线FY-2C卫星云图特征

利用FY-2C静止气象卫星云图和中尺度加密地面气象监测资料,采用Weiss-Smith方法、云顶亮温分层、多谱组合等定量分析技术对2006年6月10日发生在浙江中北部地区的一次冰雹和雷雨大风天气的飑线过程进行连续监测和对流云识别分析。FY-2C卫星云图定量分析结果表明这次飑线过程对流最旺盛期TBB低于230K(-44℃);长波红外分裂窗双谱组合Tc≤-4的低值区与强风暴天气影响区域相对应,Tc≤-7低值中心与强雷达回波区相对应;强对流天气区域与分布在沿对流云团前进方向的TBB梯度最大区域有很好的对应关系,强风暴天气发生区的移动路径与TV正梯度最大区域的移动路径相似。     

吉林省一次区域性暴雨天气过程的TBB图像特征分析

采用FY-2C静止卫星红外云图反演的逐时TBB资料、地面逐时降水资料、欧洲中心和北京T213物理量诊断分析资料,利用天气学分析方法研究了2005年8月12～14日吉林省一场区域性暴雨天气过程的TBB图像特征,揭示了副高后部切变线上中-α尺度雨团在TBB场上发生发展移动消亡的规律,对降水过程中的卫星TBB图像特征及其与各种天气系统、物理量场和降水强度之间的关系进行了重点分析。分析结果表明:此次暴雨过程发生于偏北的副高后部,副高区与TBB>0℃区域相对应。TBB低值强云团随云带沿低空急流方向移动,且与水汽及能量输送带密切关联,强降水是呈椭圆型的中尺度对流云团中的准圆形中-α尺度云团造成。TBB低值云团面积越大、数值越低时,1h降水量≥10mm站数出现的越多,TBB≤-50℃所覆盖范围与大到暴雨落区基本一致,最大1 h降水量的雨强落后于云团TBB最低值1～3h。     

应用卫星、雷达资料的强对流天气预报预警系统

利用2005—2008年3—9月亮温（TBB）资料,采用逐步判别分析法建立强对流天气预报方程,判别监测区域内某一云团未来可能产生区域性强对流天气、局地性强对流天气、无强对流天气;同时采用指标叠加法判定某云团有无强对流天气。在统计福建省多年冰雹、雷雨大风的雷达回波参数的基础上,确定大冰雹、冰雹、雷雨大风强对流天气的雷达参数（强度、风暴顶高度、垂直液态水含量、回波顶高等）阈值,并根据当天的0℃、-20℃高度与风暴顶的高度差,将CINRAD雷达产品中输出的风暴逐个进行筛选,对系统判定可能出现大冰雹、冰雹、雷雨大风的强风暴输出其未来1h内将影响区域信息。     

局部大暴雨形成的机理与中尺度分析

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料、NCEP逐6 h的1°×1°的再分析资料和FY-2C卫星逐时TBB资料、多普勒雷达探测资料,对2012年7月7-8日河南商丘地区大暴雨天气过程形成机理和中尺度系统活动特征进行了研究.结果表明:500 hPa低槽与低层东西向切变线和低空急流相互配合、共同作用是此次大暴雨形成的大尺度环境条件。中尺度分析显示:多个中尺度雨团的活动形成了4个大暴雨中心,中尺度雨团与MαCS相伴,而MαCS是由多个MγCS和MβCS合并、加强的结果。这些MγCS和MβCS是由地面中尺度辐合线或辐合中心触发产生并发展,MαCS覆盖区下强降水回波的移动和发展与地面中度辐合系统对应较好,大暴雨出现在地面辐合系统形成后的1~2 h内;而暖平流导致的局地升温,是地面中尺度辐合系统形成的主要原因。TBB梯度与降水强度成正比,当▽TBB/0.5°E≥34℃,并且TBB≤-63℃时,将产生30mm·h~(-1)的强降水;当MCS发展成熟时强降水发生在中尺度对流云团TBB低值中心附近,当TBB在1 h内降低31℃以上时,1~2 h后该地将出现雨强为50 mm的短时强降水。因此,地面热力不均匀导致的局地升温是此次地面中尺度辐合系统生成的主要原因,而地面中尺度辐合系统的发生发展触发了中小尺度对流系统的发生发展,导致了局部大暴雨的产生。根据中小尺度对流云团的TBB强度及变幅,可提前1~2 h预报短时强降水。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.