闽江下游及河口区表层沉积物粘土矿物含量分布特征及其环境意义

为探究闽江下游及河口区粘土矿物的含量分布特征,于2009年在该区域采集表层沉积物样品25个,利用X射线衍射进行了粘土矿物的含量测定.结果表明粘土矿物的相对百分含量范围分别为：高岭石（33%-47%,平均值为42%）,伊利石（27%-43%,平均值为34%）,绿泥石（20%-29%,平均值为24%）,蒙脱石（0%-3%,平均值为1%）.在显著水平为0.01时,伊利石与高岭石、绿泥石的含量呈显著负相关关系,伊利石与高岭石的相关系数为-0.825,伊利石与绿泥石的相关系数为-0.611.通过对闽江下游及河口区粘土矿物含量分布的分析及与中国近海的粘土矿物含量分布对比,闽江下游及河口区粘土矿物的含量分布受物质来源、地形条件、介质环境、粘土矿物自身颗粒大小形态和人类活动的影响.相对于黄河和长江,闽江表层沉积物中具有较高的高岭石含量,较低的伊利石含量,与珠江的粘土矿物组合特征类似,这反映出气候效应的影响.     

长江水下三角洲表层沉积物粘土矿物分布及其影响因素

采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术分析了长江水下三角洲地区65个表层沉积物样品的粘土矿物。结果表明,长江水下三角洲粘土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙皂石构成;长江水下三角洲亚环境粘土矿物组成则不同,三角洲前缘亚环境中高岭石和绿泥石的平均含量高于前三角洲的含量,而前三角洲亚环境中伊利石和蒙皂石的平均含量高于三角洲前缘的含量。研究区粘土矿物主要来自长江流域,属于长江源,其分布主要受沉积动力环境和粘土本身性质的制约。     

中太平洋调查区沉积粘土矿物

通过用X射线衍射仪等手段的分析鉴定,确认该区的主要粘土矿物为伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭石、绿泥石。蒙脱石在钙质软泥中含量低,在红粘土中含量高,伊利石含量与蒙脱石相反。经综合分析得出两粘土矿物分区。影响粘土矿物分布的主要因素是物质来源。     

厦门港湾粘土矿物的含量变化与沉积环境

粘土矿物是海洋沉积物的主要组成部分。研究粘土矿物的组合、含量变化和成因等,能为阐明海洋沉积作用、沉积环境、水动力条件和物质来源提供一些有益的资料。1981—1982年间,在厦门港湾环境综合调查时,我们对24°20′—40′N,117°50′-118°15′E内厦门港湾的65个站表层沉积物样品和23个站位的悬浮体样品(图1),进行了X—衍射,差热、化学和电子显微镜等分析。     

长江粘土矿物示踪标记稳定性的初步研究

选择物质来源相对单一、区域较广的浙江沿岸东海内陆架区，以4种主要粘土矿物(伊利石、蒙皂石、高岭石、绿泥石)为研究对象，以探讨长江粘土矿物作为示踪标记的稳定性问题。研究区5组沉积物样品中粘土矿物的X射线衍射实验及含量分析结果表明，伊利石、蒙皂石和高岭石的相对含量较稳定，具有作为长江物源示踪标记的价值．而各区域的绿泥石含量之间不具有显著的统计相似性。现有资料还不能完全解释长江口及邻近东海内陆架区内粘土矿物组合的相对稳定状态，今后应对絮凝作用、沉积分异作用、海底生物地球化学作用等因素的效府做进一步的研究。     

中国近海表层沉积物中粘土矿物的组成、分布及其地质意义

本文使用X射线衍射方法分析了渤海、北黄海、南黄海、东海陆架、冲绳海槽、南海北部陆架及北部湾7个海域中的表层沉积物样品300余个.完成了中国近海粘土矿物分布图,给出了粘土矿物在各个海区中的平均值.从粘土矿物的组成分布规律来看,中国近海粘土矿物的分布格局不仅证明了它与前人所述的成因环境及物质来源等因素密切相关;而且还发现残留沉积区域内,粘土矿组物合往往以绿泥石、伊利石含量较高而高岭石、蒙皂石含量较低为其显著特征.这意味着,海洋沉积物中的粘土矿物组合与分布特征不仅能反映其陆上成因环境及其入海后的搬运途径,而且还能指示残留沉积形成时期的古气候和古环境特征.     

南极万达湖冰川-水化学沉积环境和埃洛石的形成机制研究

前 言 分析样品来自我所叶德赞同志于1981年底参加澳大利亚第一次南大洋地球科学考察时,由美国维吉利亚大学潜水员在水深26m处湖底采集的稠密胶絮体中提取的.本文根据考察者现场观察搜集的第一性资料和室内一系列综合分析结果写成. 近年来,研究粘土矿物结合陆地的地质状况和地貌来探索粘土矿物的形成和转化的报道甚多,但有关冰川-水化学环境下粘土矿物的演化和形成机制的研究,迄今国内尚无报道本文以万达湖粘土矿物演化特征为例,探讨了该区埃洛石形成机制与冰川-水化学沉积环境的关系.这对于阐明极地粘土矿物特征和南极独特地球化学状况有重要意义.     

江苏沿海PY-19孔沉积物中的粘土矿物

本文以东台PY-19孔为例,对江苏沿海第四纪沉积物中的粘土矿物作了分析鉴定和估算,发现所有的样品皆含伊利石,大部分样品含蒙脱石、绿泥石和高岭石。据该孔粘土矿物X射线衍射谱线的形态、强度等特征,将粘土矿物组合分为五类,它们较好地反映了沉积物的特性及沉积环境。     

东海大陆架沉积物中粘土矿物的研究

本文运用X射线衍射仪、差热仪、电子显微镜照相等完成了东海大陆架200多个沉积物粘土矿物样品的分析,并对东海陆架区粘土矿物组成、分布、物质来源、粘土矿物组合分区及其影响因素等问题作了讨论。     

南通近海表层沉积物粘土矿物含量分布特征及物质来源

应用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对南通近海137个表层沉积物0.002 mm的粘土组分进行分析,研究了南通近海表层沉积物中粘土矿物的组合特征、分布规律以及物质来源.结果表明,研究区粘土矿物中伊利石相对百分含量最高(70.6%~80.3%,平均值为75.0%),高岭石(9.8%~14.9%,平均值为12.4%)和绿泥石(8.1%~12.4%,平均值为10.3%)次之,蒙脱石含量最低(0~4.0%,平均值为2.3%);粘土矿物组合类型以伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙脱石型为主,伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石型次之.南通近海表层沉积物中粘土矿物主要为陆源成因,春夏季(5~9月)东北向扩展的长江冲淡水为研究区提供物源.     

南黄海陆架中部沉积物反射率光谱的影响因素分析

利用Minolta CM-2002光谱光度计对南黄海陆架136个短柱样品20~25cm段的沉积物进行了颜色反射率数据测量,通过化学元素、粒度、磁化率等来确定影响沉积物颜色反射率变化的成分和因素,介绍了反射率光谱的一阶导数和因子分析的方法。分析结果表明,南黄海陆架沉积物颜色反射率受控于沉积物中的铁氧化物、有机质以及粘土矿物和钙质生物碎屑含量。主因子F1指示氧化环境,并与陆源物质相关,F2指示弱氧化环境,F3指示弱还原环境,主因子的波长范围分别是405~445 nm和495~595 nm,605~695 nm,445~485 nm。     

Transport of organic matter and clay minerals in estuaries of the Arctic sea (Experimental and Field Observations)

The behavior of clay minerals under different salinity conditions was studied during model experiments using clay mineral suspensions (bentonite and kaolinite) and organic substance solutions (chitosan, humic acids). It was shown that the kaolinite suspension was more stable and may migrate through the river-sea barrier, while the bentonite suspension coagulated even under 1–2‰ salinity. The influence of the organic matter’s nature on the stability of clay mineral suspensions and their ability to migrate through the marginal filter was discussed.     

胶州湾大沽河口潮间带沉积物中叶绿素和有机质含量的季节变化

为了解胶州湾大沽河口潮间带沉积物中底栖微藻和有机质含量的季节变化,于2010年4月至2011年2月,分4次(春、夏、秋、冬)测定分析了沉积物中的叶绿素含量和有机质含量,并分析了沉积物的粒度组成及现场温度。结果表明,表层(0～2cm)沉积物叶绿素a含量为0.42～6.06mg/kg,有机质含量为0.48%～3.71%;次表层(2～5cm)叶绿素a含量为0.13～3.53mg/kg,有机碳质量为0.31%～3.78%;深层(5～8cm)叶绿素a含量为0.14～1.95mg/kg,有机质含量为0.47%～3.72%。经统计检验和Pearson相关性分析得出,胶州湾大沽河口沉积物中的叶绿素a含量春冬两季最高,夏季和秋季最低;叶绿素a含量与深度和温度呈负相关;与所处潮带、有机质含量、粉砂黏土含量在本实验中均无显著的相关性;有机质含量与季节关系不大,高潮带最高,其含量与粉砂黏土含量呈正相关,与叶绿素含量、深度和温度关系不明显。     

舟山潮差带海相沉积物的物理和化学特征

为舟山潮差带海相沉积物固结机理的深入研究提供物质基础,采用激光粒度仪分析了海相沉积物的粒度组成,并测试了海相沉积物的化学元素、化合物种类及其相对含量,还使用X-射线衍射技术分析了海相沉物的矿物组成。结果表明:海相沉积物含水率高、初始孔隙比大、呈流塑状,为低液限粉质黏土;活性指数为12.4,属于活动黏性土,矿物的亲水性较好;全盐含量高达9～11.2 g/kg,阳离子交换能力不强,有机质含量(5.82～12.7 g/kg)较高;pH值为7.35～8.36,呈弱碱性,加上孔隙水中K^+,Na^+,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺的存在,使得高岭石常不稳定,有向伊利石、蒙脱石或绿泥石转化的趋势。     

Contributions of mineral and organic components to tidal freshwater marsh accretion

Vertical accretion in tidal marshes is necessary to prevent submergence due to rising sea levels. Mineral materials may be more important in driving vertical accretion in tidal freshwater marshes, which are found near the heads of estuaries, than has been reported for salt marshes. Accretion rates for tidal freshwater marshes in North America and Europe (n = 76 data points) were compiled from the literature. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses revealed that both organic and mineral accumulations played a role in driving tidal freshwater marsh vertical accretion rates, although a unit mass of organic material contributed ∼4 times more to marsh volume than the same mass input of mineral material. Despite the higher mineral content of tidal freshwater marsh soils, this ability of organic matter to effectively hold water and air in interstitial spaces suggests that organic matter is responsible for 62% of marsh accretion, with the remaining 38% from mineral contributions. The organic material that helps to build marsh elevation is likely a combination of in situ production and organic materials that are deposited in association with mineral sediment particles. Regional differences between tidal freshwater marshes in the importance of organic vs. mineral contributions may reflect differences in sediment availability, climate, tidal range, rates of sea level rise, and local-scale factors such as site elevation and distance to tidal creeks. Differences in the importance of organic and mineral accumulations between tidal freshwater and salt marshes are likely due to a combination of factors, including sediment availability (e.g., proximity to upland sources and estuarine turbidity maxima) and the lability of freshwater vs. salt marsh plant production.     

Vertical Patterns of Suspended Matter Characteristics Along a Coastal-basin Transect in the Western Baltic Sea

Suspended particulate matter samples were collected from the water column, the bottom nepheloid layer and the ‘ fluffy layer ’ from four stations along a coastal-basin transect in the Pomeranian Bight, western Baltic Sea. Sampling was performed nine times between October 1996 and December 1998 for various analyses, including electron probe x-ray micro analysis for detailed mineralogical investigations.Specific vertical patterns of clay mineral distributions were found. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the bottom nepheloid layer and the ‘ fluffy layer ’ overlying sediments was enriched in organic carbon and hydrated three layer clay minerals, whereas the non-aggregated SPM was dominated by quartz and biogenic opal. It appears that separation effects operate during aggregation of mineral particles and organic matter in repeated cycles of resuspension and settling. No clear seasonal variations in the composition of the SPM were found, in spite of high spatial and temporal variability of biological and physical variables. The results suggest that preferential incorporation, possibly aided by microbiological colonization, of hydrated three layer silicates into the organic flocs is a process that occurs under a wide range of conditions. Because aggregates sink faster than individual particles, aggregate formation led to a relative enrichment of illite and smectite in the near-bottom layers. Considering the affinity of organic contaminants and heavy metals to organic matter, the selective removal of aggregated organic matter and hydrated three-layer clay minerals from the water column and enhanced transport in the near-bottom fluffy layer may be a natural cleansing mechanism operating in the shallow waters of the bight.     

Structure and chemistry of sediments in Belfast Lough,a semi-enclosed marine bay

In a study of the benthic environment of Belfast Lough the structure of the subtidal sediment was examined along with its content of organic matter and selected metals (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb). A wide range of sediment types occurred within the lough but the mean grain sizes for individual sites lay predominantly within the size classes of fine sand, very fine sand and silt. The content of organic matter and metals in the sediments showed strong positive correlations with each other and with the content of silt/clay. Both organic matter and metals decreased in concentration in a seawards direction. The content of organic matter lay generally within the range of 1–5% which is normally associated with shelf sediments, but constituted up to 12% of the sediment in the docks area. Likewise, metals were usually within the range reported within other nearshore coastal waters of the U.K., but sediments in the docks area and inner lough were enriched with several metals. Cluster analysis identified four major subdivisions in the lough which were distinctly different in their contents of silt/clay, organic matter and metals.     

东太平洋粘土沉积物的增白实验研究和结构分析

为了有效开发利用深海粘土，必须针对东太平洋粘土的特点提高其自度和活性。对东太平洋中国大洋调查区粘土沉积物进行湿法提纯后，采用酸溶氢气法以锌做还原剂对其进行了增白处理，并在不同温度下焙烧；分析了酸的类型、浓度、还原剂用量、反直时间及焙烧温度等对粘土增自效果的影响，得出了最佳工艺条件；测定增白前后粘土的物理化学性能和粘土矿物的结构，发现增自的同时还可以提高粘土的比表面积和其在有机溶剂中的分散性；增白后粘土矿物总体上保持了层状结构，但局部结构有一定的破坏，因而提高了粘土矿物的结构活性。     

Novel 3D centimetre-to nano-scale quantification of an organic-rich mudstone: The Carboniferous Bowland Shale,Northern England

X-ray computed tomography and serial block face scanning electron microscopy imaging techniques were used to produce 3D images with a resolution spanning three orders of magnitude from ∼7.7 μm to 7 nm for one typical Bowland Shale sample from Northern England, identified as the largest potential shale gas reservoir in the UK. These images were used to quantitatively assess the size, geometry and connectivity of pores and organic matter. The data revealed four types of porosity: intra-organic pores, organic interface pores, intra- and inter-mineral pores. Pore sizes are bimodal, with peaks at 0.2 μm and 0.04 μm corresponding to pores located at organic–mineral interfaces and within organic matter, respectively. These pore-size distributions were validated by nitrogen adsorption data. The multi-scale imaging of the four pore types shows that there is no connected visible porosity at these scales with equivalent diameter of 20 nm or larger in this sample. However, organic matter and clay minerals are connected and so the meso porosity (<20 nm) within these phases provides possible diffusion transport pathways for gas. This work confirms multi-scale 3D imaging as a powerful quantification method for shale reservoir characterisation allowing the representative volumes of pores, organic and mineral phases to be defined to model shale systems. The absence of connected porosity at scales greater than 20 nm indicates the likely importance of the organic matter network, and associated smaller-scale pores, in controlling hydrocarbon transport. . The application of these techniques to shale gas plays more widely should lead to a greater understanding of properties in the low permeability systems.     

Mineral composition of sedimentary matter in the Caspian Sea

Data on the mineral composition of sedimentary matter and its fluxes in the sediment system of the Caspian Sea are presented. River runoff, aerosols, particulate matter from sediment traps, and the upper layer (0–1 cm) of bottom sediments are considered. The contents of detrital minerals (quartz, albite, and K-feldspar), clay minerals (illite, chlorite, and kaolinite), and carbonates (calcite, Mg-calcite, dolomite, aragonite, and rhodochrosite) are determined. Gypsum was found in bottom sediments but is absent in the other object of the sediment system.