高温高压岩石三轴(固体传压介质)实验装置

为模拟地壳上地幔的温度压力条件,研究岩石的物理力学性质,国外已建立不同类型的三轴实验装置。其中以采用固体传压介质的三轴实验装置所能达到的温度和围压较高,而且结构简单。我们参考D. T. Griggs装置的基本原理,在组装和紧固方式、冷却系统等方面进行了改进,建立了高温高压岩石三轴实验装置(图版Ⅰ),第一次为我国地壳动力学的研究提供了中、下部地壳的温度压力实验条件     

水在橄榄石中溶妥解研究的固体传压高温高压实验方法

人们关注地球深部水对地球介质的力学和物理性质影响，以往实验研究大都用气体设备在几百ＭＰａ的低压力下进行的。为实现深部高压条件，本文用固体传压技术在１０００－１３００℃，１．０－２．０ＧＰａ温压条件进行橄榄石晶体内水溶解度实验研究。     

氯化钠传压介质高温高压岩石变形实验的应力和围压修正

该固体围压介质高温高压岩石变形实验装置的应力和围压修正方法是从长春地质学院岩石变形实验室的三轴实验系统中经过实验总结出来的,简便易行,可应用于同类系统的实验设备。确定了该实验装置采用氯化钠传压介质时氯化钠的传压特性和内部摩擦力的大小,并进一步确定出样品实际所受的围压和应力与表观值间的关系,求出修正量,从而应用于具体的实验研究中     

气体介质高温高压三轴实验系统

岩石物理力学性质的实验研究是了解地壳构造,探索地震成因等课题的一项基础性工作。为模拟地球内部不同深度的物理环境,研究地震孕育过程,许多实验应在不同的温压条件下进行。目前,国内外已建立起许多三轴实验设备。这些系统按其传压介质不同,可分为固体的,液体的和气体的三类。固体介质实验系统容易制造,容易达到较高的温度     

3 GPa固体传压三轴流变仪实验方法介绍

介绍“3 GPa固体传压三轴流变仪”的结构、性能及其实验方法与用途,阐述在此设备上进行的关于深部(上地幔高温高压条件下)岩石流变特性的实验以及岩石蠕变.应力松驰现象的研究.     

固体围压介质下岩石三轴实验装置的压力标定

本文对用于岩石力学性质研究的固体围压三轴实验装置的压力标定问题进行了研究。在分析各种影响因素的基础上,设计了压力标定的具体方法。在围压小于6.5kb、温度低于625℃的范围内对一现有装置进行了修正量的测定。这一结果提高了利用固体围压三轴实验装置进行岩石力学参数测定的精度     

高压下岩石弹性波速度几种测量方法的比较实验研究

在高压高温条件下测量岩石弹性波速是获得岩石在地球内部的各种力学和热力学数据的主要途径, 也是研究地球内部物质结构和组成的重要手段. 近年来, 用固体作为传压介质的高压高温岩石弹性波速测量方法发展较快, 然而目前各个实验室在高温高压条件下所测量出的岩石弹性波数据, 还没有进行过严格的对比. 为了对比各实验室的实验测量结果, 对3种测量方法进行了比较实验研究, 并与流体传压介质透射法的测量结果进行了对比. 实验表明, 3种测量方法在其适用压力范围内的测量结果都能相互对比. 其中Kern所使用的六面体样品脉冲透射法适用于压力温度较低的地壳类岩石样品的测量. 柱状样品脉冲反射-透射法在适用压力范围、加热温度和测量精度方面均有一定优势. 柱状样品脉冲透射法虽然在压力较低时测量精度较低, 但样品长度大, 组装简便, 适用于样品量大, 要求压力较高的实验. 因此在实际应用中, 后两种方法可进行相互校正和相互补充.     

活塞-圆桶式固体介质高温高压实验容器的压力标定方法

固体介质压力标定一般分为2方面。其一是轴压标定,最有效的方法是轴压活塞反复前进和后退,根据活塞循环来获得摩擦力的大小,其中有2个关键环节:1)活塞和样品接触点的确定;2)动摩擦力的确定。其二是围压标定,最有效的方法是利用矿物相变,适用于固体压机压力标定的相变有:石英-柯石英相变、钠长石-硬玉+石英相变,其适合温压范围分别为:500~1200℃、2.5~3.2GPa,600~1200℃、1.6~3.2GPa。我们对2GPa固体介质高温高压实验设备进行了轴压标定,在不同温度、围压、活塞速率等条件下进行了实验,结果表明:围压、温度、活塞运动速率等因素都对动摩擦力有不同程度的影响。因此,轴压标定应该针对不同的实验条件分别进行     

世界超深井岩心物理性质的温压实验结果综述（2）

本文阐述了独联体乌克兰地盾中部克里沃罗日铁矿盆地上超深井岩心标本的温压实验，（１）研究岩石弹性纵波速度（Ｖｐ）和横波速率（Ｖｓ）及其各向异性系数，杨氏模量（Ｅ）剪切模量（Ｇ），压缩率（β）泊松系数（σ）与流体静压力，正常温压和高温高压的关系。（２）研究了岩石导热率（λ）和导温率（α）和热容量（ｃ）与温压的关系；（３）随着压力的增大，岩石弹性波速度及其各向异性分别是增大和减小的，在不同方向上弹性汉事     

不同温压条件下居庸关花岗岩脆塑性转化与失稳型式的实验研究

为研究花岗岩的脆塑性转化和失稳型式，在固体围压介质三轴实验系统上进行了3组高温高压实验，结果表明，温度小于300℃时花岗岩为脆性破裂，大于800℃时为塑性变形，在300-600℃，花岗岩为半脆性破裂和碎裂流动，在600-800℃，花岗岩为半脆性流动，花岗岩的渐进破坏发生在低压区域；突发失稳发生在室温高压（≥300MPa)和高温高压（550℃600MPa-650℃700MPa)两个区域；在突发失稳与渐进破坏区域之间存在大范围的准突发失稳区，在实验温压范围内，影响花岗岩脆塑性转化的首要因素是温度，其次是围压；而花岗岩的失稳型式同时取决于围压和温度。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.