Comparison between the Gauss’ law method and the zero current method to calculate multi-species ionic diffusion in saturated uncharged porous materials

A novel numerical method based on the finite element approach is established for the zero current method approach for calculating multi-species ionic diffusion. The proposed numerical method uses the direct calculation of the coupled set of equations in favor of the staggering approach. A one-step truly implicit time stepping scheme is adopted together with an implementation of a modified Newton–Raphson iteration scheme for search of equilibrium at each considered time step calculation. Results from the zero current case are compared with existing results from the solutions of the more general Gauss’ law method.     

贵州荔波第四纪晚近期石笋地质年表与气候事件

南方岩溶区大型石笋年代地层学研究表明石笋是第四纪 (系 )研究的主要对象之一 ,石笋比其他第四纪沉积物更易高精度定年。贵州荔波地区以 6 8个TIMS U系正序平行测年 ,建立了第四纪晚近期 16 2 .3ka以来的地质年表 ,确定全新世与晚更新世以 9.36 3ka分界 ,而晚更新世与中更新世以12 8.5ka分界 ,提出距今 35 0年、2 30 0年……和新仙女木、类Heinrich等一系列冷事件的跃变年代 ,事件的冷暖转 (突 )变时限具区域对比意义。认定应以大型石笋系统测年建立第四纪地质年表 ,不宜用少数测年值按 2～ 3个沉积速率推算建年表 ,亦不宜以小型石笋“系统”测年建年表 ,以免因间断沉积造成自然的、人为的缺层和漏测 ,使年表失实。     

Why asymptotic limit of the acid dissolution capacity can lead to a sharp dissolution front in chemical dissolution of porous rocks?

The use of the asymptotic limit can greatly simplify the theoretical analysis of chemical dissolution front instabilities in fluid‐saturated rocks and therefore make it possible to obtain mathematical solutions, which often play a crucial role in understanding the propagation behavior of chemical dissolution fronts in chemical dissolution systems. However, there has been a debate in recent years that the asymptotic limit of the acid dissolution capacity (i.e., the acid dissolution capacity number approaching zero) alone cannot lead to a sharp dissolution front of the Stefan type in the acidization dissolution system, in which the dissolvable minerals of carbonate rocks are chemically dissolved by the injected acid flow. The acid dissolution capacity number is commonly defined as the ratio of the volume of the carbonate rock dissolved by an acid to that of the acid. In this paper, we use four different proof methods, including (i) direct use of the fundamental concepts; (ii) use of the mathematical governing equations of an acidization dissolution system; (iii) use of the different time scaling approach; and (iv) use of a moving coordinate system approach, to demonstrate that the asymptotic limit of the acid dissolution capacity can indeed lead to sharp dissolution fronts of the Stefan type in acidization dissolution systems on a much larger time scale (than the dissolution time scale). Our new finding is that on the reaction time scale, the condition of the conventional time derivative of porosity approaching zero alone can ensure that the acidization dissolution front has a sharp shape of the Stefan type. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The definitive connection of the Swedish geochronological time scale with the present, and the new date of the zero year in Döviken, northern Sweden

In the Ångermanälven river valley in northern Sweden the Swedish geochronological time scale has been connected with the present (1978) by means of varved clayey-silty sediments. A 75-year-old problem has thereby been solved. Ragnar Lidén's previously calculated gap of 980 years between his youngest varve 7,522, found at Prästmon, and the historical year 1900 A.D. should be extended by 365 years. This implies that the zero year in Döviken (Indalsälven river valley), reviewed by Borell and Offerberg and commonly used in the Swedish time scale to mark the boundary between the finiglacial and postglacial epochs is Sweden, should be dated to 7,288 B.C. (9,238 B.P.) instead of the old date 6,923 B.C. given by Nilsson in 1960.     

从Lacoste－Romberg重力仪零位移特性的分析论提高观测精度的途径

零位校正误差是重力仪除标定以外最主要的误差来源.本文根据作者数年来从事高精度重力勘探工作中所积累的资料,对此问题进行了较为全面客观的分析研究.(l)对Lacoste-Romberg重力仪的正常零位变化和零位突变特性提出了分析结论;(2)对实测资料采用动、静分高处理方法,分析了重力仪连续工作时(数日至数十日)由于零位非线性变化可能引起的零位校正误差;(3)通过对实测资料的分析计算,得到了零位突变对重力仪观测精度影响的参考值;(4)针对重力仪使用中的实际问题提出了改善零位移线性度的实施对策.     

从Lacoste－Romberg重力仪零位移特性的分析论提高观测精度的途径

零位校正误差是重力仪除标定以外最主要的误差来源。本文根据作者数年来从事高精度重力勘探工作中所积累的资料，对此问题进行了较为全面客观的分析研究。（ｌ）对Ｌａｃｏｓｔｅ－Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ重力仪的正常零位变化和零位突变特性提出了分析结论；（２）对实测资料采用动、静分高处理方法，分析了重力仪连续工作时（数日至数十日）由于零位非线性变化可能引起的零位校正误差；（３）通过对实测资料的分析计算，得到了零位突变对重力仪观测精度影响的参考值；（４）针对重力仪使用中的实际问题提出了改善零位移线性度的实施对策。     

利用Excel实现快速整理CG-5型重力仪静态试验数据和计算漂移常量DRIFT

重力仪静态试验是重力勘探工作开始之前对仪器性能检查的必要环节,由于原理简单,其数据整理常不被人们重视,没有系统的方法,但整理的计算过程却又繁琐复杂,初学者在面对大量数据和多重目标时或顾此失彼,或重复计算,往往要耗费较多的工作时间。Excel电子表格具有强大的数学计算、图形显示功能,且应用广泛,易于操作,可系统整理CG-5型重力仪静态试验的原始观测记录,快速获取静态试验数据表、零点位移曲线及其拟合直线图等直观要素,同时计算得到静态零点位移曲线与直线偏差、平均零点位移率等结果参数,Excel的散点图趋势线功能也改进了静态零点位移校正参数漂移常量DRIFT的计算方法与准确度。这种静态试验数据的整理方法具有快速、准确和直观的优点。     

A Numerical Simulation of Residual Circulation in Tampa Bay. Part II: Lagrangian Residence Time

Lagrangian retention and flushing are examined by advecting neutrally buoyant point particles within a circulation field generated by a numerical ocean model of Tampa Bay. Large temporal variations in Lagrangian residence time are found under realistic changes in boundary conditions. Two 90-day time periods are examined. The first (P1) is characterized by low freshwater inflow and weak baroclinic circulation. The second (P2) has high freshwater inflow and strong baroclinic circulation. At the beginning of both time periods, 686,400 particles are released uniformly throughout the bay. Issues relating to particle distribution and flushing are examined at three different spatial scales: (1) at the scale of the entire bay, (2) the four major regions within the bay, and (3) at the scale of individual model grid cells. Two simple theoretical models for the particle number over time, N(t), are fit to the particle counts from the ocean model. The theoretical models are shown to represent N(t) reasonably well when considering the entire bay, allowing for straightforward calculation of baywide residence times: 156 days for P1 and 36 days for P2. However, the accuracy of these simple models decreases with decreasing spatial scale. This is likely due to the fact that particles may exit, reenter, or redistribute from one region to another in any sequence. The smaller the domain under consideration, the more this exchange process dominates. Therefore, definitions of residence time need to be modified for “non-local” situations. After choosing a reasonable definition, and removal of the tidal and synoptic signals, the residence times at each grid cell in P1 is found to vary spatially from a few days to 90 days, the limit of the calculation, with an average residence time of 53 days. For P2, the overall spatial pattern is more homogeneous, and the residence times have an average value of 26 days.     

Basic data on the age of the boundaries between certain geological systems and epochs

Many K-Ar ages have been accumulated in the world's geochronologidal laboratories but, as different decay constants are used in various countries for calculation of the formulae, it is difficult to compare the figures. Data from parallel K-Ar determinations on the one hand and from Rb-Sr and U-Pb figures often compare more favorably with the K-Ar ages calculated from the constants used in the Soviet Union. (λk - 0.557?10^-10/year; λβ = 4.72?10^-10/year). There follows a review of reference points in post-Precambrian time. A comparison of ages of individual geological boundaries with Kulp's 1961 scale is given. The Jurassic-Cretaceous and Triassic-Jurassic boundaries are identical in age on the basis of our new data and on Kulp's scale. The base of the Triassic cannot be older than 230-240 million years, and its duration is 40 m. y., which is more likely than the 50 m. y. suggested by Kul.P. We retain Kulp' s age of 280 m. y. for the Carboniferous- Permian boundary. The suggested age of the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary is 15 m. y. younger than Kulp's. The Silurian-Devonian boundary has been fixed on a single figure of 405 m. y. Kulp assesses the duration of the Silurian at 20 m. y., but we propose 25 m. y. The Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary cannot be older than 560 m. y. The 70 m. y. duration of the Cambrian is more realistic than Kulp's estimate which approaches 100 m. y. — J. E. Haun.     

The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15–42 ka. Part 2: comparison to other records

A new Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05) based on multi-parameter counting of annual layers has been obtained for the last 42 ka. Here we compare the glacial part of the new time scale, which is based entirely on records from the NorthGRIP ice core, to existing time scales and reference horizons covering the same period. These include the GRIP and NorthGRIP modelled time scales, the Meese-Sowers GISP2 counted time scale, the Shackleton–Fairbanks GRIP time scale (SFCP04) based on ¹⁴C calibration of a marine core, the Hulu Cave record, three volcanic reference horizons, and the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion event occurring around Greenland Interstadial 10. GICC05 is generally in good long-term agreement with the existing Greenland ice core chronologies and with the Hulu Cave record, but on shorter time scales there are significant discrepancies. Around the Last Glacial Maximum there is a more than 1 ka age difference between GICC05 and SFCP04 and a more than 0.5 ka discrepancy in the same direction between GICC05 and the age of a recently identified tephra layer in the NorthGRIP ice core. Both SFCP04 and the tephra age are based on ¹⁴C-dated marine cores and fixed marine reservoir ages. For the Laschamp event, GICC05 agrees with a recent independent dating within the uncertainties.     

对计算土壤和岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率表面边界条件的讨论

本文对求解土壤或岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率的边界条件进行了探讨。以空气中无穷远处氡浓度为零（空气中无氡源）的自然边界条件代替空气与土壤或岩石交界面氡浓度为零的边界条件,给出了土壤和岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率的具体表达式。与前人研究结果比较,该式中增加了一项,表面氡析出率缩小了一个倍数。通过对土壤、岩石的具体计算．表明两种边界条件的计算结果有相当的偏差。同时,文中还讨论了在两类边界条件下对流对土壤或岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率计算的影响。     

帕尔默旱度指数方法在全国实时旱情监视中的应用

在进一步修正的帕尔默旱度指数月模式的基础上研制了帕尔默旱度指数日模型,同时采用了权重帕尔默旱度指数方法实现了逐日帕尔默旱度指数计算。经过对全国556个气象测站的参数调试,建立了全国范围帕尔默旱度指数实时业务应用系统,一年多的运行表明,帕尔默旱度指数确实能够较好地及时反映实时旱涝情况和变化过程。     

格里戈良分带指数法的改良

以烟筒砬子铜金矿区ZK001元素垂向分带序列的计算为例,对格里戈良分带指数法进行了两个方面的改良:在原始数据换算中,采用正规化法将原始数据变换为[0,1]区间的数值,避免了传统方法的人为因素,减少了计算量;在计算分带指数的变化梯度时采用原格氏法变化度的倒数,解决了原格氏法计算中可能出现的某一层位的分带指数为零则无法计算的问题。新旧两种格氏法计算结果相比,新方法更符合实际地质情况。     

The upper Bathonian ammonite zonation of East Siberia

Modifications to the upper Bathonian zonal scale for northern East Siberia provided by the newly available paleontological record on Middle Jurassic reference sections in the Arctic regions of Yakutia and by the revised earlier collections, are justified. The oldest East Siberian members of Cadoceras are found to be characteristic not of the initial Callovian age as believed by Russian paleontologists, but of the terminal Bathonian age as was previously shown in the biostratigraphic scheme of East Greenland. The succession of zones and index species analogous to that of the latter is revealed in the studied region and the zonal boundaries in Siberia and East Greenland are inferred to be synchronous. Finds of Cadoceras calyx in the upper Bathonian scale permitted, for the first time, the recognition of a corresponding zone. The Bathonian-Callovian boundary is placed between the calyx and anabarense zones. The upper Bathonian zonal scale of northern East Siberia is now in total agreement with the East Greenland zonal scale.     

地磁极性年表的发展回顾

磁性地层研究是对新生代乃至中生代沉积序列定年的重要方法之一。地磁极性年表作为磁性地层定年的标准,其精度对地层学、古生物学、古气候学等领域的研究有重要影响。回顾了地磁极性年表的发展历史,并着重介绍了当前天文极性年表的发展现状。按照地磁极性年表不同时期的发展特点,可将其发展大致归纳为3个阶段:①早期阶段:20世纪60年代末,主要基于火山岩剩磁测量和K/Ar测年建立了最近约5Ma以来的地磁极性年表;②中期阶段:20世纪60年代末到90年代初,基于大量海底磁异常条带相对宽度建立了中中生代以来完整的地磁极性年表;③现今阶段:20世纪90年代以来,基于天文学和古气候学研究对极性界限的轨道调谐,正在构建高精度的天文极性年表。在天文学和古气候学发展的推动下,高精度的天文极性年表有望取代传统的CK95年表而被广泛应用并促进相关领域的发展。     

弯曲岩溶管道溶质运移的尺度效应研究

岩溶管道溶质运移的尺度效应研究对穿透曲线的正确解译非常重要,但目前针对单一弯曲管道中溶质运移尺度效应的研究仍比较缺乏。文章将岩溶管道和溶潭分别概化为透明软管和水箱,基于前期建立的水箱-管道系统(简称“管道系统”),在水箱下游设置不同长度的弯曲管道,通过示踪试验研究管道运移尺度对穿透曲线的影响,并采用暂时存储模型模拟试验曲线。结果表明：(1)随着水箱下游管道长度的增加,峰值质量浓度逐渐缓慢降低,穿透曲线上升段斜率无明显变化,穿透曲线拖尾逐渐缩短,表明运移管道长度增加对溶质运移的影响大于下游管道弯曲;(2)穿透曲线偏度系数、后段溶质羽穿透时间和溶质羽穿透时间与管道系统长度呈良好的负线性相关关系(R²>0.96);(3)当对称和不对称水箱管道系统长度分别增加至154.5 m和164.3 m时,偏度系数接近0,穿透曲线分布接近对称;(4)弥散系数、存储区截面积和交换系数与管道系统长度呈良好的负线性相关关系,当对称和不对称水箱管道系统长度分别增加至159.9 m和178.1 m时,存储区截面积接近0,水箱导致的溶质运移滞后效应基本消失。研究结果对野外岩溶管道穿透曲线的...     

Revision of the lateglacial Swedish varve chronology

A survey of the revised lateglacial varve chronology is given. Almost all revisions are based on new, independent measurements not yet finished. Compared with the old time scale, the preliminary datings (calendar years ± a margin of error) of the ice margin retreat are 'older', mainly due to the fact that the postglacial varve chronology has been extended by 365 years. This implies that the so-called zero year ( sensu De Geer 1940: limit of late glacial and beginning of postglacial varve sedimentation). earlier estimated at 6,923 B.C. (Nilsson 1964), is now dated 7,288 B.C. According to the new time scale, deglaciation from Stockholm to the area of zero-year formation in Indalsälven's valley lasted about 1,190 ± 40 years, compared with 1,073 years in De Geer's (1940) time scale or 1,092 in Jarnefors' (1963). Preliminary varve graph correlations, which are still very weak concerning the Fennoscandian moraine zone, indicate that the ice receded from Högsby, northwest of Kalmar at approximately 10,700⁺²⁰⁰₋₃₀₀ B.C. At localities just to the north of the Fennoscandian moraines, deglaciation started about 8,750⁺⁵⁰₋₁₅₀ years B.C. according to the new varve measurements, and the ice front receded in southern Stockholm 8,470⁺⁴⁰₋₁₄₀ B.C. Varve dating now gives older ages (calendar years) than ¹⁴C-dating; about 200–400 years older regarding some ice margin positions in south Sweden.     

粘土流变特性的再认识及确定长期强度的新方法

桩基、边坡工程中C、φ值的正确选取是最为重要的。实验室中模拟,一则要考虑应力状态的相似,二则要使方法经济实用。平衡剪法即应此而生。此方法已应用于实践中,且取得了很好的经济效益。长期(494天)的单剪蠕变实验表明,固结压力对变形破坏有着决定性的影响。因此,进行数据整理时应考虑到固结压力的作用。同时,蠕变实验中存在着一个时间尺度效应。实验是在自行设计的应变式单剪仪上进行的。文章最后还进行了实验结果的对比分析。     

The precision of amino acid geochronology and paleothermometry

Uncertainties in the measurements necessary for the calculation of amino acid age estimates and paleotemperatures can be propagated through age and temperature equations to yield estimates of precision. It is found that aIle/Ile ratios can be used to calculate numerical ages with a precision generally no better than ±40–50% if the age equation is not calibrated locally and with a precision approaching 15% if appropriate calibration samples are available locally. The effective diagenetic temperature of a sample of known age can be calculated to within about 2°C, although the local relationship between ground and air temperatures may add additional uncertainty when interpreting the effective temperature in terms of climate. The effective temperature for an interval of time bracketed by samples of known age can be known to within about 2–4°C under favorable circumstances. The change in effective temperature between an interval of time bracketed by two samples of known age and the period of time following that interval can be calculated to within 1–2°C in may instances.     

基于经验模态分解(EMD)的小波熵阈值地震信号去噪

针对EMD阈值去噪算法中阈值由经验选取以及无法有效区分各固有模态函数上有用信息的不足,本文对各固有模态函数进行小波变换,对各层小波系数进行相关处理,以突出有效信息,抑制噪声;将细节系数的有效信号和突变点置零并等分为若干区间,选取小波熵最大子区间的高频小波系数平均值作为噪声方差计算得到阈值。该阈值选取方法依据小波熵的特点,自适应地根据对应尺度上信号自身的能量特征确定该尺度阈值。将该算法应用于仿真信号和实际地震信号去噪,结果表明该方法优于基于EMD的小波阈值去噪,在提高去噪效果的同时,也更好地保护有效信号。