台湾以北黑潮水与陆架水的混合与交换

本文根据日本气象厅在台湾以北获得的调查资料及近几年国家海洋局在该海域获得的调查资料,结合卫星图片,分析了夏季和冬季台湾以北海域陆架水与黑潮水的混合与交换过程以及涡旋在水交换过程中所起的作用。结果表明,夏季陆架水从表层向外海方向扩展,与黑潮水进行混合与交换;在陆架底部,黑潮次表层水涌升陆架后与陆架底层水进行混合。冬季由于黑潮表层水大举入侵陆架,低温的陆架水只能沿陆架向南流动,并在台湾西北部转向东沿台湾北岸向东流动,该海域存在的涡旋就象一个旋转泵,在陆架水与黑潮水的混合与交换过程中起了重要的作用。最后,文中还对陆架水与黑潮水的交换量进行了估算。     

NotesBenthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out. The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth. Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough. From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough, benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages: (1) Continental shelf break assemblage, dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus, corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (2) upper continental slope assemblage, dominated by Cassidulina carinata , Globocassidulina subglobosa, corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (3) intermediate continental slope assemblage, dominated by Uvigerina hispi-da, corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline; (4) lower continental slope- trough b     

Benthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out.The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough.From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough,benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages:(1) Continental shelf break assemblage,dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus,corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(2) upper continental slope assemblage,dominated by Cassidulina carinata,Globocassidulina subglobosa,corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(3) intermediate continental slope assemblage,dominated by Uvigerina hispida,corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline.     

我国东南近岸海域表层沉积硅藻组合

对采自我国东南近岸海域18个站位78个表层沉积样品进行了硅藻鉴定分析,根据硅藻优势种和次优势种的分布特征,划分出3个组合和两个亚组合,其较好地对应分布于南海、台湾海峡和东海等3个近岸海域。统计数据表明,近岸海域表层沉积硅藻的分布受大陆入海径流的影响微乎其微,随着水深的增加,我国东南近岸海域海洋初级生产力减小,底栖种、潮间带种减少而浮游种增加;组合Ⅰ的分布表明南海东北部海域明显受黑潮流等外洋水团的影响,可应用组合Ⅱ1和组合Ⅱ2中优势种和特征种硅藻来指示水深,两亚组合面貌的差异是对冬夏两季海峡两侧受不同性质海流控制的响应;组合Ⅲ受沿岸流控制比较明显,而遭受黑潮等外洋水团的影响很弱。     

东海黑潮温盐与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑湖主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系。结果表明,在过去50年内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势。东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关。夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,导致黑潮上层水盐度下降,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关。     

东海黑潮区硝酸盐含量及其高值区的季节分布特征

利用2010年NOAA发布的全球海域营养盐数据, 对东海黑潮区硝酸盐含量及其高值区的季节分布进行分析。结果表明: (1) 东海黑潮区NO3?-N平均浓度夏季最高、冬季最低, 陆架高、外海低, 硝酸盐浓度随深度而增高, 增高趋势秋季最强, 春季最弱。(2) 在东海黑潮区100—300m水层之间存在着硝酸盐跃层和深层水的涌升; 深层水涌升强度越大, 跃层位置深度越浅。(3) 在东海黑潮区, 从表层至深层的NO3?-N高值区主要分布在台湾东北海域、黑潮中段海域和九州西南海域, NO3?-N高值区和高值中心呈明显的季节性变化; 上述区域是今后东海黑潮区需要密切关注的海洋渔业资源丰富的海域。     

Surficial Sedimentary Diatoms in Okinawa Trough and Its Response to Kuroshio Current

This paper describes the relative contents of dominant diatom species and the distributive characteristics of tropical pelagic species and diatom assemblages, and also discusses the relations between the relative content of tropical pelagic species and Kuroshio Current and between the distribution of diatom assemblages and material sources. The results show that the limit of＞20% relative content of tropical pelagic species is basically consistent with the demarcation of Kuroshio Current, and that the distributions of dominant diatom species and diatom assemblages reserve the records of their closer relations to material sources.     

冲绳海槽表层沉积硅藻对黑潮流的响应

本文报道了冲绳海槽表层沉积物中优势硅藻种的相对含量、热带远洋种和硅藻组合的分布特征 ,讨论了热带远洋种的相对含量与黑潮流、硅藻组合的分布与物质来源的关系等问题 .结果表明 ,热带远洋种的相对含量 >2 0 %的界线与黑潮流的边界基本上一致 ;优势硅藻种和硅藻组合的分布留下了与物质来源的关系较为密切的记录 .     

Distribution of phytoplankton in the East China Sea in the winter of 1993

Phytoplankton distribution and its relationship to water masses were investigated in the East China Sea from February 15 to March 10, 1993. Diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophorids were examined by the Utermöhl method. Two distinct phytoplankton assemblages were identified: a shelf and oceanic assemblage. The shelf community was characterized by a high abundance of diatoms, particularly, a benthic diatomParalia sulcata, and the oceanic community by numerical dominance of coccolithophorids and occurrence of surface warm-water species of diatoms. A boundary of both communities was located at the shelf edge that coincided with the shelf side of a Kuroshio front.P. sulcata was the most dominant in the inner shelf area throughout the water column. The occurrence of this species near the surface was considered to be a good indicator of the enhanced vertical mixing driven by winter monsoon. The species survives under extremely low light intensity near the bottom during the stratified periods in summer. During the winter time when light condition at the bottom becomes most unfavorable, resuspension and upward traveling of the species due to enhanced vertical mixing seem to be advantageous to acquire suitable light condition. Because of its predominance, possible importance ofP. sulcata is suggested in material cycling on the shelf, particularly near the bottom.     

东海北部海水中硝酸盐(NO_3-N)的分布及其成因

本文根据“中日黑潮合作调查”在东海的调查资料,探讨了硝酸盐的分布特征,以及水文条件对其分布的影响,并比较了不同年份夏季硝酸盐的分布差异及其原因。分析表明,表层海水中硝酸盐分布明显受长江冲淡水影响,陆架区测值高于外海,冬季测值高于夏季; ５０ｍ ,１００ｍ 层上陆架、黑潮锋区存在着硝酸盐锋面,黑潮主干的摆动可能是影响锋面位置的主要因素     

Intrusion of Kuroshio water onto the continental shelf of the East China Sea

As a fundamental study to evaluate the contribution of the Kuroshio to primary production in the East China Sea (ECS), we investigated the seasonal pattern of the intrusion from the Kuroshio onto the continental shelf of the ECS and the behavior of the intruded Kuroshio water, using the RIAM Ocean Model (RIAMOM). The total intruded volume transport across the 200m isobath line was evaluated as 2.74 Sv in winter and 2.47 Sv in summer, while the intruded transport below 80m was estimated to be 1.32 Sv in winter and 1.64 Sv in summer. Passive tracer experiments revealed that the main intrusion from the Kuroshio to the shelf area of the ECS, shallower than 80m, takes place through the lower layer northeast of Taiwan in summer, with a volume transport of 0.19 Sv. Comparative studies show several components affecting the intrusion of the Kuroshio across the 200 m isobath line. The Kuroshio water intruded less onto the shelf compared with a case without consideration of tide-induced bottom friction, especially northeast of Taiwan. The variations of the transport from the Taiwan Strait and the east of Taiwan have considerable effects on the intrusion of the Kuroshio onto the shelf.     

东海陆架晚第四纪沉积硅藻及其古海洋学意义

本文对东海陆架DG9617岩芯沉积硅藻进行了研究，共分析鉴定出97种和变种，有近10种硅藻在岩芯中连续分布，且有较高的含量，而其余种类含量极低，仅零星检出。根据该岩芯中产出硅藻种类、含量及硅藻丰度变化特征自下而上共划分出3个硅藻组合带及5个亚带。结合孢粉资料，对产出3个不同硅藻带岩芯的地层年代进行了对比研究，表明该岩芯所代表的地层年代为中－晚全新世，硅藻I组合带大致为大西洋期的沉积，硅藻Ⅱ组合带应为亚北方期的产物，而硅藻Ⅲ组合带与亚大西洋期对应。文中并对不同硅藻组合带产出时的古海洋环境进行了初步探讨。     

南海北部陆丰凹陷中新世底栖有孔虫组合与古环境演化研究

The Miocene epoch marks the most crucial period during the Cenozoic cooling trend, characterized by the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum(MMCO) and a series of short–lived cooling events(Miocene isotope events).To understand the paleoenvironmental evolution along the shallow water shelf in the South China Sea during the Miocene, the benthic foraminiferal assemblage and total organic carbon content(TOC) were analyzed at Hole LF14 located in the Lufeng Sag, northern South China Sea. Three benthic foraminiferal assemblages(e.g., the Uvigerina spp. assemblage, the Cibicides spp. assemblage, and the Cibicidoides spp. assemblage), corresponding to different watermass conditions, were recognized based on Q–mode factor analysis. Early studies suggested that Hole LF14 was deposited under semienclosed bay, middle to outer shelf or even upper bathyal environment during ～18.7–4.53 Ma. The dominant Uvigerina spp. assemblage was characterized by low diversity and shallow infaunal to infaunal species, indicating a warm, low–oxygenation and eutrophic conditions since the Early Miocene to MMCO(～18.7–14.24 Ma). An abrupt sea level drop and significant faunal changes were recorded during 14.24–13.41 Ma, suggesting development of the East Antarctic Ice Sheets, which resulted in a drop of sea level and change in benthic foraminiferal assemblages along the shallow water shelf. Beyond the Uvigerina spp.assemblage, the Cibicides spp. assemblage became important during the middle–late Middle Miocene(14.24–11.54 Ma). This assemblage was dominated by epifaunal species with relative high diversity, suggesting high–energy, high–oxygenation and oligotrophic conditions with episodic supply of organic food. The dominant Cibicidoides spp. assemblage with high diversity, indicates a mesotrophic conditions with relative high–oxygen content during the Late Miocene to Pliocene(11.54–4.53 Ma). The appearance and continuous occurrence of Ammonia spp. and Pseudorotalia spp. since 10.02 Ma, may reflect the influence of the Kuroshio Current.     

西北太平洋黑潮源区沉积特征及黑潮输入对东海沉积物的影响

在对海流和地质背景分析的基础上将源区黑潮划分为3个区域,即北赤道流区、吕宋岛以东海区和台湾东部黑潮主干区,归纳总结了其沉积物矿物组成、元素组分特征和物源研究结论,探讨了黑潮输入对东海沉积物的影响。总体看来,黑潮源区沉积物的主要外来源是菲律宾群岛、菲律宾岛弧、台湾河流输入和亚洲大陆风尘的输入。黑潮源区沉积物矿物分布受菲律宾海沟的阻隔、北赤道流与黑潮的营力作用、海底火山热液活动和水深影响较大,常量元素组成主要与海底地形和水深有关,稀土元素组成表现出具有明显陆源输入的边缘海沉积特征,Sr、Nd同位素组成的研究在该区主要用于追踪亚洲风尘输入。由于黑潮入侵东海多分支的复杂性,东海黑潮对陆架沉积物的影响尚需深入研究。进一步研究应在台湾东部沉积物物源分析、黑潮输入对东海沉积物影响的历史变化、多指标整合的综合分析方法、有效物源识别端元的构建等方面展开。深入研究黑潮源区沉积特征及物源可有效揭示黑潮流域变化、构造活动和气候变化等,且探明黑潮输入对东海陆架沉积物分布的影响有利于揭示东海生态环境变化和海洋资源环境的可持续利用。     

Argos表面漂流浮标在黑潮区的若干观测结果

利用近几年国家海洋局第二海洋研究所及国家海洋技术中心在南海和西北太平洋海域布放的部分卫星跟踪表面漂流浮标所取得的观测资料,分析了浮标流经海域的表层海流特征及浮标漂移路径上水温的变化。结果表明:2003年1月,黑潮表层水有入侵南海的趋势,夏季南海表层水经吕宋海峡流出,汇入黑潮主干;夏末冬初,黑潮主干经过东海时明显呈弯曲流动;2003年春季,日本以南海域黑潮弯曲不明显;台湾东北部海域存在一个强反气旋涡;表层海水的温度日变化和季节变化明显,在浮标漂移路径呈反气旋或气旋式转动的区域,对应出现了表层水温的高、低温区。     

黑潮与邻近东海生源要素的交换及其生态环境效应

黑潮与东海生源要素的交换对东海的生态环境有重大影响,交换主要是经台湾东北部海域输送至东海陆架和通过日本九州西南海域由东海陆架向外海的黑潮输出两个通道。中国科学院海洋先导专项对黑潮与邻近东海生源要素的交换特征进行了系统的调查和研究,获得了一些新的认识:(1)在台湾东北部区域,碳主要以表层水-次表层水为载体输入,秋季的输入量高于夏季;黑潮溶解态营养盐的输入占据绝对主导地位,且以黑潮次表层热带水-中层水的输入为主,输入通量春季高于夏、秋季,可为东海春季水华提供一定的物质基础,但输入到东海的黑潮水其氮磷比与Redfield比值(16:1)接近,这些"正常水"——黑潮的输入显然对调和东海异常高的氮磷比有重要的作用,从而对东海的生态环境起到"稳定和缓冲"作用。所以,黑潮水对东海的输入不仅维持补充了东海生态系统运转所需的生源要素,更为重要的是缓冲了受人为影响强烈的东海海水的高氮磷比,使东海本已失常的营养盐结构向合适的氮磷比方向转变。因此,黑潮与东海生源要素的输入在一定程度上起着稳定和缓和东海生态环境的作用。(2)通过构建的海水Ba-盐度新指标体系,定量细致刻画了黑潮对东海生源物质在台湾东北部区域的输入范围和程度,黑潮次表层水从台湾东北陆架坡折处沿底部向北偏西方向入侵东海,其近岸分支可以入侵到浙江近岸,其黑潮次表层水占比仍可达到65%左右。垂直方向上,陆架外侧站位受黑潮次表层水的影响范围更大,黑潮水占50%比例位置可延伸至外侧TW0-1站位(122.59°E,25.49°N)表层,而内侧靠近大陆的站位则只限于陆架中部位置底层。     

琉球群岛东部海区表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫分布及指示意义

对琉球群岛东部海区123个表层沉积物样品中浮游有孔虫因子分析结果表明,浮游有孔虫组合在溶跃面以上表现为Globigerinoides ruber-Globigerinata glutinata组合,溶跃面以下为Globorotalia inflata-Neoglobo-quadrina pachyderma (dex.)组合,局部受黑潮影响区域黑潮标志种Pulleniatina obliquiloculata含量相对丰富,为Neogloboquadrina dutertrei-P.obliquiloculata组合;表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫的丰度及组合分布特征对于碳酸盐溶跃面深度及碳酸盐补偿深度有一定的指示意义。另外,碳酸盐保存特征研究表明,该区域现代碳酸盐溶跃面深度约为3100 m,碳酸盐补偿深度约为4300 m。     

黑潮水入侵南海的水文分析──Ⅱ.1994年8—9月期间的观测结果

利用1994年8－9月期间，由台湾海峡两岸的4艘海洋调查船在南海东北部海域所获之CTD和ADCP资料，并结合1992年3月间在同一海域获取的CTD资料及部分历史水文资料，对该区域的海水特性以及黑潮水入侵南海等问题进行了分析探讨。结果表明：调查期间，本海区水团分布与冬末、春初（1992年3月）航次基本相似，即南海和西北太平洋海域的海水结构有着各自相对独立的温、盐度特性。虽发现有黑潮水穿越巴上海峡进入南海，但其势力甚弱。因此，在夏末秋初，黑潮亦无直接的分支深入南海，即使在巴士海峡北端进入台湾海峡的黑潮水，其影响也是十分微弱的。由等密度面、地转流分析和实测ADCP资料显示，在调查海区的东南海域存在一支较强的N向流动。它沿菲律宾西海岸北上，绕过吕宋岛西北角流向东北，在巴上海峡呈现与黑潮水混合的迹象，其水体在冬季明显呈高温、低盐的特性；夏季则为相对低温、低盐。故在冬季的几幅卫星图像上也有较好的体现，很有可能长年存在。     

台湾东北部黑潮次表层水入侵的季节变化规律

台湾东北部,黑潮次表层水常年入侵东海陆架。但是黑潮次表层水入侵的季节变化规律,尚存在很多不明之处。本文基于2009至2011年间东海4个航次的CTD实测数据,研究了黑潮次表层水入侵东海过程的季节变化规律,发现:黑潮次表层水入侵在春末夏初开始加强,夏季最强,秋季开始减弱,冬季最弱。入侵的黑潮次表层水起源深度也随季节变化有所不同。另外,结果还表明黑潮次表层水入侵存在明显的短期变动。     

Intrusion of less saline shelf water into the Kuroshio subsurface layer in the East China Sea

The possible origin and cause of the less saline shelf water detected in the Kuroshio subsurface layer around the shelf edge of the East China Sea are investigated using observational results obtained in May 1998–2001 in conjunction with a dataset archived by Japan Oceanographic Data Center and a numerical model. The observations show that subsurface intrusions of less saline water are always detected in May in layers above 24.5σθ isopycnal surface, and that salinity inversions (i.e., areas in which the less saline water lies beneath the saline water) are detected around the trough of the Kuroshio frontal eddy (or wave). Analyses of the archived dataset reveal that the isopycnal surface of 24.5σθ is the deepest layer of the Kuroshio pycnocline outcropping to the sea surface on the shallow shelf in early spring. Outcropping isopycnals above 24.5σθ encounter a less saline water plume originating from the Changjiang, especially in the western East China Sea. Thereafter, the less saline water moves along isopycnal layers and reaches the Kuroshio front around the shelf edge. Numerical models demonstrate that, when the frontal wave captures the less saline water, the shelf water takes the form of a salinity inversion in the trough because isohalines in the frontal wave have a phase lag between the upper and lower layers in consequence of the baroclinic instability.