Impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in suburban area of Shiraz, Iran

This preliminary work reported here dealt with potential impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops sampled along the Koshk River canal in the suburban area of Shiraz City, Iran. It also attempts to assess the extent of heavy metal contamination in soils and crops and human exposure risk. For this purpose, samples including soils and plants were collected from two wastewater irrigated sites and a tubewell-irrigated site （marked by A, B and C）. Concentrations of the six heavy metals Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu were determined by AAS. Physical and chemical properties of soil samples were also determined. The PLIs and CF for soils and HQ （Hazard quotient） for some vegetables were calculated. The results showed that organic matter content increased from 22% to 30 % in wastewater-irrigated soils as compared to tubewell water irrigated and admixture water irrigated ones. The soil pH was raised by 2 units as a result of wastewater irrigation at site A compared to sites B and C. Wastewater irrigation also result in relatively high concentrations of Ni, Pb and Zn （275.5, 441.3 and 177 mg/kg, respectively） in wastewater irrigated soils over tubewell water irrigated soils. These levels are higher than the maximum permissible limits in unpolluted soils, indicating that a degree of contamination has occurred. This was confirmed by calculated PLIs and contamination factors in soil samples, The results also showed some crops cultivated at sites A and B contained high levels of Ni and Cd beyond the maximum permissible concentrations and those cultivated at site C. The concentrations of these heavy metals are within or very close to the critical levels. HQ indices and daily intake calculated in respect of metal contents in some vegetables （spinach, lettuce and celery） showed that toxic risk due to Cd in these vegetables and crops was greater than one. This study generally concludes that although the content of heavy metals did not reach toxic level, extensive use of untreated wastewater drawn from the Koshk River has obviously increased the contamination of Ni and Pb in soils and Cd in some vegetables cultivated along the canal, causing potential health risk in the long-term scense for consumers or local residents.     

Impact of climate change on irrigation requirements in terms of groundwater resources

Climate change affects not only water resources but also water demand for irrigation. A large proportion of the world’s agriculture depends on groundwater, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In several regions, aquifer resources face depletion. Groundwater recharge has been viewed as a by-product of irrigation return flow, and with climate change, aquifer storage of such flow will be vital. A general review, for a broad-based audience, is given of work on global warming and groundwater resources, summarizing the methods used to analyze the climate change scenarios and the influence of these predicted changes on groundwater resources around the world (especially the impact on regional groundwater resources and irrigation requirements). Future challenges of adapting to climate change are also discussed. Such challenges include water-resources depletion, increasing irrigation demand, reduced crop yield, and groundwater salinization. The adaptation to and mitigation of these effects is also reported, including useful information for water-resources managers and the development of sustainable groundwater irrigation methods. Rescheduling irrigation according to the season, coordinating the groundwater resources and irrigation demand, developing more accurate and complete modeling prediction methods, and managing the irrigation facilities in different ways would all be considered, based on the particular cases.     

Topic 4: Impact of protective drainage works and irrigation on groundwater

By the twenty-first century, the world population will be 9 billion, double its present total. This raises significant questions regarding the ability to feed, clothe, and shelter this population and at what cost to the earth, especially to groundwater quality. Various studies continue on the effects of drainage works and irrigation on groundwater, some of the results of which are reported in this Symposium.     

甘肃景电灌区节水灌溉措施研究

景泰川电力提灌工程是一项重大的引黄灌溉工程。通过充分调查研究了灌区的用水现状,从工程类节水措施和管理类节水措施两个方面着手,对灌区用水存在问题提出了相应的节水措施。     

绿洲灌区春灌效应及定额研究

春灌是干旱绿洲灌区内一种常规的水盐管理措施,具有储水降盐等多种作用。实际生产中采用的定额常较大,造成了水资源的过度利用,采用合适的定额成为必然选择。通过在新疆库尔勒灌溉试验站开展的不同春灌定额的试验,得出了不同春灌定额适合于不同土壤盐渍化程度。1 350 m3/ha的定额适合于轻度盐渍化土壤,灌溉水量的87.3%可保持在1.0 m的深度内,表层盐分可被淋洗至10~50 cm;1 800 m3/ha的定额适合于中度盐渍化土壤,灌水量的53.7%将渗漏至1.0 m以下,可将表层盐分淋洗至30~60 cm;2 250 m3/ha的定额适合于重度盐渍化土壤,灌水量的48.9%可将表层盐分淋洗至40~80 cm。同时,这三种定额均会对表层30 cm土层的硝态氮产生较强的淋洗作用,定额越大,下移的深度也越大,从而造成氮素的流失。从保持土壤肥力的角度看,对于非盐渍化或轻度盐渍化的土壤,可以考虑采用替代常规春灌的一些新方法,如干播湿出、滴水春灌等近年来兴起的播种方式,是常规春灌定额的50%左右,作物出苗率较常规春灌并未降低甚至还有所提高,有利于绿洲地下水环境的改善,同时也将更新对春灌作用的传统认识与观念。     

Impact of long-term wastewater irrigation on variability of soil attributes along a landscape in semi-arid region of Iran

Twelve soil profiles and 62 soil cores were described from two neighboring landscapes in the northwest of Iran to understand whether long-term wastewater irrigation has caused variations in morphological, physicochemical, and DTPA-heavy metals contents in soils. Along a gradual slope, different positions reflected heterogeneous response to flooding wastewater irrigation. Upper slope and mainly midslope were subject to gradual soil loss as characterized by thin Ap-horizons and shallow soil depth, whereas periodic cycles of soil accumulation and sediment along with local reducing condition were highlighted in lower slope. Compared to different positions of control land, wastewater irrigation increased significantly (P????0.05) soil fertility attributes (N, P, K, and organic matter) along with electrical conductivity. Significant correlations were observed between soil fine particles fraction and available P and also with available K, indicating that spatial distribution pattern of these elements is mainly dependent on distribution of the <0.002?mm fractions along the landscape as it is affected by wastewater irrigation. Midslope position was found to be more degraded compared to the other position regarding soil loss and available nutrients (N, P, and K) as a result of the processes of soil redistribution and soil transport in wastewater irrigation system. Mean concentrations of DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in the different geomorphological positions were 3.8?C7.8, 2.5?C3, 3?C4, and 1.7?C3.5 times greater, respectively, when compared to the adjacent control soil. With the exception of lower slope position, which indicated a remarkable increasing pattern of smectite in response to wastewater irrigation and unfavorable drainage condition, the relative abundances of clay minerals in view of the peak position and intensity followed almost the same pattern in both wastewater-irrigated and control landscape.     

灌溉对景泰灌区年潜在蒸散量的影响

基于蒸散发互补相关原理,定量分析和预测了引黄灌溉发展对甘肃景泰灌区年潜在蒸散量的影响。景泰灌区从1972年开始引黄灌溉,年蒸发皿蒸发量和潜在蒸散量随着灌溉引水消耗的增大而减小,其中空气动力学项下降的趋势非常明显,潜在蒸散量的变化主要受到风速下降和相对湿度增大的影响,与引黄灌溉有密切关系。根据互补相关平流-干旱模型分析了年潜在蒸散量随灌区耗水量的变化规律,并在假定年降水量和年潜在蒸散量中辐射项保持多年平均值的情况下,预测了不同耗水量情景下的年潜在蒸散量。     

Impacts of ozone on trees and crops

In this review article, we explore how surface-level ozone affects trees and crops with special emphasis on consequences for productivity and carbon sequestration. Vegetation exposure to ozone reduces photosynthesis, growth, and other plant functions. Ozone formation in the atmosphere is a product of NO_x, which are also a source of nitrogen deposition. Reduced carbon sequestration of temperate forests resulting from ozone is likely offset by increased carbon sequestration from nitrogen fertilization. However, since fertilized croplands are generally not nitrogen-limited, capping ozone-polluting substances in the USA, Europe, and China can reduce future crop yield loss substantially.     

Impact of recharge from a check dam on groundwater quality and assessment of suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes

Assessment of surface water and groundwater quality is necessary as it controls their usability for drinking and irrigation purposes. This study was carried out to assess the suitability of groundwater for these purposes and to understand the impact of water stored in a check dam on groundwater quality near Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from a check dam across Arani River and 13 nearby wells during October 2010, January 2011, and April 2011. These samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate concentrations. The World Health Organization and the Bureau of Indian Standards guidelines were used to assess the suitability of groundwater for the purpose of drinking. Suitability of water for irrigation was determined based on the EC, sodium adsorption ratio, US Salinity Laboratory diagram, percentage sodium, Wilcox’s diagram, Kelly’s index, and Doneen’s permeability index. About 38 % of the groundwater samples were suitable for drinking and 70 % were suitable for irrigational use. Water stored in the check dam and groundwater in the wells closer to the structure were suitable for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The study confirms that the check dam in this area improves the groundwater quality in its surroundings.     

麻类作物植硅体形态研究

大麻在中国被称为“五谷”之一,可纤用、油用、药用以及用于宗教活动等,在社会生活中发挥着重要的作用。由于早期大麻果实易腐烂灰化、不易保存,因此建立大麻的植硅体鉴定标准,对揭示其起源、驯化和传播过程具有重要意义。本研究对大麻(Cannabis sativa L.)、红麻(大麻槿)(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)、黄麻(Corchorus capsularis L.)、青麻(苘麻)(Abutilon theophrasti Medicus)、亚麻(Linum usitatissimum L.)、苎麻(Boehmeria nivea (L.)Gaudich.)等6种麻类作物的果实或种子进行了系统的植硅体形态研究,探寻具有鉴定意义的特征植硅体类型,为研究其起源、驯化和传播提供新的方法。将每份样品解剖出不同的部位,采用湿式灰化法对每个部位分别进行植硅体提取,并在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下分别进行观察分析。结果表明,发育植硅体的部位有：大麻的苞片和果皮、苎麻的果被和果皮、黄麻种皮以及青麻种皮,未见植硅体的部位有：红麻和亚麻的种子。仅有大麻果皮中存在典型形态特征的植硅体,如不规则多边疣粒板型(单体或聚合形态)、不规则多边平滑板型(单体或聚合形态)、双层嵌套板型。分析表明,大麻的不规则多边板型(包括不规则多边疣粒板型及不规则多边平滑板型)植硅体形态大小稳定,种内差异较小,且与木本植物、草本植物中形态类似的植硅体区别明显。综上,不规则多边板型植硅体为大麻特有的植硅体类型,可用于鉴定大麻的种属。其中,不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体形态特征更明显且产量更丰富,平均1g大麻果实的不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体产量可达10.2±0.4×10⁶粒,可作为鉴定大麻种属的主要特征植硅体,其主要特征为：1)单体为边缘棱角分明、正面具若干小型疣状突起、背面具0~3个大小相近的乳突的多裂片式不规则多边形板状结构,长度为15.4±2.3μm,宽度为10.8±1.7μm,厚度为6.2±1.0μm;2)由若干形态相同、大小相近的单体通过边缘裂片间隙拼合为片状平面拼图结构;3)与不规则多边平滑板型植硅体(长度为27.9±4.5μm,宽度为18.6±3.1μm,厚度为10.0±1.4μm)形成双层嵌套结构。进一步分析表明,大麻不同品种间不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体在形态大小上细微的差异与品种间果实形态大小差异以及气候条件无直接关系,推测其形态的种内差异可能是受局地土壤环境影响所致。

     

Measurement of Radon Concentration in Drinking Water in Bhiwani District of Haryana

This investigation aims to evaluate the concentration of dissolved radon in drinking water and to assess the associated radiation doses for infants, children and adults in Bhiwani district of Haryana The radon concentrations were measured in 82 drinking water samples collected from 32 villages/towns in the Bhiwani district. The measurements were performed by RAD7, an electronic radon detector manufactured by Durridge Company Inc. The mean radon concentration ranged between 1.3 ± 0.4 and 13.4 ± 2.2 Bq l^-1. The mean radon concentrations from two locations exceeded the maximum contamination level (MCL) of 11 Bq l^-1 recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The total annual effective doses due to ingestion and inhalation of radon in drinking water varied from 10.1 to 104.4 μSv y^-1 for infants, 5.8 to 59.6 μSv y^-1 for children and 6.6 to 67.7 μSv y^-1 for adults and the average values were found to be 46.3, 26.5 and 30.1 μSv y^-1, respectively.     

Holocene tectono-geomorphic evolution of Haryana plains,Western Ganga plain,India

Haryana plain is the drainage divide between the Ganga plain in the east and the Indus plain in the west. Being a part of the Himalayan foreland, its geomorphology, sedimentation processes, and tectonism are broadly controlled by the Himalayan tectonics. Soil and geomorphological mapping in Haryana plain bring out geomorphic features such as paleochannels, various active drainage patterns, and landforms such as old fluvial plains, floodplains, piedmonts, pediments, terminal fans, and eolian plains. Based on the degree of soil development, and Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages, the soil-geomorphic units were grouped into six members (QIMS-I to VI) (Quaternary Indus Morphostratigraphic Sequence) of a morphostratigraphic sequence: QIMS-VI 9.86–5.38 Ka, QIMS-V 5.38–4.45 Ka, QIMS-IV 4.45–3.60 Ka, QIMS-III 3.60–2.91 Ka, QIMS-II <?2.91–1.52 Ka, and QIMS-I <?1.52 Ka. OSL chronology of different geomorphic features suggests six episodes of tectono-geomorphic evolution in the region since 10 Ka. Neotectonic features such as nine faults, two lineaments, and five fault-bounded tectonic blocks have been identified. Independent tilting and sagging of the blocks in response to neotectonics have resulted in modification of landforms, depositional processes, and hydro-geomorphology of the region. Major rivers like the Yamuna, the Ghaggar, and the Sutlej show different episodes of shifting of their courses. Lineament controlled few extinct channels have been recorded between 20 and 25 m depth below the surface in the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles. These buried channels are aligned along the paleo-course of the Lost Saraswati River interpreted from the existing literature and hence are considered as the course of the lost river. Seven terminal fans have been formed on the downthrown blocks of the associated faults. The Markanda Terminal Fan, the first of such features described, is indeed a splay terminal fan and was formed by a splay distributary system of the Markanda River. Association of three terminal fans of different ages with the Karnal fault indicates the segment-wise development of the fault from west to east. Also, comparison with other such studies in the Ganga plain to further east suggests that the terminal fans formed by streams with distributary drainage pattern occur only in semiarid regions as in the present area and thus are indicators of semiarid climate/paleoclimate. Though the whole region is tectonically active, the region between the Rohtak fault and Hisar fault is most active at present signified by the concentration of earthquake epicenters.     

灌溉用水效率尺度效应研究评述

在阐述灌溉用水效率尺度效应内涵及其产生原因的基础上,对研究现状进行了评述,并提出了今后的研究方向。灌溉用水效率尺度效应主要由灌区土壤、作物、气候、灌溉工程、灌溉水量等多种因素的空间变异性和回归水利用导致;现有灌溉用水效率指标应该拓宽供水效益内涵,同时在经济条件约束下来考虑回归水的再利用;现有各类指标随尺度变化规律并不固定,主要原因是尺度效应并非由单一因素决定;现有尺度效应转换研究都是单独针对空间变异或回归水重复利用而进行,缺少对两者的综合,更缺乏成熟的尺度转换公式。今后需要在完善评价指标体系的基础上,重点对尺度转换理论进行攻关,同时还应兼顾水循环伴生过程的尺度效应研究。     

Impact of spate irrigation of flood waters on agricultural drought and groundwater recharge: case of Sidi Bouzid plain,Central Tunisia

In Sidi Bouzid plain, rainfall alone is insufficient to satisfy crop water requirements. Within this framework, and in order to improve water resources in the region, the Tunisian State adopted non-conventional water mobilization techniques, among which artificial spate irrigation. The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of spate irrigation of flood water on the mitigation of agricultural drought and the enhancement of groundwater recharge. Annual and monthly rainfall data as well as flood water volumes were monitored. The study focused on the groundwater drawdown monitoring. Results showed a high flood water contribution to crop water requirements that exceeded rainfall. This water prevented drought in the spate perimeters. The groundwater drawdown was found to fluctuate over time, with an average decreasing rate of 0.4 to 0.5 m/year. Groundwater recharge was found to be highly correlated with flood water contribution through spate irrigation (R ² = 84 %). Out of the spate zone, a high decrease in the groundwater level was noted. The lowest rate of 1 m/year was that of the farthest piezometer from the spate perimeters. This is influenced by the excessive pumping out of the spate zone. In 1980, groundwater flew from the west to the east. In 2015, the flow movement from the east to the center of the plain did not change due to the presence of the spate perimeters. Nevertheless, excessive pumping around sabkhas changed the flow directions at the outlet zone. A variation in groundwater salinity was observed in both space and time. In 1975, salinity was very low. The outlet zone was the most affected where the drawdown reached several meters, causing saltwater intrusion from the surrounding sabkhas.     

Effects of wastewater stabilization pond effluent on agricultural crops

Wastewater reclamation and reuse is one of the best alternatives for compensating water shortages. Water supply and environmental conservation can be met through wastewater reclamation. Principally, treated wastewater is a reliable water resource, especially for periodic droughts and in arid areas. This study designed and implemented to investigate the full scale application of effluent for irrigation use. A major objective of this study is to assess on health effects and feasibility of crop irrigation by using stabilization ponds effluent of southern Hovaizeh Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Khuzestan Province. Two experimental plots of about 0.5 ha. were constructed. One of the plots irrigated by stabilization pond effluent and the other irrigated by Nisan River water. Basic parameters in two plots such as type of cultivated crops, amount of fertilizer use and lack of soil contamination have been similar in both. The only difference was the type of water applied for irrigation of agricultural crops. It was shown that high salinity of soil reduced the growth rate of agricultural crops. So, removing salinity from area should be performed before cultivation. Results gained on agricultural crops growth in two studied plots showed the growth rate and quality of crops were increased by using of stabilization pond effluent in comparison with Nissan River water.     

河北省平原区农田粮食增产与灌溉节水对地下水开采量的影响

河北平原是中国粮食和蔬菜的主要产区之一,也是以地下水作为主要供给水源的地区。近50年来粮食持续大幅增产,驱动区内地下水开采量不断增大。在这一过程中,农田灌溉节水有效地缓解了粮食增产对地下水开采量增加的速率,拓展了在有限的可利用地下水资源条件下粮食增产的发展空间。在1977年之前,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均地下水实际开采量增加0.14×108m3,1978年以来,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均实际开采量只增加0.04×108m3。因此,大力发展抗旱节水作物,合理调控农业种植结构,是缓解河北平原农田区地下水超采状况的重要途径。     

休耕水稻田蓄水对土壤肥力影响试验

主要探讨水稻田休耕期间蓄水对休耕后土壤肥力之影响。选择两块水稻田区,在水稻收割后,将田区翻耕一次。一田区以人工连续灌溉,蓄存水量于田区;另一田区则为天然蓄水。在每一田区四边及中央处,以10cm为一层采取土样,取至60cm。再将每一层土样气干后,通过0.42mm筛网土样混合,分析田区同一层在不同时段与不同深度下之pH值、电导度值、有机质、全氮、有效磷、钙离子、镁离子、钾离子及钠离子之变化。试验结果显示:休耕后水稻根系腐化,造成土壤有机质以及有效磷显著的增加。蓄水后天然蓄水田区有机质和有效磷分别增加51%及88%,连续蓄水田区分别增加13%和69%。而天然蓄水田区镁、钾、钠分别降低35%、24%和47%,连续蓄水田区分别降低29%、14%及41%。     

The effects of gas flaring on crops in the Niger Delta,Nigeria

Flaring of associated gas from oil exploitation has several consequences on the environment. This study explores the spatial variability effects of gas flaring on the growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta), waterleaf (Talinum triangulare), and pepper (Piper spp.) crops commonly cultivated in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data was collected on soil and atmospheric temperature and moisture at a 20-m interval, starting at 40 m from the flare point to a distance of 140 m. Lengths and widths of crop leaves, height of crop plants and cassava yields were measured at the specified distances. The amino acid, ascorbic acid, starch, and sugar constituents of the cassava yields were determined. The results suggest that a spatial gradient exists in the effects of gas flares on crop development. Retardation in crop development manifests in decreased dimensions of leaf lengths and widths of cassava and pepper crops closer to the gas flare point. Statistical analysis also confirms that cassava yields are higher at locations further away from the flare point. In addition, the amount of starch and ascorbic acid in cassava decreased when the plant is grown closer to the gas flare. High temperatures around the gas flare appear to be the most likely cause of this retardation. The waterleaf crop, on the other hand, appears to thrive better around the gas flare point.