Dipole magnetic-field disturbance and generation of current systems by asymmetric plasma pressure

Nonlinear disturbance of the dipole field by nonaxisymmetric plasma pressure distribution was analyzed under the assumption of magnetostatic equilibrium for finite values of the plasma parameter at the pressure maximum area. The distributions of isolines of the constant value of magnetic-field component B _Z and the volume of magnetic flux tube in the equatorial plane were obtained. At a finite plasma pressure, local minima and maxima of the magnetic field are formed. The formation of these local maxima and minima leads to the formation of contours (not surrounding the Earth) B _min = const, where B _min is the minimum magnetic field on the magnetic field line. This changes the direction of the gradient of the volume of the magnetic flux tube. The configuration of appearing field-aligned currents was determined. The results obtained are discussed in terms of their use in explaining a number of effects observed in the Earth’s magnetosphere.     

地球主磁场空间功率谱的变化特征

根据第8代IGRF模型，计算分析了1900－2000年地球磁场和分量X，Y，Z的空间功率谱的变化特征。结果表明1900－2000年主磁场的空间功率谱呈减小趋势，由功率谱随谐波阶次n的变化关系得出的非偶极子场的等效磁源位于核幔边界附近，而且其位置随时间变化，用n=1,2两阶谐波的谱得到的等效磁源位于地球内核边缘，1900年以来离开地心一直向外增大。     

天津轨道交通对地磁观测干扰的影响研究

直流牵引城市轨道交通系统在运行过程中产生的磁场对我国大城市周边地磁台站的观测数据产生较为严重的干扰.城市轨道交通运行过程中产生泄露电流是产生干扰的重要原因.本文以真空中的线电流磁场计算模型为基础,通过简化的远场磁场干扰模型对天津地铁轨道交通干扰进行理论建模.该模型计算简洁高效.通过对模型的数值模拟,获得了干扰随距离衰减...     

考虑航磁水平梯度变化的ΔT网格化方法研究

实测航磁横向水平梯度反映垂直于测线的磁场梯度,比传统航磁ΔT数据包含测线之间更多的磁场信息.针对航磁数据网格化问题,采用Hardwick提出的方法,利用航磁水平梯度与ΔT数据构建拟测线,并结合Akima插值法,开展了双方向测线型ΔT网格化方法研究,最终实现了考虑航磁水平梯度变化的ΔT网格化;针对网格化结果中的虚假异常采取了有效滤波方法.通过理论模型数据和实际数据网格化处理,表明该方法可以突出航磁测线之间的异常细节、更清晰地反映线性构造或磁性体走向,提高了网格化的精度和分辨率.     

Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies and Estimation of Depth of Magnetic Crust in Slovakia

The magnetic map of Slovakia used in the paper was compiled as part of a project titled Atlas of Geophysical maps and profiles in 2001. The residual magnetic data were analyzed to produce Curie point estimates. To remove distortion of magnetic anomalies caused by the Earth’s magnetic field, reduction to pole transformation was applied to the magnetic anomalies using the magnetization angle of the induced magnetization. Anomalies reduced to the pole tend to be better correlated with tectonic structures. We applied a 3-km upward continuation to the residually compiled magnetic anomalies in order to remove effects of topography. The depth of magnetic dipoles was calculated by an azimuthally averaged power spectrum method for the entire area. Such estimates can be indicative of temperatures in the crust, since magnetic minerals lose their spontaneous magnetization according to Curie temperature of the dominant magnetic minerals in the rocks. The computed Curie point depths in the Slovakia region vary between 15.2 km and 20.9 km. Heat flow higher than 100 mWm⁻² occurs at the central volcanics and eastern part of Slovakia, where the Curie point depths values are shallow. The correlation between Curie point depths, heat flow and crust depth was investigated for two E-W cross sections. Heat flow and Curie point depth values are correlated with each other however, these values could not be correlated with crust depth. The Curie point isotherm, which separates magnetic and non-magnetic parts of the crust, is represented in two cross sections.     

Polar ionic conductivity profile in fair weather conditions. Terrestrial test of the Huygens/Hasi-PWA instrument aboard the Comas Sola balloon

The permittivity wave and altimetry (PWA) instrument is a part of the CASSINI/HUYGENS HASI experiment and was designed to determine the electrical parameters of the atmosphere of Titan in 2004. In December 1995, a balloon campaign was conducted in León, Spain, to test the HASI onboard hardware and software using a HUYGENS probe mock-up in an electromagnetic-disturbance-free environment (mainly from power emission lines at 50 Hz). This work is concerned with the measurements of small ion polar conductivities and DC fields using the PWA relaxation probes (RP). The two RP electrodes were periodically set to ±5 V relative to the conductive surface of the mock-up and allowed to discharge in the surrounding atmosphere. The polar components of conductivity are calculated from the discharge time, and the DC field from the floating potential differences once the electrodes reach equilibrium. In spite of some observed effects, such as mock-up charging or oscillations in the measurement of potential, the conductivity measurements are coherent and in good agreement with the obtained results in other experiments. The conductivity data were collected in ‘fair-weather’ conditions, up to 30 km during a 4-h flight, every 72 s, giving an altitude resolution better than 400 m. We also discuss the DC field data that do not lead, in presence of charging effects, to a straightforward measurement of the natural DC field. The Comas Solá balloon flight, first real test of the PWA experiment in the terrestrial atmosphere, confirmed the validity of the ionic conductivity measurements but raised the problem of a reliable interpretation of the DC field.     

The reliability of aeroplane attitude determination using the main geomagnetic field with application to tensor VLF data analysis

The attitude angles of an aeroplane used for geophysical measurements are necessary in order to calculate field components in a fixed reference frame. In this paper it is shown analytically how the measurement of static magnetic field components can be used to determine the attitude angles. Error analysis shows that when magnetic anomalies are small to moderate (less than 5% of the total field), the attitude angles can be determined to within a few degrees at high latitudes. For a given area the maximum error is linearly related to the magnitude of the anomaly. The technique is illustrated on a tensor VLF data set from an area in Sweden with local magnetic anomalies less than 1% of the regional total magnetic field. Attitude errors propagated into tensor VLF transfer functions are of the same order as their random errors.     

中国地磁场北向强度的太阳周期效应

本文根据1961-1971年我国五个地磁台北向强度的资料,采用长期变化二次项的残差ΔX,讨论了我国境内太阳活动周期的地磁效应。结果表明,各台ΔX的变化与太阳黑子数平均为11年周期有关,其相关系数平均为-0.77;ΔX的变幅随纬度的增高而有所     

CARACTERES DE ĽONDE ELECTROMAGNETIQUE DE SURFACE ENGENDREE PAR UN DIPOLE MAGNETIQUE *

The electromagnetic field radiated from a magnetic dipole lying on the ground is considered, in the extremely low frequency range (DC to 20 000 Hertz). Theoretical and experimental data are given on the characteristics of the surface wave (vanishing wave) generated at the air-ground interface, in the case of an homogeneous subsurface. The case of a subsurface with electrical resistivity varying with depth is considered. It is shown how the above-mentioned characteristics may be applied in the quantitative investigation of the electrical resistivity of the subsurface as a function of depth, in a method using the measurements on the ground of all the components of the radiated field: horizontal electrical components, vertical and horizontal magnetic components.     

Use of magnetotelluric signals from 50 Hz power lines for resistivity mapping of geothermal fields in New Zealand

Electromagnetic (EM) fields radiated from the transmission lines of the New Zealand electricity grid have been digitally recorded at test sites near the Tokaanu geothermal field. Amplitudes and phases of the 50 Hz signals (and the odd harmonics up to 450 Hz) were determined using a software implementation of a phase-locked filter. These data were then analysed to determine the components of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor and the corresponding apparent resistivities and phases. At most sites, there was sufficient variation in the elliptical polarization of the EM fields to enable the impedance tensors to be determined in full. Sites where the EM data had been affected by near-source effects were identified by having large vertical magnetic field components and by being closer to a power line source than about 3–5 skin depths. With the test measurements, the north-eastern part of the Tokaanu geothermal field was successfully delineated giving low resistivities (< 5 Ωm) on the inside and higher resistivities on the outside, in agreement with the Schlumberger array DC apparent resistivities. The small size of the 50 Hz magnetotelluric equipment and its portable nature make this method of resistivity measurement suitable for reconnaissance resistivity mapping in places with difficult access.     

Location and depth estimation of point-dipole and line of dipoles using analytic signals of the magnetic gradient tensor and magnitude of vector components

The magnetic gradient tensor (MGT) provides gradient components of potential fields with mathematical properties which allow processing techniques e.g. analytic signal techniques. With MGT emerging as a new tool for geophysical exploration, the mathematical modelling of gradient tensor fields is necessary for interpretation of magnetic field measurements. The point-dipole and line of dipoles are used to approximate various magnetic objects. I investigate the maxima of the magnitude of magnetic vector components (MMVC) and analytic signals of magnetic gradient tensor (ASMGT) resulting from point-dipole and line of dipoles sources in determining horizontal locations. I also present a method in which depths of these sources are estimated from the ratio of the maximum of MMVC to the maximum of ASMGT. Theoretical examples have been carried out to test the feasibility of the method in obtaining source locations and depths. The method has been applied to the MMVC and ASMGT computed from the total field data over a basic/ultrabasic body at the emerald deposit of Socoto´, Bahia, Brazil and buried water supply pipe near Jadaguda Township, India. In both field examples, the method produces good correlations with previous interpretations.     

Solar Forcing of Climate

Solar activity is evident both in the equatorial activity centres and in the polar magnetic field variations. The total solar irradiance variation is due to the former component. During the extraordinarily long minimum of activity between sunspot cycles 23 and 24, the variations related to the equatorial field components reached their minimum values in the first half of 2008, while those related to the polar field variations had their extreme values rather at the end of 2009 and the first half of 2010. The explanation of this delay is another challenge for dynamo theories. The role of the open solar flux has so far been grossly underestimated in discussions of Sun-climate relations. The gradual increase in the average terrestrial ground temperature since 1610 is related both to the equatorial and polar field variations. The main component (0.077?K/century) is due to the variation of the total solar irradiance. The second component (0.040?K/century) waits for an explanation. The smoothed residual increase, presumably antropogenic, obtained after subtraction of the known components from the total increase was 0.31?K in 1999.     

A physical approach to computing magnetic fields1

The superposition integral expressing the field due to a magnetic source body is relatively simple to evaluate in the case of a homogeneous magnetization. In practice this generally requires that any remnant component is uniform and the susceptibility of the body is sufficiently low to permit the assumption of a uniform induced magnetization. Under these conditions the anomalous magnetic field due to a polyhedral body can be represented in an intuitive and physically appealing manner. It is demonstrated that the components of the magnetic field H can be expressed as a simple combination of the potentials due to two elementary source distributions. These are, firstly, a uniform double layer (normally directed dipole moment density) located on the planar polygonal faces of the body and, secondly, a uniform line source located along its edges. In practice both of these potentials (and thus the required magnetic field components) are easily computed. The technique is applicable to polyhedra with arbitrarily shaped faces and the relevant expressions for the magnetic field components are suitable for numerical evaluation everywhere except along the edges of the body where they display a logarithmic singularity.     

1690～2000年地磁场能量的三维分布及其长期变化

利用Bloxham & Jackson 地磁场模型和国际参考地磁场模型(IGRF),研究了1690～2000年地磁总能量及其北向、东向和垂直向分量的能量以及非偶极子磁场的能量在地球内部的分布及长期变化.结果表明,地表和地核以外地磁场总能量及其北向和垂直向的能量是持续衰减的,垂直向的磁场能量占总能量的64％以上,对总能量的贡献起主要作用;东向分量的能量随时间的变化以增加为主.地磁场的能量变化率存在56年的周期,主要是由偶极子磁场产生的.地表以外的非偶极子磁能从减小到增大转折出现在1770年,比地核以外滞后40年.地球内部磁能随时间的变化显示,偶极子磁能逐渐减小,非偶极子磁能增加,越靠近核幔边界增加越快;偶极子和非偶极子磁能的变化量相等的分界面在距地心3780km处.从核幔边界到地表,磁能变化的衰减非偶极子比偶极子快,表明偶极子磁场比非偶极子磁场有更深的场源.     

Depth and shape estimates from simultaneous inversion of magnetic fields and their gradient components using differential similarity transforms

The differential similarity transform of a magnetic anomaly is a linear combination of its intensity and gradient components. This transform is sensitive to the distance between a chosen central point of similarity and the source and depends on the degree of homogeneity of the field. Taking advantage of this property, a new field inversion method resulting in the evaluation of source position and shape type is proposed and implemented. The field gradient components are measured directly in magnetic gradiometry, or they can be calculated from the measured field data. Regional and local linear backgrounds are accounted for by the method. The method can be applied on either regularly or irregularly-spaced data sets, on even or uneven surfaces of observation. The solving of the systems of equations is not necessary. A semi-automated inversion for both location and shape of the sources is implemented. Model and field tests illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed inversion technique for depth and shape estimates.     

Measurement of electromagnetic effects generated by swell

Many studies have been conducted on swell, some of which have been particularly concerned with its associated magnetic field. One of us (M.K.) has reconsidered some of the theoretical studies which have been made, with attention given to the practical case of an ocean of finite depth.In the marine magnetotelluric program on the continental shelf, the Geophysical Research Center at Garchy has obtained records of the variation of the magnetic-field components in an ocean twenty meters deep.After having presented the hypothesis of the theoretical calculation, we give some computer-drawn chart (P.L.) and some power-density spectra of records obtained in the Mediterranean Sea. Some recent results on the electric field permits us to conclude that these first results are due to the magnetic field associated with swell and we discuss some implications of these results.     

A SURVEY OF HIGH RESOLUTION GEOMAGNETICS *

The development of optically pumped and monitored “atomic” magnetometers has allowed the application of greater resolution in geomagnetic measurements for exploration purposes. This paper presents a survey of instrumentation in use, the variety of exploration techniques that are being used in practice, and an estimate of their state of development. Alkali metals (rubidium and cesium) and helium have been used as active elements to obtain the magnetic-field dependent Larmor frequency. Each of these instruments is capable of obtaining high resolution data (data with sensitivity numerically smaller than one-tenth gamma). They have been adapted for airborne, land, and marine usage. Such sensitivity has enabled the rapid development of geomagnetic gradiometers, high sensitivity aeromagnetics, diurnally reduced ground surveys, broad-band magneto-telluric surveys, susceptibility measurements, and convenient magnetic search and location techniques. Outlines of each procedure and an example of its application are given.     

Experimental errors of measurements of vertical geomagnetic gradients in the stratosphere

The errors of measurements of vertical geomagnetic gradients at altitudes of 20–40 km, using a balloon magnetic gradiometer with a 6-km-long measuring base oriented along gravity, have been studied in the work. The errors related to the deviation of the measuring base position relative to the vertical have been studied during the real balloon flight with the help of the navigation GPS receivers. The deviations of the measuring base within 5°, which can sometimes reach 15°, have been obtained. This results in a decrease in the magnetic gradient measurement accuracy due to the errors introduced in the specification of the normal magnetic field used to detect magnetic anomalies. To eliminate this error, a GPS receiver was built in each magnetometer in order to observe magnetometers during synchronous measurements and to correct the measurements for the normal magnetic field. It has been indicated that the effect of deviations of the measuring base position on the results is not more than 2% of the measured value at such organization of a gradiometer.     

测震台站智能隔离防雷系统的设计与实现

介绍一种测震台站智能隔离防雷系统的设计实现。其电源部分设计为步进电机控制双电瓶交换充电、放电,保证设备与交流市电完全隔离;信号传输部分设计为通过无线局域网(WLAN)将测震信号传输到网关,再通过有线网络进行数据传输。此设计的优点是使测震核心设备与市电和外线完全物理隔离以达到最好的防雷效果。同时制作先进的NEMS传感器用于检测空间电磁场的变化,根据相应算法判断当地是否发生雷电,在附近有雷电发生时可控制断开信号线、市电等达到保护相关仪器的目的。     

南海西南次海盆深海地磁观测潜标的数据分析

地磁场磁力线切割海水和电磁感应两种方式的共同作用影响着海水介质中变化地磁场的时空特征.虽然近些年的野外实践、数值模拟和理论研究都表明,海面和深海海底的变化磁场存在差异,但极少有实测数据揭示在海水介质不同深度位置地磁场的时空特征.本文主要介绍在南海西南次海盆4366 m深度处布放和回收了一个4000 m长深海地磁观测潜标的科学实验;重点分析垂直方向不同水深位置上地磁场观测记录中总强度的变化幅度及相位的时空特征.并通过建立地磁场太阳静日变化模型,将观测结果与南海周缘的三个地磁台站观测记录进行对比分析.研究结果表明,地磁场总强度在深海水体的不同深度存在着显著差别.在地磁扰动较小或平静期间,深海潜标处的日变形态与同纬度邻近台站的观测结果较为一致;而在地磁扰动期间,由于所处位置处地下电性介质的差异会对感应磁场产生不同的影响,观测到的总强度在幅度和相位变化中也出现相应的不同.本文的分析结果不仅为海水介质不同深度地磁场时空特征的研究提供了科学实验依据,也为海洋磁测中地磁日变观测站的布设提供建议.