Response of fine particulate matter to reductions in anthropogenic emissions in Beijing during the 2014 Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation summit

研究使用全球大气化学传输模式GEOS-Chem高分辨率(1/4°×5/16°)区域嵌套版本评估2014年亚洲-太平洋经济合作峰会(APEC)期间不同地区不同污染物减排对北京地区PM_(2.5)(粒径小于2.5μm的气溶胶颗粒,本文中定义为硫酸盐、硝酸银、铵盐、一次有机碳和黑碳气溶胶浓度之和)浓度降低的不同影响。在2014年10月15日至11月29日期间,模拟结果表明:模式可以重现观测结果中PM_(2.5)及主要气态污染物(一氧化碳、二氧化氮和二氧化硫)浓度的日变化趋势。在APEC期间,模拟PM_(2.5)浓度相比会议前期和会议后期下降55.9%–58.5%,与观测结果具有较好的一致性。敏感性实验结果表明:APEC期间华北地区氮氧化物和一次有机碳的减排对于北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度的降低影响最为显著,相应减排措施致使北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度分别下降5.7%和4.6%。同时,对氨气排放的控制可以有效地降低整个华北地区在APEC期间的PM_(2.5)浓度。     

北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析

2013年1月10-14日,北京平原地区出现了水平能见度在2 km以下、以PM_2.5为首要污染物、空气质量持续5 d维持在重度以上污染水平的霾天气。综合分析此次霾天气过程的天气形势、北京地区常规和加密气象资料以及城郊连续观测的PM_2.5浓度资料。结果表明：此霾过程期间,北京高空以平直纬向环流为主,受西北偏西气流控制,没有明显冷空气南下影响北京地区,地面多为不利于污染物扩散和稀释的弱气压场;大气层结稳定、风速小(日平均风速小于2 m·s^-1)、相对湿度较大（日平均相对湿度在70 %以上）、逆温频率高强度大,边界层内污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力差;北京城区及南部的京津冀地区人类活动排放污染物强度大,在相对稳定和高湿的天气背景下,受地形和城市局地环流的影响,北京本地污染物累积和区域污染物输送以及PM_2.5细粒子在高湿条件下的物理化学转化等过程共同作用造成此次北京城区及平原地区污染物浓度快速增长并持续偏高,高浓度PM_2.5对大气消光有显著影响,造成低能见度和持续霾天气。     

北京冬季雾霾事件的气象特征分析

利用观测的气象要素和细颗粒物(即PM2.5)浓度资料,并结合中尺度数值天气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model),对2013年1月北京地区雾霾污染期间天气条件和边界层气象特征进行了分析。模拟与观测对比表明,WRF模式可以较好地反映北京—天津—河北地区地面和高空主要气象要素的时空分布。对1月10~14日、27~31日两次重雾霾天气的分析表明,雾霾的形成是高浓度的大气颗粒物和特殊的气象条件共同作用的结果。小风或静风、稳定的大气层结,使大气扩散能力减弱,造成污染物堆积,偏南气流将周边污染物和水汽输送到北京,不仅增加了污染物浓度,而且有利于气溶胶吸湿增长,消光增强,使能见度下降,进而形成雾霾。     

APEC会议期间呼和浩特市大气污染防控与气象条件分析

利用2014年10月14日至11月13日欧亚地区高空和地面气象常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及内蒙古环境监测中心站的污染物浓度监测资料和AQI日资料,分析了APEC会议前后呼和浩特市大气污染防控效果及气象条件的作用。结果表明:2014年10月14—25日内蒙古自治区实施大气污染防控前,呼和浩特市轻度及以上污染日数比2013年同期上升37.5%;10月26日开始采取减排措施,污染颗粒物浓度大幅下降,呼和浩特市轻度及以上污染日数比2013年同期下降100.0%。大气污染防控期间,中国华北地区出现了4次较明显的冷空气活动,较强的冷平流由中高层侵入地面,呼和浩特市风力加大,有利于污染物扩散,4次冷空气活动全部对应呼和浩特市空气质量指数AQI最低值。因此,APEC会议期间呼和浩特市空气质量达优良等级,可能是结合了气象条件进行的政府防控取得了显著效果。     

黄山地区复杂地形下污染气体输送过程的数值模拟

使用新一代大气化学传输模式WRF—Chem,模拟了黄山地区2008年4月26日和5月2日不同天气背景下污染气体的输送过程。结果表明：晴天条件下,污染气体的垂直输送主要是通过山谷风环流,将山底污染物垂直向山顶输送,黄山周边地区输送对光明顶污染物体积分数影响较小,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是新粒子生成;云雾天气下,污染物的垂直输送主要是通过边界层内的湍流扩散,夜间近距离输送对光明顶污染物体积分数贡献较大,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是地面输送。     

北京城区秋冬季节气溶胶浓度分布规律及其与天气类型的关系

本文讨论了秋冬季节北京地区气溶胶浓度的分布规律.气溶胶平均浓度的分布呈椭圆形,长轴方向为西北—东南向.气溶胶高浓度中心在东郊发电厂,其平均浓度值为0.98毫克/米~3,它比怀柔地区高一个量级. 气溶胶浓度分布与天气条件有密切关系,当北京处于晴朗、小风天气,局地环流占控制地位时,气溶胶污染最为严重.连续性降水过程使气溶胶污染得到明显净化.     

天津城区春节期间大气气溶胶污染特征 和数浓度分布

利用天津城区2009-2014年春节期间大气气溶胶观测资料和相关气象资料,重点分析2013和2014年春节期间气溶胶污染特征,探求燃放烟花爆竹以及气象条件对春节期间大气气溶胶的影响。结果表明,受燃放烟花爆竹影响,春节期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值均发生在除夕夜间;持续雾霾天气条件下燃放烟花爆竹,造成2013年除夕夜间PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值达到1240μg·m～(-3),是近年来最严重的一次;2014年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放量有所减少,加之空气扩散条件较为有利,PM_(2.5)质量浓度显著低于2013年;不同天气条件下,气溶胶数浓度谱分布特征存在明显差异,燃放烟花爆竹期间气溶胶数浓度水平与严重雾-霾天气相当。     

A case study of air quality control in Beijing and the surrounding area during the 2015 World Championships and Parade

本文利用卫星监测评估了2015年世界锦标赛和阅兵期间北京及周边地区空气质量变化,同时评估了活动期间实施的减排计划对空气污染物(NO_2,SO_2和气溶胶)产生的影响。研究结果显示与前三年(2012–2014年)同期卫星观测结果相比,北京及周边地区在活动期间NO_2和SO_2等其他空气污染物明显更低。同时研究也发现在活动期间,弱冷气团作用下的环流条件有利于北京空气污染物的去除。     

北京秋季一次重污染过程的成因分析

近年来,北京的大气环境问题日益受到关注。以2002年10月8—13日北京地区一次重污染过程为例,采用中国气象局的MICAPS系统和美国的HYSPLT模式,分别从污染过程产生的天气条件、污染物输送轨迹等方面分析研究此次空气污染的形成原因。结果表明：造成此次重污染过程的不利因素主要包括三个方面,一是较强的海平面高压、均压场控制导致北京地区垂直大气层结稳定,不利于污染物垂直扩散;二是北京地区三面环山,导致近地面为弱的偏南气流控制,不利于污染物水平扩散;三是近地面弱的偏南气流从江苏、山东、河北、天津等地携带了大量的污染物向北京地区输送。     

华北地区典型污染天大气气溶胶飞机探测个例分析

利用2005年10月17日华北地区一次典型污染天气条件下的飞机探测资料,对石家庄和邯郸气溶胶的微物理特征进行了对比分析,初步讨论了该天气条件下大气气溶胶污染的微观特征和可能原因。结果表明,观测当天石家庄和邯郸地区的气溶胶粒子浓度很高,边界层内气溶胶平均数浓度为103cm-3量级,最高值出现在近地面附近,达到104cm-3量级;边界层以上的数浓度基本都在103cm-3量级,属于空气污染比较严重的一次过程。造成污染的原因是该日晴天风小,大气湍流较弱,不利于污染物扩散和稀释。基于美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)后向轨迹模式(HYSPLIT4)对颗粒物进行溯源和追踪分析,发现造成气溶胶浓度较高的气块传输路径主要为西北和偏西路径,境外源主要来自蒙古国,境内源主要来自我国西部,途经甘肃、宁夏、陕西及山西后进入河北。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.