Saving the Other: Exploring the social in social enterprise

Social enterprise is increasingly viewed by governments worldwide as a promising means of promoting development. In South Africa, too, this sector is identified as a strategic growth area. Although there is no final consensus on the definition of social enterprise, certain characteristics are generally agreed. These include the idea that social enterprise prioritises social needs over profit maximisation, and involves marginalised people within viable businesses that have socially beneficial outcomes. Academic research on social enterprise has largely come from business studies, focusing on the internal functioning of social enterprise organisations, the figure of the social entrepreneur, the relationship between the social enterprise sector and the state, and on what the sector needs to flourish commercially. Social issues, especially analyses of power within the sector, have been relatively neglected. This paper addresses that gap, drawing on a wider development studies literature on the social economy to inform an examination of power relationships in the craft industry in South Africa, where narratives of social enterprise are pervasive. I argue that although empowerment is an explicit aim of many craft organisations, the most prominent discourses within the industry often rely on and perpetuate objectifying constructions of producers. These manifest particularly through notions of ’saving’, shaping a moral economy that entrenches difference along lines of black–white, north–south, and healthy-diseased. Such discourses run counter to the aims of empowerment that are central to the ethos of social enterprise, and should challenge both policymakers and academics to think carefully about how power works within the sector.     

西藏吉隆盆地新近纪孢粉组合及古地理研究

西藏吉隆盆地沃马组发现的孢粉组合佐证了青藏高原在上新世晚期持续稳定的隆升。该盆地强波沟剖面共划分了6个孢粉组合带,古植被是以松和冷杉为建群种的亚热带山地针阔叶林植被,反映了温暖湿润的古气候环境,期间经历几次明显的气候冷暖波动;沃马组岩相古地理分析表明:沃马组沉积环境主要是河流和湖泊沉积环境,局部地区为冲积扇及沼泽环境。其古地理环境演化经历了早期形成阶段、半开放式湖盆阶段及封闭式湖盆3个演化阶段。     

新疆哈密拗陷北部早侏罗世地层及其孢粉组合

哈密拗陷北部下侏罗统按其岩性、化石组合和地震波组等特征自下而上分为八道湾组和三工河组.根据两组所产的孢粉化石,建立了两个孢粉组合Osmundacidites Apiculatisporis Cycadopites组合和Cyathidites Pinuspollenites Cycadopites组合.根据孢粉组合特征及其对比,探讨了八道湾组和三工河组的地质时代.     

Upper Cretaceous depositional environments and bivalve assemblages of far-east Asia: the Himenoura Group, Kyushu, Japan

The depositional environments and bivalve assemblages are determined for the Upper Cretaceous Hinoshima Formation of the Himenoura Group, Kamishima, Amakusa Islands, Kyushu, Japan. The Hinoshima Formation is characterized by a thick transgressive succession that varies from incised-valley-fill deposits to submarine slope deposits with high aggradation rates of depositional systems. The incised valley is filled with fluvial, bayhead delta, brackish-water estuary, and marine embayment deposits, and is overlain by thick slope deposits.Shallow marine bivalves are grouped into five fossil assemblages according to species composition: Glycymeris amakusensis (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Nippononectes tamurai (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Ezonuculana mactraeformis–Nucula formosa (central bay), Glycymeris amakusensis–Apiotrigonia minor (slope), and Inoceramus higoensis–Parvamussium yubarensis (slope). These bivalve assemblages all represent autochthonous and parautochthonous conditions except for a Glycymeris amakusensis–Apiotrigonia minor assemblage found in debris flow and slump deposits. The life habitats of these bivalves and the compositions of the assemblages are discussed in terms of the ecological history of fossil bivalves of the mid- to Late Cretaceous.     

广西北海地区ZKA02钻孔剖面新近纪孢粉组合及古植被演替

通过对广西壮族自治区北海市新生代钻孔ZKA02中的孢粉化石的系统研究,初步恢复了该地区新近纪植被变化历史和气候变化过程。根据孢粉化石数据,将该钻孔自下而上划分出4个孢粉组合。早中新世—中中新世该地区的植被以落叶阔叶混交林−湿生草甸植被为主,气候偏温和半湿润;中中新世末期—晚中新世早期以针叶阔叶混交林−湿生草甸植被、温和半湿润气候为主;晚中新世中期为落叶阔叶混交林−湿生草甸植被,针叶树和蕨类植物逐渐增多,整体气候为温暖湿润型;晚中新世晚期—上新世为落叶阔叶混交林−湿生草甸植被,热带雨林和亚热带低山常绿阔叶树种明显增加,蕨类分子明显减少,相较于前三阶段,该阶段气候更加干旱,整体气候为偏温暖半干旱型。孢粉组合所反映的新近纪气候变化特征与全球气候变化趋势具有较好的可比性。     

The Aptian-Cenomanian flora of primor’e, part 2: Correlation of floral assemblages

Taxonomic composition of plant fossils from the Aptian-Cenomanian sediments of the Alchan, Razdol’naya, and Partizanskaya depressions of Primor’e is studied in detail. Each of the established floral assemblages characterizes a particular stage of flora stabilization. Correlation of the assemblages is performed. Floral assemblages of the Alchan depression, which occur in association with macrofauna, are suggested to be the standard ones for the southern Far East. New species are described.     

Paragonite–hornblende assemblages and their petrological significance: an example from the Austroalpine Schneeberg Complex, Southern Tyrol, Italy

ABSTRACT Paragonite-bearing amphibolites occur interbedded with a garbenschist-micaschist sequence in the Austroalpine Schneeberg Complex, southern Tyrol. The mineral assemblage mainly comprises paragonite + Mg-hornblende/tschermakite + quartz + plagioclase + biotite + ankerite + Ti-phase + garnet ± muscovite. Equilibrium P–T conditions for this assemblage are 550–600°C and 8–10 kbar estimated from garnet–amphibole–plagioclase–ilmenite–rutile and Si contents of phengitic muscovites. In the vicinity of amphibole, paragonite is replaced by symplectitic chlorite + plagioclase + margarite +± biotite assemblages. Muscovite in the vicinity of amphibole reacts to form plagioclase + biotite + margarite symplectites. The reaction of white mica + hornblende is the result of decompression during uplift of the Schneeberg Complex. The breakdown of paragonite + hornblende is a water-consuming reaction and therefore it is controlled by the availability of fluid on the retrogressive P–T path. Paragonite + hornblende is a high-temperature equivalent of the common blueschist-assemblage paragonite + glaucophane in Ca-bearing systems and represents restricted P–T conditions just below omphacite stability in a mafic bulk system. While paragonite + glaucophane breakdown to chlorite + albite marks the blueschist/greenschist transition, the paragonite + hornblende breakdown observed in Schneeberg Complex rocks is indicative of a transition from epidote-amphibolite facies to greenschist facies conditions at a flatter P–T gradient of the metamorphic path compared to subduction-zone environments. Ar/Ar dating of paragonite yields an age of 84.5 ± 1 Ma, corroborating an Eoalpine high-pressure metamorphic event within the Austroalpine unit west of the Tauern Window. Eclogites that occur in the Ötztal Crystalline Basement south of the Schneeberg Complex are thought to be associated with this Eoalpine metamorphic event.     

吉林万昌地区始新世—中新世孢粉组合及其地层意义

吉林省万昌地区万参一井孢粉化石丰富,自下而上划分5个孢粉组合。Z1组合孢粉化石较少,均为古近系常见孢粉,偶见褶皱粉,时代为早始新世;Z2组合出现始新世特征分子杵纹粉,还有小刺鹰粉、高腾粉及褶皱粉等零星出现,时代为中晚始新世;Z3组合蕨类植物孢子含量为剖面最高值,草本被子植物花粉较Z1、Z2组合有所增加,时代为早渐新世;Z4组合仍含较多的蕨类植物,草本被子植物花粉与Z3组合相当,时代为晚渐新世;Z5组合草本被子植物花粉含量较高,达剖面最高值,尤其以蒿粉+藜粉+菊粉+禾本粉等为代表,时代为中新世。     

浙东早白垩世火山岩组合的地球化学及其成因研究

浙东早白垩世含中性岩的火山岩组合和双峰式火山岩组合的主量元素和微量元素特征对比研究表明，中性火山岩的地球化学特征明显受到伴生的基性和酸性火山岩的影响。它们的微量元素协变关系证实：中性火山岩是由基性岩浆和酸性岩浆混合形成的。双峰式火山岩具有与含中性岩的火山岩组合相类似的主量元素特征，但两者的微量元素特征相差较大。根据东南沿海在早白垩世时期的构造背景是由挤压向伸展拉张转变，以及各种元素具有不同的扩散速度，提出了浙东早白垩世火山岩组合的形成模式：若基性岩浆和酸性岩浆仅进行了部分微量元素的交换，没有来得及发生主量元素的交换，就在伸展拉张的构造背景下喷出地表，则形成双峰式火山岩组合；若基性岩浆与酸性岩浆在地壳深处共存的时间较长，发生一定程度的主量元素交换，则形成偏基性和偏酸性的中性岩浆，若进一步发生化学成分的交换，则可形成典型的安山质岩浆，喷出地表就形成含中性岩的火山岩组合。     

新疆吐鲁番—哈密盆地托克逊凹陷早侏罗世孢粉植物群及其意义

吐鲁番—哈密盆地托克逊凹陷早侏罗世地层中产孢粉化石共53属74种。通过对纵向上典型属种及优势组分含量变化规律的分析可划分为两个孢粉组合：Osmundacidites-Protopinus-Cycadopites组合和Cyathidites-Piceaepollenites-Cycadopites组合，它们分别产自八道湾组和三工河组。根据孢粉组合特征及与国内外有关化石群进行比较，八道湾组的时代应属早侏罗世早期；三工河组的时代应为早侏罗世晚期。托克逊地区当时的植被是由银杏、苏铁类和松柏类等乔木．并伴有真蕨类等草本植物组成。古气候应属亚热带气候。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格东段晚二叠世-早侏罗世侵入岩岩石组合时空分布、构造环境的讨论

祁漫塔格地区是青藏高原北部最重要的多金属矿集区,晚二叠世-早侏罗世岩浆作用与成矿作用关系密切,以祁漫塔格东段为研究区分析讨论了祁漫塔格及临区晚二叠世-早侏罗世花岗岩特点,从晚二叠世-早侏罗世可以识别出4个阶段5个花岗岩组合.(1)晚二叠世弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列二长花岗岩+正长花岗岩组合与偏铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性系列英云闪长岩+花岗闪长岩组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在252.0~258.5Ma,普遍含暗色铁镁质微粒包体;(2)中三叠世闪长岩+英云闪长岩+花岗闪长岩+(二长花岗岩)组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在226.9~238.6Ma,富含暗色铁镁质微粒包体,为偏铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列岩石,Sr含量一般在400×10^-6~537×10^-6,δEu在0.67~0.95;(3)晚三叠世石英闪长岩+英云闪长岩+花岗闪长岩+二长花岗岩组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在211.7~214.1Ma,为偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,Sr含量一般在341×10^-6~515×10^-6,δEu在0.69~0.95之间;(4)晚三叠世-早侏罗世正长花岗岩组合,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在199.5~204.4Ma,为偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,Sr含量在54×10^-6~195×10^-6.晚二叠世花岗岩组合为大陆边缘弧火成岩构造组合,与古特提斯洋俯冲相关;中三叠世花岗岩组合出露面积巨大,构成了印支期北昆仑岩浆弧的主体,形成于俯冲-碰撞转换阶段,与俯冲岩石圈板片的断离相关,这一事件在东昆仑具有普遍意义,是东昆仑造山带最具规模的地幔物质注入与壳幔岩浆混合事件,晚三叠世花岗岩组合形成于后碰撞阶段,是加厚陆壳底部幔源玄武质岩浆底侵作用的结果.     

内蒙古海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷贝32井南屯组地层及孢粉组合

对内蒙古海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷贝32井南屯地层中的孢粉化石进行了系统研究,自下而上建立了2个孢粉化石组合。Piceaepollenites云杉粉-Pinuspollenites双束松粉-Abietineaepollenites单束松粉组合,分布于南屯组一段;Concentrisporites同心粉-Piceaepollenites云杉粉-Pinuspollenites双束松粉组合,分布于南屯组二段。根据孢粉化石组合中Cicatricosisporites,Densoisporites,Triporoletes,Pilosisporites等重要分子的地质时限特征,认为南屯组地质时代为早白垩世Aptian—Albian。这些孢粉化石资料对建立海拉尔盆地地层层序,而指导盆地油气勘探具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。     

Transition in place: Dynamics,possibilities, and constraints

The Transition Movement is a translocal phenomenon circulated through transnational grassroots networks. This study explores the geographies of the Transition Movement with a theoretical framework that perceives it as both a social movement and a grassroots innovation. Participant-observation of Transition Salt Lake (TSL), located in the suburban metropolis of Salt Lake City, Utah, was conducted, as the United States remains a largely understudied country in regards to this particular movement. In this pursuit, we asked: (i) how and what this transition initiative draws from geographically extensive and intensive relations, (ii) how it combines place-specific elements and generalized models (embeddedness), and (iii) how this impacts the success of the transition initiative and how these impacts (positive or negative) are generated. Place, space, and scale played a large role in defining the nature, dynamics, possibilities, and constraints of this transition initiative. Specifically, geographically intensive and extensive relations were critical for the mobilization of complementary resources. The Transition model was found to be flexible, allowing for the initiative to adopt those elements that worked in place and to focus on locally relevant topics. TSL faced many challenges identified by previous researchers regarding finances, participation, diversity, and intragroup competition. While networking with other similar groups, TSL demonstrated that fertile environments of activism are incubatory pools for grassroots innovations and social movements, and a trade-off was found with competition for resources between local groups.     

北京平原区中更新世以来的孢粉组合及其古气候意义

通过对北京平原区3个孔（顺义高丽营GZK1孔、昌平马池口CHZK1孔及大兴DZK1孔）的孢粉资料进行研究和对比,分析了北京平原区中更新世以来的气候变化,并将其划分为8个阶段：第1阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第2阶段气候温暖湿润,第3阶段气候温凉较湿,第4阶段气候温暖较干旱,第5阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第6阶段气候特征为早期暖湿,晚期温凉干旱,第7阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第8阶段气候温和湿润。     

辽宁北部秀水盆地秀D1井孢粉组合及其地层意义

孢粉化石采自辽宁省北部秀水盆地的秀D1井,分析、鉴定和系统研究结果表明,来自秀D1井井深62.1~1089.7m的孢粉化石自下而上划分为3个孢粉组合,下部孢粉组合(井深703.85~1089.7m)以Osmundacidites-Klukisporites-Podocarpidites为代表,地质时代为晚侏罗世堤塘期(Tithonian),中部孢粉组合(井深381.5~699.3m)以Densoisporites-Cicatricosisporites-Piceaepollenites为代表,地质时代为早白垩世贝里阿斯期(Berriassian),上部孢粉组合(井深62.1~339m)以Cicatricosisporites-Impardecispora-Pinuspollenites为代表,地质时代为早白垩世凡兰吟期—欧特里夫期(Valanginian-Hauterivian)。秀D1井钻遇地层所含孢粉组合特征在区域上可以与冀北地区大北沟组,辽宁西部地区下白垩统义县组、九佛堂组,松辽盆地东南缘下白垩统火石岭组、沙河子组所产的孢粉组合对比。含孢粉组合地层时代的确定解决了井柱地层的划分,以及与区域地层的对比关系,同时为区域地层古生物研究提供了翔实的基础资料。     

桌子山中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石组合与古地理环境

据遗迹化石新资料 ,将内蒙古桌子山地区中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石自下而上划分为 8个组合 :Taenidium组合、Zoophycos组合、Volkichnium组合、H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon组合、Granularia组合、 Circulichnus组合、 Chondrites组合及 H elminthopsis组合。其中 ,H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon与 H elminthopsis两组合属于 N ereites遗迹相 ,并分别出现于陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇与陆隆浊积扇环境 ;其余 6个组合与 Seilacher( 1 967)的 Zoophycos遗迹相相当 ,代表有机质丰富、平静而贫氧的大陆斜坡环境。遗迹组合序列和遗迹相的递变表明 ,本区在公乌素组沉积期经历了两次由陆棚边缘盆地—大陆斜坡—陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇 (或陆隆浊积扇 )的环境演变。指出了本组遗迹化石与波兰喀尔巴阡山复理石相遗迹化石在分布上的相似性。认为 Zoophycos相各遗迹组合所赋存的泥灰岩等是很好的生油岩。     

四川洪雅联合地区芦山组地层的发现及生物组合特征

本文在四川洪雅联合向斜原白垩系灌口组地层中新发现了古近系芦山组地层,并详细描述了洪雅联合地区芦山组实测地层剖面。结合前人研究资料讨论了川西地区芦山组的空间分布、岩性组合特征及沉积环境。根据化石组合及分布规律,在芦山组地层中划分出一个介形虫组合带(Pinnocypris-Limnocythere-Ilyocypris组合带)和两个轮藻组合带(Gyrogona qianjiangic-Obtusochara jianglingensi组合带及Maedlerisphaera chinensis-Obtasochara brevicylindrica组合带),据此推断川西地区芦山组的地质时代为晚始新世-中渐新世。     

四川盆地西缘晚新生代大邑砾岩的物源及其成因：来自重矿物和孢粉的证据

新生代早期印度与欧亚板块的俯冲碰撞造就了巍峨高耸的青藏高原.然而,在其相邻的四川盆地,伴随青藏高原强烈隆升所堆积的碎屑沉积物,最老仅能追索到晚新生代的大邑砾岩.因此,解读广泛发育于四川盆地西缘的大邑砾岩成因对获取青藏高原及其周缘古环境信息及理解相关的构造演化过程具有重要意义.本文报告了对三个典型大邑砾岩剖面样品的重矿物和孢粉组合研究结果,试图从大邑砾岩的物源区和沉积环境来解读大邑砾岩的成因.大邑砾岩中重矿物种类繁多,表明相应物源区具有多种岩石类型.除极不稳定矿物外,大邑砾岩新鲜剖面样品的重矿物组合与现代岷江沉积极其相似,表明大邑砾岩是经由岷江通道输送到四川盆地的;富含石榴子石等远源矿物表明当时的古岷江已切穿龙门山,深入到松潘-甘孜褶皱带内.孢粉分析显示孢粉含量极低,为0.2粒/克,孢粉类型以高山黯针叶林成分为主,混有少量落叶阔叶林和草本植物花粉,显示了高寒的环境.结合已有的年代学结果,本文认为大邑砾岩是形成于2.0Ma的冰水沉积物,其形成反映了青藏高原第四纪早期的寒冷环境.     

渤海湾西北部CH19孔全新统硅藻组合、年代学与古环境

对渤海湾西北部浅海区CH19孔岩心全新世沉积硅藻进行了系统研究,发现硅藻17属36种。与沉积学、年代学(OSL和AMS14C)研究相结合,将该孔自下而上划分为Ⅰ—Ⅶ7个硅藻带,显示研究区全新世以来经历了从陆到海的演化过程:约11kacalBP时,进入全新世潮上带湖沼环境(硅藻Ⅰ带);约10kacalBP时开始了潮间带(硅藻Ⅱ带)至浅海(Ⅲ—Ⅶ带)的长期海水影响。其中,约10~7kacalBP为潮间带环境;6.77~3.47kacalBP的中全新世硅藻Ⅲ带,是受到风暴事件影响的、1.7m厚的贝壳碎屑与泥砂混杂堆积层;硅藻Ⅳ带复归正常浅海环境;Ⅴ带再次动荡;Ⅵ带水体盐度略有降低;Ⅶ带则反映了渤海湾西北部浅海区现代硅藻组合的状况。     

内蒙古苏布格塔蓝闪石片岩基本特征及成因分析

苏布格塔蓝闪石片岩赋存于奥陶纪哈拉哈河组地层中,岩石组合类型多样,据蓝闪石光学特征及电子探针分析结果,认为本区的蓝闪石属铁蓝闪石。蓝闪石片岩的标型矿物组合以蓝闪石+绿帘石+阳起石+多硅白云母+榍石为特点,由泥质碎屑岩变质重结晶形成,原岩形成环境为大陆边缘海盆地。其变质成因,属于与板块运动有关的区域低温中高压动力变质作用形成。