Areal value assessment of the mineral resources endowment of Israel

The achievements of the mineral industry of Israel and an overall reconnaissance of the natural resources endowment of the country have been evaluated by the areal value estimation method, using the COMOD software package. In broad terms, the evaluation relies on geological variables obtained from quantifying the geological map of a region and on cumulative past production records, which, when prorated per unit area, yield a series of unit regional values (u.r.v.)measurements for individual commodities, resource sectors, and total resources. The two groups of variables facilitate conducting comparisons with other well-developed and/or geologically similar regions from which the future potential of the region, with respect to both overall endowment and individual commodities, can be assessed. The model underlying this appraisal method assumes that all regions above a size of about 5,000 sq kms are equally valuable with respect to total endowment in natural resources, regardless of inherent geological characteristics. To date, several areal value estimation studies have been carried out for 11 different countries, encompassing a total of 111 politically-administratively defined regions. These studies provide an adequate information base for between-region comparisons. The individual states of the United States, constituting what can be regarded as well-developed regions, may serve as an expectation for all such comparisons. The distribution of the u.r.v. of total resources of the individual states is lognormal with a geometric mean of 54,954 1967 U.S. dollars per square kilometer. Based on the above assumption, this value can serve as a conservative estimate for the total output any region can be expected to produce. Thirty different mineral commodities are known to exist in Israel. Of these, 19 are economically exploited and the remaining 11 are at present uneconomical mineral occurrences. Past production records have been obtained and assembled for 14 of the exploited commodities. From these records, a number of statistics were computed to evaluate the development of the mineral industry of the country and its future potential. In absolute figures, the overall cumulative production has been rather small, amounting to only 1,679.8 million deflated 1967 U.S. dollars (equivalent to 2,082 million current U.S. dollars or 10,260 million current Israeli pounds). Only bromine, potash, and phosphate are of worldwide significance, amounting respectively to 10, 2.9, and 1 percent of the world production in 1977. Construction materials, with the longest production history, have been the most valuable, accounting for 53.6 percent of the total cumulative output. They are followed by nonmetals (34.7 percent),metals (8 percent)and fuels (3.7 percent).The value-ranking of individual commodities and their respective contribution to the total cumulative output is: cement, 35 percent; potash, 19 percent; stone, 15 percent; phosphate, 11 percent; copper, 8 percent; sand and gravel, 4 percent; bromine, 3 percent; petroleum, 2.5 percent; natural gas, 1 percent; periclase, 0.7 percent; salt, 0.4 percent; and glass sand, 0.2 percent. Total annual output for the period 1948–1977 exhibited a constant growth with no indication of approaching a plateau of diminishing returns. As new commodities became exploited, the share of constructional materials in the total output gradually declined from 100 percent in 1948 to 45 percent in 1977. The contribution of the mineral industry to the annual gross national product rose steadily from 0.55 percent in 1951 to 2.2 percent in 1964. Thereafter, it fluctuated around an average of about 1.8 percent. Total output and production of constructional materials correlate very highly with both gross national product (GNP)and population size. However, when only the annual changes in these variables are considered, the correlation coefficients are found to be insignificant. The u.r.v. of Israel (with an area of 20,700 sq kms and a population of 3,653,000)is 81,154 deflated 1967 U.S. dollars per sq km. It exceeds the expected value for well-developed regions. It can therefore be concluded that Israel is not exceptionally poor in natural resources, as is commonly felt. On the other hand, its high u.r.v. also implies (unfortunately)that the development potential of its mineral industry is rather limited. The u.r.v. estimates, which are based on area alone, can be refined to some degree by considering the geological characteristics of the investigated area. The geological composition of the country was quantified by point counting the geological map, using a grid network of 40.3 sq km cells. Each map unit was assigned to one of 65 standard time-petrographic units. This sampling density results in the recognition of 11 time-petrographic units (instead of 15, which are actually present).Based on linear statistical association between mineral resource diversity and geological diversity established for the states of the United States, Israel can be expected to possess 31 different commodities. Since only 19 have thus far been exploited, Israel can be expected to produce 12 additional commodities. The identity of these missing resources can be inferred by examining the inventory of commodities produced in other regions with a similar geological framework and by evaluating the potential of the 11 noneconomical mineral occurrences, which have already been discovered in the country. The geology of Israel was compared to 12 other regions; of these Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Sinai were found to be most similar to Israel, each having 8 or 9 time-petrographic rock types in common with Israel, 7 of which are identical. Based on these comparisons and on additional information from other sources, it appears that the commodities that are more likely to be produced in the foreseeable future include manganese, feldspar, uranium (from phosphates),lignite, oil shale, and iron. The mineral industry of Israel accomplished quite significant achievements in the course of its modern history of only 35 years. These resulted from concerted national exploration and development efforts, which were supported by massive governmental capital investments. The areal value method of mineral resources appraisal is based on a cybernetic black box system model in which the degree of commitment derived from the socioeconomic infrastructure is viewed as the driving agent in converting the inherited geological characteristics of the region into economic marketable mineral commodities. The case history of Israel provides a strong substantiation for this generalized system model.     

油气资源评价中成因法分析与运聚系数取值模型研究

成因法是油气资源评价中常用的方法,能较好地体现含油气盆地的生烃、排烃、运聚等过程,具有明确的地质意义,可用来计算油气资源量的"上限值"。其中运聚系数取值是成因法计算的重难点,因此有必要建立一个简单有效并能体现出成因法计算特点的运聚系数取值模型。本文从成因法的自身特点出发,分析了目前运聚系数取值存在的问题,初步建立了运聚系数取值模型。该模型将计算过程分为排烃过程、运移过程、聚集过程、储存过程、破坏过程、资源比例过程这6个过程,并分别设立了6个过程中各项参数的取值依据。最后通过2个刻度区的实例验证,证明该取值模型准确度较高,在中-低勘探程度地区适用性较高,在高勘探程度地区适用性中等。     

中国不同类型盆地油气资源丰度统计特征及预测模型

油气资源丰度是油气资源评价的一项关键参数,取准资源丰度对于客观评价资源潜力十分重要。本文立足于类比刻度区进行统计分析,探索建立资源丰度预测模型的思路并开展研究;统计表明我国主要含油气盆地的常规油气资源普遍为中低丰度,并以特低丰度和低丰度资源为主,仅局部优越区块为高丰度。据此筛选刻度区数据,并按照裂谷、克拉通、前陆3种基本盆地类型分析常规油气资源丰度与相关地质参数的关系。不同类型盆地的油气资源丰度均与烃源岩生烃强度、圈闭面积系数、区域不整合次数3项主控地质参数具有显著的相关性,但不同类型盆地油气资源丰度与3项主控地质参数之间关系的变化趋势存在差异,拟合的单参数地质模型能够较好描述3项主控地质参数单独与不同类型盆地油气资源丰度的定量关系。由此建立了基于烃源岩生烃强度、圈闭面积系数、区域不整合次数3项主控地质参数的油气资源丰度预测模型,能够快速、准确求取不同类型盆地的常规油气资源丰度。预测模型在实际应用中效果较为理想,具有易操作、易推广的优点,实用价值较高。     

重庆市主城岩溶区地热资源可再生性评价

重庆主城岩溶区的地热资源主要分布在5大背斜的层状热储构造中,地热田主要分布在背斜两翼和背斜南（或北）倾没端。热储层为三叠系嘉陵江组灰岩,盏层为须家河和侏罗系地层,下部隔热层为三叠系飞仙关组泥灰岩地层。随着地热经济的发展和工程建设的加大,重庆市地热水资源可再生性受到影响。本文基于重庆市多年的地热资源勘查、监测资料,将主城岩溶区5个背斜的地热资源分为温泉出露和背斜翼部中深埋藏两类,并利用综合指数法对主城岩溶区地热资源的可再生性进行分区评价。结果显示,主城岩溶区地热资源属强可再生性的有5个,较强的有10个,中等和弱的分别为8和7个,其分布面积所占比例分别为12.95%、32.2%、32.15%和22.7%,可再生性总体呈较强-中等;其中温泉出露型的资源可再生性以较强和中等为主,分布面积分别占温泉出露区总面积的33.6%和33.95%;中深埋藏型以较强和强可再生性为主,其分布面积分别占中深埋藏区总面积的25.9%和30.8%。较强和强可再生性地热主要位于背斜北段,中等-弱可再生性地热则分布于背斜中段和南段。中深埋藏型地热资源的可再生性总体较温泉出露型的强。由此,建议加强背斜两翼中深埋藏区北段地热水资源的勘查开发力度,同时控制中-弱可再生性地热资源区,包括背斜两翼中深埋藏区中南段和部分温泉出露区的开采规模,以确保地热资源的可持续利用。     

基于资产负债表的领导干部自然资产离任审计方法研究——以甘肃省水资源审计为例

近年来,我国明确提出“探索编制自然资源资产负债表,对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计”。但如何将自然资源资产负债表运用于地方领导干部自然资源离任审计实践,目前仍处于探索阶段。从制度功能角度来看,在地方领导干部自然资源资产离任审计中,自然资源资产负债表通过为领导干部离任审计提供有效的基础信息,减少自然资源管理风险,使自然资源资产离任审计有效约束领导干部任期内自然资源管理工作,充分提高自然资源管理效率。用资产负债表模糊综合评价法对我国典型的干旱、半干旱区水资源短缺的甘肃省2014-2016年内水资源管理与保护的履责情况进行综合评价。结果表明,以自然资源资产负债表为基础的领导干部自然资源离任审计,能够通过自然资源管理责任变动状况的评价指标,深入分析地方政府自然资源管理存在的问题,总体评价领导干部任期内自然资源管理的有效性。     

芳香族分子示踪在海洋油气勘探中的开发和应用

苯 (benzene)、甲苯 (toluene)、乙苯 (ethylbenzene)和二甲苯 (xylene) (缩写为BTEX)等单环芳烃化合物是原油的主要成分。地层水中苯的痕量分布作为油气藏分子示踪的研究 ,得到国外石油地球化学家们的广泛重视。Burtell等人利用测试海洋石油钻井附近地层水中苯系化合物的含量确定新井位 ,在海洋油气资源勘探方面获得了巨大成功。文中主要介绍了国内在海洋石油勘探的随钻检测和面积化探中应用该类指标的效果和相关方法。通过渤中凹陷试验区取得的地球化学成果 ,验证并揭示了芳香族化合物中分子量级的BTEX指标与油气藏的关系。BTEX指标异常与油气藏直接相关 ,与烷烃类指标相比具有高分辨、高精度特点 ,是有价值的海洋油气地球化学勘探指标。BETX指标应用的关键是高精度测试出样品中芳香族化合物的分子级含量 ,激光单原子高技术为该技术的应用提供了技术保证。在油气资源勘探中 ,利用此指标 ,结合测井、地震等地球物理方法综合分析研究可以减小多解性 ,获得较好的预测效果。     

中亚地区矿产资源勘查开发方向

概要地介绍了中亚地区的构造分区特点、优势矿产资源和主要成矿时期。在区域成矿分析的基础上,强调围绕大规模成矿作用进行地质过程解析的重要性,更好地为资源潜力评价和勘查开发选区提供依据。     

中亚地区矿产资源勘查开发方向

概要地介绍了中亚地区的构造分区特点、优势矿产资源和主要成矿时期。在区域成矿分析的基础上,强调围绕大规模成矿作用进行地质过程解析的重要性,更好地为资源潜力评价和勘查开发选区提供依据。     

资源再生型地区资源环境承载能力评价指标体系构建——以河南省洛宁县为例

为构建资源再生型地区资源环境承载能力评价指标体系,以河南省洛宁县为例,通过开展1:5万环境地质调查与地质环境背景资料收集,查明了该区资源环境禀赋条件和短板要素,并在地质环境承载能力、地下水资源承载能力和矿产资源承载能力评价的基础上,引入了矿山地质环境承载能力评价,创新性地构建了一套适用于资源再生型地区的资源环境承载能力评价指标体系。在完成实际验证评价的基础上,与通用资源环境承载能力评价指标体系进行了对比分析,结果发现,矿山地质环境承载能力评价结果与地质环境承载能力评价结果并不完全一致,且与矿产资源承载能力评价结果也有一定差异。研究表明,构建的资源再生型地区资源环境承载能力评价指标体系更适宜此类地区矿区分散分布且发展方式迥异的特点,能进一步突出地域主导特色,可为同类地区地质环境保护及资源开发规划提供参考。     

咸化湖盆页岩油地质特征及资源潜力评价方法——以柴西坳陷下干柴沟组上段为例

柴达木盆地西部坳陷的英雄岭地区古近系下干柴沟组上段（E23）页岩油获勘探重大突破。下干柴沟组上段沉积时期属于典型的咸化湖盆,通过岩芯观察和X射线衍射全岩、地球化学、储层物性分析,发现在此环境下形成的页岩及页岩油具有明显的特性：① 页岩以碳酸盐岩矿物为主,岩性以纹层状云灰岩和层状灰云岩为主;② 烃源岩具有低TOC、高转化率的特点,游离烃含量高,具有明显的石油“超越效应”,而且页岩的含油性和生烃潜量与碳酸盐矿物含量呈正相关性;③ 储层表现为特低孔、特低渗的特点,黏土矿物类型以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主,有利于页岩油的稳产和高产;④ 地层压力系数高,能量充足,原油轻质组分多、气油比高。柴西坳陷E23页岩层系厚度大、面积广,为了评价其资源潜力,将柴西坳陷划分为小梁山、英雄岭、扎哈泉和茫崖4个凹陷,首先应用成因法计算资源量,然后用体积法、容积法和类比法验证其结果的可靠性,最终用德尔菲法确定页岩油总的资源量为69×108 t。本文研究成果具有重要的意义：① 明确了咸化湖盆页岩油独特的地质特征,指出富油层系的岩性组合;② 提出了计算吸附烃的计算公式,提供了一套切实可行的页岩油资源量的评估方法;③ 资源量的落实证实了柴西坳陷具有可观的页岩油资源潜力,坚定了勘探信心;④ 多因素综合划定的I类有利区带面积为2460 km2,指出了下一步勘探的现实领域。     

油气运聚影响下三维地震精细解译的砂岩型铀矿控矿因素分析——以松辽盆地大庆长垣南端铀矿为例

松辽盆地大庆长垣隆起区砂岩型铀矿资源丰富,但成矿条件复杂。以大庆长垣南端四方台组砂岩型铀矿为研究对象,基于三维地震精细解译成果,对长垣隆起区铀矿的分布特征、富集主控因素及成矿模式开展研究。结果表明：①三维地震资料是刻画断层与砂体分布的有效手段;②砂岩型铀矿主要富集在四方台组一段的河道砂体中,与沟通深部油气储层的输导断层邻近;③河道砂体、油气输导断层及油气圈闭是控制砂岩型铀矿富集的3个主要因素;④长垣隆起区的砂岩型铀矿是含铀地下水与油气运聚协调配合局部富集的结果,建立了输导断层与油气圈闭联合控矿模式。研究成果为含油气盆地砂岩型铀矿勘探提供了新的思路。