锌锡复合掺杂纳米二氧化钛的光催化性能研究

采用溶胶—凝胶法制备了Zn2+、Sn4+复合掺杂的TiO2光催化剂,通过XRD、TEM、UV—Vis测试手段对样品进行分析,以对硝基苯酚为研究对象,对其进行光催化降解。结果表明:复合掺杂Zn2+、Sn4+提高了催化剂对波长在200—450 nm范围内的光的吸光度,发生"红移"。在氙灯激发下,其催化活性优于纯TiO2。     

关于空调器对气压表测量影响的分析

从微观物理过程出发,重建空调器使用过程中室内大气压力的变化过程,根据理想气体状态方程和热力学定律导出空调器对气压表测量气压的影响。     

气象因子对棉花纤维品质的影响

以邯棉333和鲁棉研27号为材料,进行了气象因子与棉纤维品质相关性研究。结果表明：纤维指标受气象因子影响大小顺序：比强度大于伸长率大于麦克隆值大于2.5%跨长。从棉纤维整个发育期分析,影响2.5%跨长、比强度和伸长率的主要因子分别为日平均最低温度、平均相对湿度和日较差。影响麦克隆值的主要因子为日平均气温、大于15 ℃有效积温和平均日照时数;从棉纤维发育各阶段分析,整齐度主要受发育初期日平均最低气温影响,麦克隆值和伸长率主要受伸长期气象因子影响;各品质指标与次生壁增厚期气象因子均具有显著相关性,为影响棉纤维品质的关键期;麦克隆值还受成熟期平均相对湿度的影响。研究结果可为棉纤维品质生态区划和品质生态模型定量化提供依据。     

2-萘酚吸附树脂热解和燃烧特性的研究

利用热重-差热分析仪对染料化工企业产生的2-萘酚吸附树脂在4种不同气氛下的热重（TG）和微分热重（DTG）曲线进行研究。试验结果表明：2-萘酚吸附树脂在高温、氧化条件下不稳定，易于分解，其热分解失重率受气氛变化的影响较大。提出了2-萘酚吸附树脂热解和燃烧机理，给出了热解反应动力学参数和模型。     

藏北高原高寒草甸地表粗糙度对地气通量的影响

利用中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所那曲高寒气候与环境观测研究站的BJ观测站2012年1 12月大气湍流观测资料及自动气象站观测资料,应用一种独立的确定地表动力学粗糙度Z0m的方法及两种热力学粗糙度Z0h的参数化方案(Z98和Y07),得出了Z0m和Z0h以及附加阻尼kB-1的变化规律。结果表明,Z0m在一定时间尺度(月、季)上存在着波动,Z0h在高原季风前、盛行期、衰退期有不同的日变化和季节变化特征。结合陆面模式CoLM将地表特征参数代入该模式进行数值模拟,初步探讨了地表粗糙度的变化规律及其对地表通量的影响,结果表明,Z0m的动态变化和Z0h参数化方案的改进提高了CoLM模式的模拟性能,模拟的地表通量更接近观测值。     

石河子棉区不同热量条件对棉花纤维品质影响的研究

为定量评估不同热量条件对石河子棉区棉纤维品质的影响,以当地主栽品种为材料,2003-2007年在莫索湾气象站和乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站内进行分期播种试验,并收集同期气象观测资料,分析不同播期内开花---裂铃期间的日最高、日最低温度、日平均温度和逸10、15、20益活动积温等热量条件与棉花主要纤维品质特征的相关性。结果表明：淤该棉区棉花纤维断裂比强度与热量条件相关最为明显,于限制该地区棉花纤维品质档次提高的主要纤维品质指标是断裂比强度,盂当地主栽品种断裂比强度都具有随播期延后而减小的趋势,不同品种的比强度随播期延后反应表现不一致。     

棉纤维生长各阶段的土壤水分状况对其束强的影响

在纤维伸长前期、填充后期充足的土壤水分对提高束强有利，纤维生长扭曲期土壤干旱对提高束强有利，反之则不利。     

中国大陆黑碳气溶胶排放清单

The detailed high-resolution emission inventory of black carbon (BC) from China in the year 2000 was calculated. The latest fuel consumption data including fossil and biomass fuels, and socio-economic statistics used were obtained from government agencies, mostly at the county level, and some new emission factors (Efs) from local measurements were also used. National and regional summaries of emissions were presented at 0.2°×0.2°resolution. Total BC emission was 1499.4 Gg in 2000, mainly due to the burning of coal and biomass. The BC emission estimated here is higher than those in previous studies, mainly because the emissions from coal burning by rural industries and residences were previously underestimated. More BC aerosols were emitted from eastern China than western China. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for BC emissions, with peaks in January and December and low emissions in July and August; and this seasonality is mainly due to patterns in residential heating and the open burning of crop residues.     

一个地球系统模式模拟的气候变化对海洋碳循环的影响

使用维多利亚大学的地球系统模式进行模拟,选取1800-2500年间较高的CO₂浓度情景（RCP8.5）,分析由于CO₂增加引起的气候变化对海洋碳循环的影响。当气候敏感度为3.0 K时,相对于无气候变化,到2100年,由于大气CO₂增加造成的气候变化导致海表面温度升高2.7 K,北大西洋深水流量减少4.5 Sv,海洋对人为碳的年吸收减少0.8 Pg C;比较人为溶解无机碳在海洋中的垂直累积分布,发现气候变化对海洋吸收大气CO₂的影响在北大西洋区域最明显。1800-2500年,相对于不考虑气候变化的情景,模式模拟的气候变化导致整个海洋对人为碳的累积吸收总量减少23.1%,其中北大西洋减少32.0%。此外,比较不同气候敏感度（0～4.5 K,间隔为0.5 K）的模拟结果发现,气候敏感度越高,气候变化对海洋吸收CO₂能力的抑制作用越明显。     

Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Plumes from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Oil Fields

Large carbon dioxide plumes with concentrations up to 45 ppm aboveambient levels were measured about 15 km downwind of the Prudhoe Bay, Alaskamajor oil production facilities, located at 70° N Lat. above the ArcticCircle. The measured emissions were 1.3 × 10³ metrictons (C) hour^-1 (11.4× 10⁶ metric tons(C) year^-1), six times greater than the combustion emissionsassumed by Jaffe and coworkers in J. Atmos. Chem. 20 (1995), 213–227,based on 1989 reported Prudhoe Bay oil facility fuel consumption data, andfour times greater than the total C emissions reported by the oil facilitiesfor the same months as the measurement time periods. Variations in theemissions were estimated by extrapolating the observed emissions at a singlealtitude for all tundra research transect flights conducted downwind of theoil fields. These 30 flights yielded an average emission rate of1.02 × 10³ metric tons (C) hour^-1 with astandard deviation of 0.33 × 10³. These quantity ofemissions are roughly equivalent to the carbon dioxide emissions of7–10 million hectares of arctic tussock tundra (Oechel and Vourlitis,Trends in Ecol. Evolution 9 (1994), 324–329).     

Effects of Doubled Carbon Dioxide on Rainfall Responses to Radiative Processes of Water Clouds

The effects of doubled carbon dioxide on rainfall responses to radiative processes of water clouds are investigated in this study.Two groups of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments with regard to pre-summer heavy rainfall around the summer solstice and tropical rainfall around the winter solstice are conducted and their five-day averages over the model domain are analyzed.In the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the decrease associated with the enhanced atmospheric cooling to the increase associated with the enhanced infrared cooling as a result of the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds.Doubled carbon dioxide leads to the reduction in tropical rainfall,caused by the removal of radiative effects of water clouds through the suppressed infrared cooling.In the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the increase associated with the strengthened atmospheric warming to the decrease associated with the weakened release of latent heat caused by the elimination of radiative effects of water clouds.The exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds increases tropical rainfall through the strengthened infrared cooling,which is insensitive to the change in carbon dioxide.     

Effects of Doubled Carbon Dioxide on Rainfall Responses to Radiative Processes of Water Clouds

The effects of doubled carbon dioxide on rainfall responses to radiative processes of water clouds are investigated in this study. The two groups of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments in pre-summer heavy rainfall around the summer solstice and tropical rainfall around the winter solstice are conducted and their averages over 5 days and model domain are analyzed. In the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds, doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the decrease associated with the enhanced atmospheric cooling to the increase associated with the enhanced infrared cooling as a result of the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds. Doubled carbon dioxide leads to the reduction in tropical rainfall caused by the removal of radiative effects of water clouds through the suppressed infrared cooling. In the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds, doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the increase associated with the increased atmospheric warming to the decrease associated with the weakened release of latent heat caused by the elimination of radiative effects of water clouds. The exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds increases tropical rainfall through the strengthened infrared cooling, which is insensitive to the change in carbon dioxide.     

Relations between Light Hydrocarbon, Carbon Monoxide, and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Plume from the Combustion of Plant Material in a Furnace

To systematically explain relations between light hydrocarbons, CO, and CO₂ concentrations/emissions of biomassburning, we measured concentrations/emissions of carbon gases – CO,CO₂, light hydrocarbons (CH₄, C₂H₆,C₂H₄, C₂H₂, C₃H₈, C₃H₆,n-C₄H₁₀, i-C₄H₁₀, n-C₅H₁₂,i-C₅H₁₂), and THC (total hydrocarbon) – in the burning of dead plant material, mainly Imperata grass, byclosed-chamber experiments and by time-series analyses of gas concentrations in combustion plumes in relatively efficient and inefficient combustion situations. Concentrations of hydrocarbons measured were well correlated to [CO] although [C₂H₂] was exceptionally well correlated to[CO₂]. The phase diagrams (relation between [CO]/ [CO₂] and [hydrocarbon]/ [CO₂]) obtained by the time-seriesexperiments well illustrated the variation in the overall emission rates of the closed-chamber experiments. The higher rates of decrease in hydrocarbon concentration with increasing carbon number in the efficient case compared with the inefficient case probably reflected the rate of oxidation and the amount of radicals. The overall concentrations (or emissions) of C₂H₄ and C₃H₆ were higher thanthose of C₂H₆ and C₃H₈, suggesting a linkage to mechanisms in whichthe predominant path of hydrocarbon oxidation is through the degradation of alkyl radicals, which can be immediately converted into or formed from alkenes. For C₃ and C₄ species, normal-chain species hadhigher emissions than iso-chain species under lower combustion efficiency. This may be attributable to the presence of tertiary C–H bonds in iso-species,which show more reactivity in the abstraction of H than secondary C–H bonds unless the carbon number is large.     

Modeling the Impacts of Nitrogen Dynamics on Regional Terrestrial Carbon and Water Cycles over China with Noah-MP-CN

As an important part of biogeochemical cycling, the nitrogen cycle modulates terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage,water consumption, and environmental quality. Modeling the complex interactions between nitrogen, carbon and water at a regional scale remains challenging. Using China as a testbed, this study presents the first application of the nitrogenaugmented community Noah land surface model with multi-parameterization options(Noah-MP-CN) at the regional scale.Noah-MP-CN parameterizes the cons...     

土壤水分条件对内蒙古典型草原水汽和二氧化碳通量的影响研究

本文基于2007年和2008年生长季内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原湍流观测资料,分析了两种典型草原下垫面生长季的不同土壤水分条件下水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征及其控制因子。主要结果如下:（1）在植被生长峰值期,日尺度上,干旱条件下土壤湿度是潜热通量的主要控制因子,而土壤水分条件较好时潜热通量主要受净辐射控制。（2）与大针茅草原相比,羊草草原叶面积指数较大,水分条件较好时,其潜热通量平均值更大,CO₂吸收能力更强,吸收CO₂更多;但在土壤水分胁迫出现时,羊草草原叶面的气孔闭合度急剧增加,大针茅草原的潜热通量、和CO₂吸收反而更大,表现出更为耐旱的植被特性。（3）地表导度可以用来解释土壤水分条件对羊草和大针茅草原碳水通量的影响。     

高寒冰雪覆盖型和湿润亚热带型岩溶水系统碳汇强度对比

以岩性相近但气候和土地利用迥异的两个具有高分辨率水文水化学自动监测数据的岩溶水系统——湿润亚热带以土质坡地为主的岩溶水系统(贵州普定后寨岩溶水系统)和高寒冰雪覆盖下以石质坡地为主的岩溶水系统(瑞士阿尔卑斯山区的Tsanfleuron冰川岩溶水系统)作为研究对象,进行岩溶作用碳汇强度对比研究。结果发现,后寨岩溶水系统的[HCO3-]年均值为222mg/L,而Tsanfleuron冰川岩溶水系统的[HCO3-]年均值仅为131mg/L,表明湿润亚热带岩溶水系统具有较高的[HCO3-]特征。然而,湿润亚热带岩溶水系统的碳汇强度(60.82t/(km2·a))与Tsanfleuron冰川岩溶水系统的碳汇强度(59.06t/(km2·a))相当。冰川岩溶水系统同样具有较高岩溶作用碳汇强度的原因主要是在全球变暖的背景下,冰川退缩加剧,冰川固体水库水量释放增多,致使冰川岩溶水系统径流量显著增加效应超出因稀释作用而产生的[HCO3-]降低效应,进而使得山岳冰川岩溶水系统的碳汇强度增大。这也暗示着随着某些冰川融化,径流量逐渐减小将使岩溶作用碳汇强度降低。