The evaluation of “social risk” due to volcanic eruptions of Vesuvius

A re-evaluation of the demographic risk per number of inhabitants due to volcanic eruptions in the Vesuvius area was made on the basis of the Census data of 2001. We introduced other variables (population density and number of houses) which permit to upgrade the existing models. Using the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and particularly ArcGIS 9.0 software we have elaborated a land use map, an urbanization map and a series of new risk maps which lead us to obtain a map of what we call “social risk” due to volcanic eruptions, derived from the combination of the data used and the overlay of the maps. We have proposed an integrated model which can be easily updated to follow the evolution of the volcanic risk in the overpopulated Vesuvius area, with the aim of supporting the planning of Civil Protection and Local Authorities, for an evacuation scenarios and the possibility of taking into account the potential infrastructural damages. This methodology can be tested in other volcanic regions.     

GIS and Volcanic Risk Management

Volcanic catastrophes constitute a majorproblem in many developing and developed countries. Inrecent years population growth and the expansion ofsettlements and basic supply lines (e.g., water, gas,etc.) have greatly increased the impact of volcanicdisasters. Correct land-use planning is fundamental inminimising both loss of life and damage to property.In this contribution Geographical Information Systems(GIS), linked with remote sensing technology andtelecommunications/warning systems, have emerged asone of the most promising tools to support thedecision-making process. Some GIS are presented fortwo volcanic areas in Italy, Mt. Etna and Vesuvius.GIS role in risk management is then discussed, keepingin mind the different volcanic scenarios of effusiveand explosive phenomena. Mt. Etna system covers alarge area (more than 1,000 km²) potentiallyaffected by effusive phenomena (lava flows) whichcause damage to both houses and properties in general.No risk to life is expected. The time-scales of lavaflows allow, at least in principle, modification ofthe lava path by the building of artificial barriers.Vesuvius shows typically an explosive behaviour. Inthe case of a medium size explosive eruption, 600,000people would potentially have to be evacuated from anarea of about 200 km² around the Volcano, sincethey are exposed to ruinous, very fast phenomena likepyroclastic surges and flows, lahars, ash fallout,etc. Ash fallout and floods/lahars are also expectedin distal areas, between Vesuvius and Avellino,downwind of the volcano. GIS include digital elevationmodels, satellite images, volcanic hazard maps andvector data on natural and artificial features (energysupply lines, strategic buildings, roads, railways,etc.). The nature and the level of detail in the twodata bases are different, on the basis of thedifferent expected volcanic phenomena. The GIS havebeen planned: (a) for volcanic risk mitigation (hazard,value, vulnerability and risk map assessing), (b) toprovide suitable tools during an impending crisis, (c)to provide a basis for emergency plans.     

试论火山岩油气藏成藏机理

全球100多个国家/地区在火山岩内或其周围发现了油气藏或油气显示,展示了火山岩油气藏勘探的广阔前景。火山岩已从油气勘探的"禁区"转变为了"靶区",成为油气勘探的新目标。火山岩储集物性较好,其本身可直接作为储层,各类侵入体与围岩相互作用还可形成与火成岩有关的圈闭。火山岩油气藏的烃源包括有机成因和无机成因两种。火山作用可以明显提高烃源岩内有机质的成熟度,加快烃的产生,促进油气运移,并为无机成因烃提供合成原料(CO_2和H_2等)和运移通道。虽然火山岩在盆地早期尤为发育,约占盆地充填体积的1/4,但是目前火山岩油气储量仅占世界油气探明储量的1%左右,勘探潜力巨大。中国沉积盆地内发育不同时代火山岩,火山岩储层与烃源岩匹配较好,无机成因气来源丰富,火山岩油气藏正在成为我国油气勘探的重要领域之一。     

火山岩储层储集空间及影响因素研究

火山岩储层已成为油气勘探的一个新领域。由于火山岩储层的复杂性和特殊性,对其的研究还比较薄弱。在总结国内外火山岩储层研究成果的基础上,通过对准噶尔盆地与松辽等盆地的火山岩储层的分析,本文认为火山岩储层的储集空间主要有孔洞和裂缝,而裂缝连通了孤立的孔洞。当孔、洞、缝相互交织在一起时,才可形成有效的火山岩储集空间。在火山岩储层储集空间的演化过程中,由于受自身因素和外部条件的影响,火山岩储层的内部结构比较复杂。岩性岩相、成岩作用、风化淋滤作用、构造作用等在对火山岩储集空间的改造中起着关键作用。     

Features of Minerogenic Series Related to Continental VolcanicRocks in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China-A Case Study of the Daiyunshan-ShiniushanVolcanic Depression in Fujian

The Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression in Fujian Province is situated in a volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China along the west Pacific Ocean. A new breakthrough has been made in the exploration of gold and silver ore deposits in recent years. The minerogenic series of the Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression is discussed in this paper based on the analysis of major metallogenic types and factors. According to the study of enormous ore deposits and occurrences in the study area, two minerogenic series have been recognized: 1. Late Jurassic Au-Ag-Pb-Zn minerogenic series related to intermediate-acid, acid volcanic formations; 2. nonmetallic minerogenic series (pyrophyllite, alunite pearlite, andalusite, zeolite, corundum and so on) related to intermediate and acid volcanic formations. The division and study of the minerogenic series have revealed metallogenic and time-space distribution characteristics of the ore deposits in the volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in Ch     

永吉县金家乡三道埠子地区金矿床地质特征及找矿潜力分析

区内发育古生界浅变质岩系和中生界陆相火山岩系,华力西期—燕山期的岩浆活动强烈而频繁,形成一系列的侵入岩和火山岩。依据区域地质和遥感、物探、化探异常研究结果,运用新理论、新技术、新方法在申请工作区开展金及多金属矿调查工作,确定成矿有利地段,圈定找矿靶区,为进一步找矿提供依据,对本区地质特征进行总结,具有十分广阔的找矿远景。     

华南东部中新生代火山岩型铀矿成矿规律,勘查模式及找矿远景

中新生代时期，华南东部地壳经历了挤压－松驰拉张－局部裂解的演化过程。相应地发育３期火山活动，构成初火山族回、主火山旋回和破火山旋回。破火山使回出现双峰式岩套，标志着已进入胚胎型裂谷演化阶段。火山岩型铀矿具有破火山族回成矿、破火山旋回活动带控矿、二次迭加富集特性，可称其为破火山系列新不整合脉型铀矿。划分为体型、层型和脉型３种形态类型和相应的勘查模式。华南东部破火山系列新不整合脉型铀矿具有巨大的找矿潜力，在花岗岩基底上发育的破火山旋回构造－岩浆杂岩区，是今后寻找大型铀矿的有利靶区。     

Research progress in volcanology in the Neapolitan area, southern Italy: a review and some alternative views

Comprehensive reviews are given for the major volcanic systems that occur in the greater metropolitan area of Naples, southern Italy; Mt. Somma-Vesuvius to the east and the Campi Flegrei volcanic system to the west. Also included in the review is a detailed discussion of the large, highly explosive Campania Volcanic Zone (CVZ) ignimbrite events. These volcanic areas have been studied for more than 100 years, yet significant differences of opinion exist related to fundamental issues of origin and distribution. We present some alternative views related to petrogenesis on some issues based on more than 25 years of research. The relationship between risk assessment and management that impacts the threatened society or culture and the past and ongoing fundamental volcanological research is an essential part of the science. Countries with limited resources may be forced to accept an increased risk but even highly industrialized societies may not be able to completely eliminate deaths from volcanic eruptions. Scientific studies of the hazardous regions should be comprehensive and include reasonable alternative interpretations as this information reveals the level of confidence that must be conveyed to the public officials. The authors review the state of the art of risk assessment and management of the volcanic hazards in the Neapolitan region in light of the review of research.     

青藏高原陆相火山岩区填图新进展——以松多地区新生代火山机构为例

20世纪90年代以来,为了区别传统的沉积岩区填图方法,中国陆相火山岩区地质调查工作普遍采用"火山构造-火山岩相-火山岩性"三位一体的思路与工作方法,并取得重要进展。以西藏松多地区1∶5万区域地质调查工作为例,探讨该方法在高原地区新生代火山岩研究中的应用。结合遥感影像与剖面测制,通过野外地质观察与镜下岩性特征分析,对火山机构进行相带划分,从而恢复古火山的基本格架、重溯火山作用过程。同时,松多地区新生代火山机构的建立,为冈底斯岩浆带发育的林子宗火山岩与下伏地层的区域性不整合提供了新的证据,进一步限定了印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的起始时间。     

甘肃北山小草湖火山岩系形成时代的重新厘定

甘肃北山小草湖一带敦煌岩群的北侧分布着一套发生韧性变形的火山岩系(前人称之为小草湖岩片)。该火山岩系的宏观岩貌、岩石学、岩石地球化学等特征与相邻的二叠纪火山岩系相似,为大陆裂谷火山岩系列。本次研究在糜棱岩化英安岩中获得285Ma±4Ma的LA-ICP-MS单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素年龄,证明该火山岩系的时代并非志留纪,而是二叠纪,属于天山石炭纪—二叠纪大火成岩省的组成部分。这一新资料对甘肃北山构造格局及其演化历史的研究具有重要意义。     

Magmatic and geodynamic evolution of Urumieh–Dokhtar basic volcanism,Central Iran: major,trace element,isotopic, and geochronologic implications

Basic volcanic rocks from the West Nain area of the Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage demonstrate significant subduction-related geochemical characteristics; these along with the new age data obtained for the volcanic rocks shed new light on the geodynamic evolution of the Iranian segment of Alpine–Himalayan orogeny. The late Oligocene (26.5 Ma) high-Nb basic volcanic rocks are likely to represent a transient rather enriched asthenospheric mantle underlying the otherwise dominantly Eocene–early Oligocene West Nain island arc. Lithospheric mantle geochemical signatures of the low-Zr volcanic rocks (20.6 Ma) and high-Th volcanic rocks (19.7 Ma) imply replacement of the underlying mantle. The substitution of asthenospheric mantle by a lithospheric mantle wedge might have been associated with – or perhaps caused by – an increase in the subduction rate. Culmination of the West Nain magmatism into slab melting that produced the early Miocene (18.7 Ma) adakitic rocks is compatible with subsequent ascent that triggered slab decompression melting.     

甘肃白银厂矿区及外围区域地质背景、成矿系列及找矿潜力

白银厂矿区及外围是北祁连铜多金属成矿带的主要地段.新元古代以来的大陆裂谷作用-活动陆缘的洋壳俯冲、弧后扩张-陆-陆碰撞造山作用,及其所导致的强烈多期次的火山活动、岩浆侵入及变质作用,为本区提供了优越的成矿条件.区内既有与岛弧海相酸性火山作用有关的白银厂黑矿型Cu-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag成矿系列,又有与弧后扩张脊蛇绿岩套和基性火山岩有关的塞浦露斯型Cu-Zn(Co)系列;与大陆裂陷火山作用有关的喷流沉积型Fe-Cu-Zn-Pb系列以及陆内造山早期与韧-脆性剪切作用有关的Au-Pb系列和与酸性岩浆作用有关的Au-Cu系列等.石青硐-白银厂火山岩带是本区最有找矿潜力、也是快速实现找矿突破的首选区带;朵家滩-白银南-青城皋兰群变质火山岩带,是值得探索的大型喷流沉积型Fe-Cu-Zn-Pb矿床远景区;老虎山-银洞沟-崛吴山火山岩带的塞浦露斯型Cu-Zn(Co)矿床具有扩大资源量和进一步发现矿床的前景;韧-脆性剪切带型Au矿床及与酸性侵入体有关的岩浆期后热液型Au-Cu矿床是两个具有重要意义的找矿新方向.     

新疆阿尔泰诺尔特地区石炭纪火山作用

诺尔特地区位于阿尔泰北部地区，西伯利亚板块西南缘。区内石炭纪火山岩主要沿红山嘴断裂带分布，赋存于下石炭统红山嘴组中，岩性主要为晶屑凝灰岩、碎斑熔岩、凝灰岩、火山角砾岩、流纹岩等。火山作用中爆发、喷溢、侵出3种喷发形式均存在，产生了爆发－喷溢相、降落相、侵出相及火山喷发沉积相等火山岩相。诺尔特地区石炭纪火山构造为裂隙－中心式，断裂导致岩浆上升喷发，火山活动的中心位于西部的托格尔托别、阔科依达拉斯等地，而东部的塔斯比格、阿克提什坎、库马苏等地则位于远火山活动中心地区，火山活动从西向东逐渐减弱，西部以爆发－喷溢为主，东部则以侵出为主。     

论滇东北二叠纪玄武岩型铜矿(BC)找矿——美洲火山红层型铜矿(VRC)的启示

火山红层型铜矿表现为火山岩序列中断裂控制的整合或大致整合分布、纵横交错的脉状铜硫化物和/或自然铜矿床。本文详细介绍美洲火山红层型铜矿地质特征,剖析其成矿规律以及找矿方法、思路。系统研究滇东北地区玄武岩铜矿,并与北美火山红层型铜矿进行对比。在此基础上,提出滇东北地区火山红层型铜矿新的找矿思路与找矿方法。     

An assessment of the risk from future eruptions of the Soufriere volcano of St. Vincent,West Indies

The Soufriere volcano is a 1220 m high stratovolcano which occupies the northern part of the island of St. Vincent. It is one of the most active centres of volcanism in the Caribbean and has a record of activity dating back to the Pleistocene. Historic eruptions (since 1718) have caused over 1600 deaths and resulted in damage to property valued in excess of 4.8 million USD. In addition, current development plans for the area point towards increased risk of disastrous consequences from future activity at the volcano.All aspects of risk relevant to the volcano, are discussed, with particular emphasis on the manner in which these are perceived and on the question of acceptable risk. A method is presented for use in risk assessment of volcanic hazard and a number of risk zones are defined for the Soufriere volcano. Numerical estimates of the relative loss expected within each zone are obtained from a consideration of the value of property at risk, its vulnerability to the hazardous volcanic events and the expected spatial impact of volcanic events. Such estimates suggest that the northern-most third of the island is at least ten times more at risk than areas further south. The likelihood of death and destruction is extreme in such high risk areas, while the most feasible method of loss reduction is evacuation before an eruption occurs.Formerly at Department of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.     

影象线性体密度-中心对称度综合统计分析方法及其在古火山岩区地质研究中的应用

本文探讨通过遥感影象线性体统计分析预测古火山机构的方法及效果。首先,作者提出并详细讨论了一种新的统计变量——线性体空间分布中心对称度。然后,又根据研究区已知火山机构的典型局部构造为环状、放射状断裂系统而设计采用了一套线性体密度-中心对称度综合统计分析方法,并对区内火山岩地质研究取得初步成功。     

CFD油田火山岩展布特征及其对油藏的控制作用

火山岩复合油气藏特征独特,为揭示该类油气藏的特征和拓展勘探思路,论述了火山岩的特征及其对油藏的控制作用.综合薄片、钻井、测井和地震资料研究火山岩的岩相特征和发育模式,采用岩电分析和测井响应特征研究手段定量识别玄武岩和凝灰岩.在此基础上,依据地球物理手段确定火山岩和砂泥岩的波阻抗界限值,并基于测井约束下的波阻抗反演和东营组局部井区杂乱反射的地震特征,实现复杂岩性背景下火山岩的刻画和分布预测.论证结果:馆陶组为火山大规模活动期,发育大套火山岩,火山岩主要分布于油田南部和西南部.东营组和沙河街组火山小规模活动,发育少量火山岩,零星分布于油田的局部井区;主断裂区火山岩较厚,远离断裂区火山岩相对较薄,主断裂控制火山岩的发育程度和分布;火山岩岩性致密,可作为油藏的盖层和侧向遮挡层,并占据外来碎屑岩的沉积空间;火山岩是研究区油气成藏的必要条件,但其分割圈闭,控制和限制碎屑岩储层的分布,也限定了油藏的类型和规模,并对原油物性具有一定的影响.研究成果揭示了渤海湾盆地中新生界新的勘探领域,也可为该类油田的油藏评价和开发部署提供范例.      

内蒙古大青山晚古生代煤系中火山事件层的物质来源及地层意义

在内蒙古大青山晚古生代煤系地层中发现了９层以上火山事件层，主要由凝灰熔岩、火山角砾岩、熔结凝灰岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩及各种凝灰质沉积岩组成。通过剖面层序分析和岩石学、岩石化学、稀土元素和同位素比值研究，可将本区火山事件层划分为９个喷发旋回；根据火山事件层的分布，本区煤层可与山西大同同时代的煤层相对比；这一研究结果为大区域煤层对比提供了重要的科学依据。根据本区的研究工作并与内蒙海槽火山活动资料相对照，本区火山碎屑物质来自内蒙海槽钙碱性岛弧型火山活动的观点得到证实，也为华北板块与古亚洲洋板块之间的封闭机理，提供了新的资料。     

Synthesis of geological and airborne geophysical data for prognosticating new area for the exploration of lead and zinc in Sindesar Khurd area,Rajpura-Dariba belt,Rajsamand district,Rajasthan

In the Rajpura-Dariba belt zinc and lead mineralization was established on the basis of gossan and opinions were given that the deposits are stratiform and syngenetic. During last two decades metamorphism and volcanic processes have been attributed for the generation of exhalative and remobilized lead-zinc ore bodies. Subsequent exploration was based on the concept of successive borehole planning around positive intersections. Areas having surface indications of base metal mineralization and their extensions have been already explored. Recent deep drilling by Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) in this area has intersected rich ore lodes, thereby confirming depth ward continuity of ore zones at some places. It indicates possibility of searching hidden deposits by innovative techniques. Therefore, today, there is a challenge before geoscientists to discover new deposits in this area by an exploration technique which should have low risk, consume less time and it should be cost effective.     

广东雷州半岛火山岩二氧化碳矿化封存潜力评估

火山岩的矿物固碳作用为减少大气中的二氧化碳(CO₂)提供了一种永久性的封存解决方案,是一种经济、安全的碳捕集封存(CCS)方式。中国火山岩分布广泛,但对火山岩固碳潜力的研究还很欠缺。文章选择广东省雷州半岛火山岩为研究区,利用MapGis软件,建立雷州半岛火山岩厚度分布的矢量地理信息数据库,插值得到三维网格化数据体;基于火山岩矿化封存机制和CO₂矿化封存潜力评估方法,对雷州半岛火山岩CO₂理论矿化封存潜力进行了计算。结果表明,雷州半岛火山岩总面积约3940 km²,总体积约257 km3,CO₂理论矿化封存量在19～459亿吨之间。其中以雷南火山岩区潜力最大,理论封存量为13～326亿吨;其次为雷北遂溪县以东、湛江市西部区域的火山岩区,理论封存量为2～56亿吨;东海岛区域火山岩,理论矿化封存量虽然不大(1.5～35亿吨),但因其与周边工业排放源较近,具有较好的源汇匹配条件,具备CCS潜力。研究结果不仅对于优选封存CO₂火山岩储集区带提供重要依据,同时为未来开...