甘肃省夏季层状云微物理特征个例分析

对2004年6月12日甘肃河西地区一次降水性层状云的云物理飞机探测结果进行了分析,通过对云中粒子的浓度、直径、二维图像以及谱型变化地研究,并结合宏观观测记录,详细分析了云系的垂直和水平微物理特征.观测资料分析表明:此次云系为Ac-Sc结构,上层Ac云为纯冷云,下层Sc云为纯暖云,两层云之间存在较厚的干层.云中微物理量的垂直和水平变化均具有明显的不均匀性,整个探测过程中,FSSP-100所测云粒子的浓度和平均直径变化范围分别为0.1～-232.6cm-3和3.5～45.5μm,OAP-2D-GA2所测云粒子浓度及平均直径变化范围分别为0.01～116.7cm-3和32.2～995.7μm.粒子二维图像表明,上层高积云中冰相粒子的凇附、粘连现象普遍,说明云中存在较多的过冷水.图像及谱型分析表明,6000m以上某些区域有冰晶高浓度区存在,大量冰晶的成长消耗了云中过冷水,不利于大云粒子的形成和成长;这次降水雨滴主要由纯暖性Sc云中暖云成雨过程形成,冷云过程只在Sc云顶附近有一定作用,本次降水主要机制为下层层积云中的暖云过程.     

层状冷云人工增雨可播性实时识别技术研究

该文综合分析了4次层状冷云人工增雨过程的雷达回波、粒子测量系统(PMS)探测资料，以及GPS定位资料，提出应以PMS的FSSP-100探头探测的云中粒子浓度以及2D-C探头探测的云中大粒子浓度作为判别云中可播性的主要技术参量，并发展了层状冷云飞机人工增雨实时监测指挥技术。FSSP-100探测的粒子浓度不小于20/cm3的云区才具有一定的可播性。其中2D-C探测的大粒子浓度小于20/L时，可确定为强可播区，否则为可播区。     

一次降水性层积云系的微物理特征分析

利用飞机云微物理探测资料,对2004年6月29日甘肃省东南部地区一次层积云(Sc)降水云系的微物理结构特征进行了详细的分析。飞机探测表明,此次云系主要分为两层,上层是纯冷性高积云(Ac),下层是层积云,观测分析主要针对Sc云。对不同高度层及Sc云顶附近的云粒子探测数据的分析结果表明,Sc云中云粒子的垂直及水平特征具有明显的不均匀性;Sc云区下层粒子特征参量起伏变化大,上层起伏变化小;云中含水量和大粒子浓度随高度升高有递增趋势。同一高度云区的粒子特征参量存在差别,表明即使在云区同一高度,不同水平区域的粒子形成和增长条件也有差异。Sc云中含水量较大,暖区最大液水含量达0.34 g·m-3。Sc云底有较强的逆温层存在,对云底附近的微物理结构特征造成一定影响,使得较小的云滴在逆温层顶附近和逆温层下部累积,含水量增大,但对较大尺度的液滴影响不明显。Sc云中不同高度处普遍存在暖雨过程,以Sc中部最为活跃;云顶附近冰相粒子的存在对云中暖云过程具有增强作用,对降水有利。     

石家庄地区一次秋季冷锋云系垂直微物理结构的观测研究

利用2008年10月4～5日石家庄一次降水性层状云系的飞机探测资料,结合实时天气、卫星、雷达等资料,分析了降水过程的天气背景条件、降水初期云中的液态含水量、云粒子平均直径和粒子谱等要素的垂直分布与变化特征,以及云系的垂直微物理结构。结合云中冰雪晶二维粒子图像的增长和地面降水特征,初步探讨了该层状云系降水形成的物理机制。...     

四川春季一次层状云宏微观特征和降水机制

用机载粒子测量系统（FSSP-100、2D-C、2D-P）和其他云物理测量仪器，对四川春季一次冷锋前层状云降水进行了探测。探测结果是:春季层状云降雨并不都是由高层卷云、高积云自然引晶激发而成的，它可以是由层状云（As op），特别是层状云中对流云群产生的针状、鞘状、棱柱状冰雪晶的聚并体和凇附形成的霰粒自身激发降水的。这些降水胚元长大成雨滴，其质量增长主要在负温层；初始直径D0=600微米的霰粒胚元，在负温层中增长的质量占总的增长质量的70%以上。     

山西省2008—2010年64架次飞机云物理观测结果分析

利用山西省2008—2010年64架次云结构的飞机探测资料,结合地面观测和卫星数据统计分析了层状云系的宏微观特征。结果表明:降水云和非降水云系的微物理特征量,两者存在显著的差异,层状云要达到降水,云的厚度要达到近2000m;粒子尺度分布云粒子有效半径要达到10~14μm,降水性层状云低云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.03g/m3,中云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.05g/m3,;避光高层云-层积云、雨层云降水过冷水的最大值出现在距0℃层高度以上500m附近,其最大值分别为0.61,0.42g/m3;透光高层云降水过冷水的最大值出现在距0℃层高度以上300m附近,其值为0.28g/m3;云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配可以看出,直径20、30μm的粒子含水量较高,对云中液态水含量的贡献较大,降水粒子主要由20、30μm的粒子转化;降水性层状云在垂直方向上的微物理结构特征非常明显,也是分层的。高层主要是冰相粒子,是冰雪晶,随高度降低冰雪晶的尺度增大,在4个典型温度层的观测中,液态含水量、云粒子及降水的浓度、尺度相较有很大不同。     

三江源地区秋季典型多层层状云系的飞机观测分析

利用三江源地区一次机载粒子测量系统PMS(Particle Measuring Systems)的分层垂直探测资料,系统研究了该地区秋季典型多层层状云系的微物理特性,结果表明:(1)云系由4层云层组成,Cs(卷层云)和上层As(高层云)为冰云,下层As和Sc(层积云)为过冷混合态云。下层As的云粒子浓度和过冷水含量最大,Sc的云粒子尺寸及谱宽最大,且具有较明显的地区特性;(2)Sc(下层As及对流泡)中中值直径在3.5～18.5 μm(3.5～ 21.5 μm)之间的云粒子为液相,中值直径大于21.5 μm(24.5 μm)的云粒子为冰相;(3)混合态云中高过冷水区与低过冷水区云的粒子谱分布差异明显,Sc高过冷水区有较明显的淞附增长现象;(4)Sc、下层As云底、对流泡顶高过冷水区的云滴有效半径依次增加。Sc高过冷水区的过冷水含量比率均值及标准差为69.9±19.4%,且与过冷水含量存在一定的关联性;下层As云底高过冷水区的过冷水含量比率无明显变化,其均值及标准差为89.2±8.1%;(5)混合态云各高度层FSSP(前向散射粒子谱探头)平均粒子谱均为单峰型伽玛分布,混合态云和冰云各高度层2DC(二维灰度云粒子探头)平均粒子谱基本上都为负指数型分布。     

山东省1989-2008年23架次飞机云微物理结构观测试验结果

利用山东省1989-2008年23架次秋季降水云系云结构的粒子测量系统(PMS)探测试验资料,分析了云中过冷水以及冰晶浓度的分布特征.结果表明,山东省降水云系中存在较为丰富的过冷水,最大可达0.36 g/m3,云中冰晶浓度最大可达12.8-406 L-1.对2006-2008年探测的云粒子浓度、直径及过冷水随温度变化特...     

山西省层状云飞机云物理观测试验结果分析

利用山西省2008年-2010年64架次云结构的粒子测量系统（DMT）探测资料,配合地面观测和卫星资料统计分析了层状云系的宏微观特征。发现：降水性层状云低云含水量垂直方向上平均为0．03g,m^3,中云含水量垂直方向上平均为0．05g／m30对比分析降水云和非降水云系的微物理特征量,两者存在显著的差异,降水性层状云云粒子有效半径要达到10μm-14μm。对云系不同温度层的微物理特征和云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配特征进行了对比分析,结果表明：降水性层状云在垂直方向上的微物理结构特征非常明显,也是分层的。高层主要是冰相粒子,主要是冰雪晶,随高度降低冰雪晶的尺度增大,在四个典型温度层的观测中,LWC、云粒子及降水的浓度、尺度相较有很大不同。云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配可以看出,直径20μm、30μm的粒子含水量较高,对云中液态水含量的贡献较大,降水粒子主要由20μm、30μm的粒子转化。     

2008年北京一次春季层状云探测分析

利用云和降水探测设备（DMT-PMS）对一次层状云降水过程进行了探测。分析发现CAS（云及气溶胶粒子探头）在该弱降水云中测得的云粒子平均浓度大于FSSP在其他地区层状云中所测平均值,CIP（二维云粒子图像探头）与2D-C及2D-GA2所测冰晶粒子平均浓度接近,PIP（二维降水粒子探头）与2D-P所测降水粒子平均浓度相当。观测发现云区雪晶浓度与冰晶浓度呈正相关关系,在冰晶浓度〈10^4个／m^3时,雪晶、冰晶浓度之比与冰晶浓度为负相关关系;在冰晶浓度〉10^4个/m^3的时刻,雪晶、冰晶浓度之比不因冰晶浓度变化而变化。温度为-10～-12℃的云区云水条件丰富,有较多的冰晶在该层孕育;降水粒子在温度-7～-10℃的云区生长。温度为-5～-7℃的云区云水不丰富,降水粒子蒸发变小;温度为-4～-5℃的云区仅有少量的降水粒子。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.