2000-2010年西伯利亚地表覆盖变化特征——基于GlobeLand30的分析

西伯利亚是全球环境变化的重要敏感性区域,但以往缺乏该区域中高分辨率地表覆盖数据,对其地表覆盖的整体分布与变化缺乏深入的认识。本文利用中国新近研制的2000、2010年两期30 m分辨率地表覆盖数据产品GlobeLand30,对2000-2010年西伯利亚地表覆盖的空间分布格局、变化幅度、区域差异及主要地类的变化原因进行了综合分析。研究发现：①西伯利亚地表覆盖的空间分布现状具有明显的地带性特征。②10年间,西伯利亚地区地表覆盖整体变化幅度较大,其中林地及草地呈显著缩减、湿地呈较大幅度增加、耕地呈微弱减少、人造地表呈增加态势。③10年间,西伯利亚地表覆盖变化具有显著的区域差异性。变化最显著的为西西伯利亚地区,其中以湿地增加最明显,主要分布于鄂毕河—叶尼塞河流域,林地、草地及耕地减少集中于西伯利亚西南部。④人类活动和气候变暖是引发西伯利亚地表覆盖变化的主要原因。大规模林地砍伐导致林地减少;冰冻层消融,林地、草地和水体向湿地的转化是湿地增加的主要原因;耕地的人为废弃和撂荒导致耕地面积有所减少。     

西伯利亚板块旋转漂移运动刍议

西伯利亚板块是世界上古老的地质构造单元之一。根据板块构造理论，该板块当今的地表形态和地理位置，是其经过不断迁移，与其它板块不断发生碰撞的结果。本文试从展现板块的水平运动特点出发，着重揭示西伯利亚板块在各地质时期的运动状态，从而阐述该板块自寒武纪以来的旋转漂移的全过程。     

On the variation in geocryological,landscape and hydrological conditions in the Arctic zone of East Siberia in connection with climate warming

We examine the interaction of the ice complex with the coastal waters of the Arctic seas and with the waters of the land surface of East Siberia. We report on the development of cryogenic processes which are hazardous for the existence of residential centers on this territory under global climate warming.     

Issues in the growth of cities of the USSR in light of the decisions of the 26th party congress

The author discusses "varying strategies of urbanization and city growth for the Soviet macroregions--European USSR, Siberia, and Central Asia." Several important research areas are outlined, including global aspects of urbanization, forecasts of urban growth in the USSR, formulation of a theory and methods for categorizing urban formation, urbanization and environmental concerns, mathematical modeling of urban systems, and research on specific urban systems.     

Palaeomagnetism of Lower Cambrian sediments from the Olenek River section (northern Siberia): palaeopoles and the problem of magnetic polarity in the Early Cambrian

New palaeomagnetic data from the Lower and Middle Cambrian sedimentary rocks of northern Siberia are presented. During stepwise thermal demagnetization the stable characteristic remanence (ChRM) directions have been isolated for three Cambrian formations. Both polarities have been observed, and mean ChRM directions (for normal polarity) are: Kessyusa Formation (Lower Cambrian) D = 145°, I = -40°, N = 12, α₉₅= 12.8°; pole position: φ= 38°S, A = 165°E; Erkeket Formation (Lower Cambrian, stratigraphically highly) D = 152°, I = - 47°, N = 23, α₉₅= 6.8°; pole position: φ= 45°S, A = 159°E; Yunkyulyabit-Yuryakh Formation (Middle Cambrian) D = 166°, I = - 33°, N = 38, α₉₅= 4.6°; pole position: φ= 36°S, L = 140°E. These poles are in good agreement with the apparent polar wander path based on the bulk of existing Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from the Siberian platform. In Cambrian times, the Siberian platform probably occupied southerly latitudes stretching from about 35° to 0°, and was oriented 'reversely' with respect to its present position. Siberia moved northwards during the Cambrian by about 10° of latitude. This movement was accompanied by anticlockwise rotation of about 30°. The magnetostratigraphic results show the predominance of reversed polarity in the Early Cambrian and an approximately equal occurrence of both polarities in the part of the Middle Cambrian studied. These results are in good agreement with the palaeomagnetic polarity timescale for the Cambrian of the Siberian platform constructed previously by Khramov et al. (1987).     

Severity of climate and economic efficiency in Siberia: Myths and reality

The results of development of Siberia and the influence of severity of its climate on contemporary economic efficiency are examined. A critical analysis is made of the relevan t conclusions and recommendations of American politilogists which have hazardous consequences for Russia. The invalidity of these conclusions and recommendations was ascertained through quantitative assessments to show the real state of affairs as regards industrialization of Siberia, its economic efficiency and profitableness, and resettlement processes in the post-Soviet era.     

北半球春季植被NDVI对温度变化响应的区域差异

利用1982年到2000年的探路者NDVI资料，采用奇异值分解分析方法，研究北半球春季NDVI对温度变化响应的空间差异，前7对模态对总的协方差平方的解释率高达91％以上，反映出NDVI和气温的相关性非常高，第一对模态解释率达42．6％，显示北半球最显著的NDVI响应中心在西西伯利亚，其次是北美大陆，中心在其中东部，第三对及以后的模态反映的是次一次的空间特征，分析表明这些NDVI一温度的耦合模态受大尺度的大气环流系统的显著影响，9个重要的大气环流指标能解释整个北半球NDVI方差的55．6％，其中对欧洲、北美东南部，北美西北部，亚洲高纬以及东亚地区的影响最突出，因此，研究未来植被生态系统对全球变化响应的区域特征时，必须要考虑到这些环流系统的可能变化及其影响。     

Landscape-Basin Approach in Water Supply Assessments of the Population and Economy of the Regions of Western Siberia

The landscape-basin approach based on the sequential operation algorithm developed for determining potential and actual water supply of Western Siberia territories is proposed to adjust the existing assessments of water availability. The technique for estimating the water availability at the regional and sub-regional level is presented. The assessment of potential water availability is carried out within the boundaries of landscape provinces, whereas actual water availability is assessed for separate river basins and water management sites. Future water consumption is estimated with due regard for the current peculiarities of water use in Western Siberia regions and trends in water use efficiency, including the intensity of water consumption for industrial and agricultural production as well as strategic plans for territorial development. Superposition of natural and administrative-territorial boundaries has been achieved through the use of GIS technologies. Assessment results on the potential water availability in 83 landscape provinces of Western Siberia from 12 federal subjects of Russia are presented. Future water consumption has been assessed for the Western Barabinsk landscape province of Omsk oblast where the city of Omsk and the Omskii municipal district are located. The actual water availability has been estimated for a water management site in the Tom river basin, Kemerovo oblast. The size of the Western Siberia population living in conditions of extremely low, very low and low potential water availability has been calculated. The assessment results are given in tabular form and as geoinformation-cartographic models.     

The Siberian School of Experimental Geomorphology

This paper considers the results of geomorphological field experiments in Siberia conducted at the permanent stations operated by the V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS for a 60-year period and describes the observation methods. A unique database of quantitative data on the modern relief dynamics is provided. The rates of slow mass motions of soils on slopes, and also of the deluvial, aeolian and channel processes are presented. Observations for long-term time series are summarized. Much attention is paid to the results from investigating the slope processes. The contribution of stationary investigations to the solution of fundamental problems in geomorphology is shown. The role of field experiments in understanding the temporal organization of geomorphological systems is emphasized. Dynamic phases of the intrasecular cycles of exogenous relief formation are investigated. Models of the contemporary functioning of denudation systems that cover all possible variety of dynamic phases and morphological and climatic conditions of denudation in semi-arid conditions of southern Siberia are obtained. It was found that the spatial ordering of exogenous relief formation in the south of Siberia is manifested in the form of a regional series of correlative denudational systems whose structure and functioning mode naturally vary along the aridity and continentality vectors of climate. The spatial ordering of aeolian lithostreams is shown, which are involved in a common cycle of matter spinning clockwise and moving aeolian fine material along the northern subarid foothills areas of the mountain belt of Southern Siberia. An important role of the observation results on the relief dynamics for solving ecological problems is pointed out. Prospects for a further development of experimental geomorphological research in Siberia using high-precision instruments, GIS technologies and other modern methods are outlined.     

Role of Siberia's territories in the economic development of Russia

The importance of Russia's largest macroregion, Siberia, in the economic development of the country is demonstrated. The emphasis is on examining the delimitation of Siberia, and on substantiating its paramount spatial, resource and ecological significance. An economicgeographical analysis of the consequences of the macroregion's inland location is carried out.     

New palaeomagnetic result from Vendian red sediments in Cisbaikalia and the problem of the relationship of Siberia and Laurentia in the Vendian

A palaeomagnetic study of Vendian red sediments from the Lena River section on the western margin of Lake Baikal in the region of Cisbaikalia (54°N, 108°E) has isolated a stable remanence with direction D = 296.3°, I = −27.7° (high-temperature component) and a corresponding pole of 2.7°S, 168.2°E. The primary nature of this remanence is confirmed from a positive fold test, dual polarities and the presence of detrital haematite. This result, together with all late Precambrian–Early Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from Siberia, indicates that Siberia occupied low latitudes during that time. It has been proposed on the basis of palaeomagnetic data that Laurentia occupied high latitudes during the Vendian, so it would appear that there cannot have been any Laurentia–Siberia connection at that time. A review of Vendian to Cambrian Laurentian palaeomagnetic data shows that such an interpretation is ambiguous. An alternative interpretation places Laurentia in low latitudes and confirms the Laurentia–Siberia fit of Hoffman (1991 ) and Pelechaty (1996 ). However, the lack of Late Vendian palaeomagnetic data for Siberia still allows the possibility that it could have occupied high latitudes during that time.     

The database and GIS analysis of the status of glaciation of the Kodar Mountains (Northern Transbaikalia)

Presented is mapping material on the glacio-nival formations in the mountains in the south of East Siberia, and information regarding the generation of relevant databases. We examine the status of glaciation of the Kodar Mountains since the mid-20^th century till the present as well as assessing it for four periods of time: 1) from the topographic 1:50 000–1:200 000 maps displaying the glaciers as of the early 1960s; 2) from data in the Catalog of Glaciers of the USSR (the early 1970s); 3) from the maps of glaciers of the Kodar Mountains as compiled during 1976–1985 by researchers of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East of the USSR Academy of Sciences (most of them are unpublished), and 4) the present status from Earth remote sensing data (images taken by EROS, Quick Bird, Aster and Landsat during 2002–2015). Attribute tables are presented in WGI format. Analysis of data on a different temporal status showed the glaciation dynamics of the Kodar Mountains with a general tendency for a reduction in the glacier area. We determined the degree of degradation of nival-glacial formations and updated the coordinates of their centers, area, shape, length, orientation, altitudinal position, and other characteristics. The evidence thus obtained serves to update and complement the international glacier databases.     

Magnetostratigraphy of the lower Triassic volcanics from deep drill SG6 in western Siberia: evidence for long-lasting Permo–Triassic volcanic activity

The deep drill hole SG6 in western Siberia (66°N, 78.5°E) penetrated 1.1  km of lower Triassic basalts, which are possibly an extension of the central Siberian Permo– Triassic flood basalt province. About 300 samples of these basalts were progressively demagnetized and measured. Principal component analysis often shows multiple magnetizations carried by haematite and magnetite. The corrected mean inclinations are +77° and −77° for the haematite component. A magnetostratigraphic scale was derived and showed a N–R–N–R–N succession. This is quite different from the Noril'sk and Taimyr typical polarity scale, R–N.
  The basalts found in the SG6 deep drill hole are slightly younger than those of central Siberia and Taimyr. They correspond to middle–upper Induan age, whereas the Noril'sk and Taimyr sections correspond to an uppermost Permian and lower Induan age. Altogether they indicate that, after a high output rate of volcanic material near the Permo–Triassic boundary, this activity slowed down drastically on the Siberian platform and Taimyr, but persisted for several million years in western Siberia.     

苏联解体后西伯利亚对外经济联系走向

本文探讨了西伯利亚地区在苏联解体前后地缘政治经济格局的变化及其对外经济联系；分析了俄罗斯联邦独立以来西伯利亚积极调整伙伴关系，强化与世界市场接轨，寻求扩大对外经济联系的新途径和开辟新的通道；论述了改造西伯利亚铁路问题已迫在眉睫，建设北西伯利亚铁路势在必行，以及西伯利亚水上通道和空运在其今后对外经济联系中将发挥日趋重要的作用；提出了西伯利亚对外经济联系的对策。     

Karst under natural and technogenically modified conditions in southern East Siberia

We outline the karst process with its surface and subterranean forms in natural and natural-technical geosystems in southern East Siberia. The activity of karst and its interrelationship with the other exogenous processes are demonstrated.     

Some aspects of ecological risks of nature management in southern Baikalian Siberia

The diverse environment-protective role of vegetation is highlighted in the context of economic development of southern territories of Baikalian Siberia. Results from geobotanical forecasting for the purpose of minimizing ecological risks of nature management are presented.     

Network time in socioeconomic space

In this study, time is treated as a sequence of events. The concept of network time is formulated. Indicators are suggested for estimating the course of network time. The regularities of the course of time are determined for the Irkutsk-Yakutsk post road (1785–1916). A postal-temporal typology is realized for the provinces and regions of Siberia.     

Recent temperature and precipitation increases in West Siberia and their association with the Arctic Oscillation

Surface air temperature and precipitation records for the years 1958-1999 from ten meteorological stations located throughout West Siberia are used to identify climatic trends and determine to what extent these trends are potentially attributable to the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Although recent changes in atmospheric variability are associated with broad Arctic climate change, West Siberia appears particularly susceptible to warming. Furthermore, unlike most of the Arctic, moisture transport in the region is highly variable. The records show that West Siberia is experiencing significant warming and notable increases in precipitation, likely driven, in part, by large-scale Arctic atmospheric variability. Because this region contains a large percentage of the world's peatlands and contributes a significant portion of the total terrestrial freshwater flux to the Arctic Ocean, these recent climatic trends may have globally significant repercussions. The most robust patterns found are strong and prevalent springtime warming, winter precipitation increases, and strong association of non-summer air temperatures with the AO. Warming rates for both spring (0.5-0.8 °C/decade) and annual (0.3-0.5°C/decade) records are statistically significant for nine often stations. On average, the AO is linearly congruent with 96% (winter), 19% (spring), 0% (summer), 67% (autumn) and 53% (annual) of the warming found in this study. Significant trends in precipitation occur most commonly during winter, when four of ten stations exhibit significant increases (4-13 %/decade). The AO may play a lesser role in precipitation variability and is linearly congruent with only 17% (winter), 13% (spring), 12% (summer), 1% (autumn) and 26% (annual) of precipitation trends.     

低温对百合鳞茎内源激素含量变化的影响

以东方百合Siberia和Tiber为试验材料,进行恒温和变温的低温处理,采用高效液相色谱法测定在不同冷藏解除休眠时期赤霉素(GA3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)4种内源激素含量。结果表明,恒温处理Tiber先解除休眠,同样处理同期种植的百合鳞茎,Tiber比Siberia一般早出苗7 d左右;变温处理比恒温处理ABA含量降低,说明变温处理对百合鳞茎解除休眠有促进作用,可以缩短解除休眠需要的时间,一般变温处理的比恒温处理的早8 d出苗,且变温处理有利于百合生长量的增加,Tiber茎粗和株高分别增加了23.1%、10.1%,同时Siberia分别增加了5.9%和16.6%。变温处理GA3含量Tiber高于恒温处理,Siberia低于恒温处理,品种之间对温度处理的响应有差异。百合鳞茎休眠的解除与IAA/ABA、ZT/ABA、GA3/ABA比值有关,变温Siberia和Tiber的3种比值都在60 d后逐渐升高,说明冷藏60 d可作为鳞茎解除休眠的临界点,为进一步研究百合鳞茎的休眠机理提供了重要线索。     

Dynamic types of denudation in island steppes of southern Siberia

Basic patterns of contemporary functioning of the denudation systems are presented for the areas of southern Siberia. The denudation triggering mechanism is elucidated, which is associated with the climate-induced alternation of the zonal and extreme phases of denudation cycles. Three regional types of denudation with a different directedness of relief-formation, controlled by the structure of climatic fluctuations, are considered.