我国水产品市场状况分析

文章分析了我国水产品市场的基本状况 ,认为目前我国水产品市场品种丰富 ,价格稳定。究其原因 ,主要是水产品流通体制的改革 ,水产品市场的开放 ,科技贡献率的提高 ,政府在渔业发展方向上的战略性调整和水产品对外贸易的快速发展。文章针对现阶段我国水产品市场存在的问题 ,特别是渔业资源及其生态环境破坏的负面影响及解决办法做了有益的探讨     

遥感降水产品在中国不同气候区的适用性研究

遥感降水产品相对于气象站观测数据能够更好地反映降水的空间分布特征,对其进行不同气候区上的差异性评价对数据产品选择和遥感降水反演算法改进均有重大意义。本文选择中国典型气候区（干旱区、过渡区、湿润区和青藏高原地区）,以649个经偏差矫正后的气象站降水数据为标准,评估了5种国际常用的遥感降水产品 (CHIRPS v2.0, CMORPH v1.0, MSWEP v2.0, PERSIANN-CDR, TRMM 3B42v7) 在中国典型气候区的适用性。研究发现,各产品的性能存在空间差异性。MSWEP在各气候区的相关系数(CC),Kling-Gupta efficiency（KGE）,均方根误差（RMSE）等基本统计性能指标均优于其他4种产品。相对偏差（BIAS）方面,在干旱区、湿润区、青藏高原、过渡区表现较优越的产品分别为MSWEP、CHIRPS、PERSIANN、TRMM。在评估遥感降水产品对降水事件发生概率的估算能力方面,选择了误报率（FAR,降水事件预报错误的比例）、命中率（POD,降水事件预报正确的比例）、关键成功指数（CSI,降水事件正确预报综合性能）、精度指数（ACC,等级预报综合性能）和降水等级概率分布（PDF）5个指标作为评估依据,结果表明,就POD,CSI和ACC而言,在各气候区MSWEP表现明显优于其他产品;对于FAR,TRMM和CMORPH产品在湿润区表现优越,其余气候区仍以MSWEP表现较为优越;就PDF而言,PERSIANN和MSWEP产品对1~20 mm的日降水量的估算偏高,特别是MSWEP在青藏高原和湿润区对小雨的估算频率明显偏高, MSWEP有待在该区提高频率预报的能力。综合而言,多源数据融合的MSWEP在各气候区的基本统计性能和降水等级性能较好,可作为可靠的降水数据源用于中国水文气象研究,同时也表明多源数据融合产品具有良好的应用前景。     

中国大陆地区ERA5下行短波辐射数据适用性评估与对比

ERA5地表下行太阳短波辐射数据是欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）最新的,具有高时空分辨率的再分析产品,该短波辐射产品可作为陆面模式大气强迫数据之一,并在区域气候评估、农业以及太阳能资源等方面具有重要应用。本文利用中国区域2011—2018年经过质控的91个国家级地面辐射站点观测数据,对其在中国大陆地区的适用性进行多时空尺度的评估,并与ERA-Interim、CFSR、MERRA2共3套全球大气再分析产品和1套CERES卫星反演SYN1deg的产品进行了比较。结果表明：① 在月均值尺度上,与其他再分析产品比较,ERA5产品与站点数据的Corr最高（0.939）,RMSE最小（28.309 W/m²）,Bias（15.4 W/m²）略大于ERA-Interim产品（13.2 W/m²）;CERES卫星反演产品与站点数据的Corr为0.955,RMSE为20.042 W/m²,Bias为5.3 W/m²;② 5套产品的辐射值均高于地面观测数据,存在高估现象,总体上,ERA5产品在中国大陆地区的整体精度高于其他再分析产品,但与CERES卫星反演产品还存在一定差距,日均值比较结论亦具有相似规律。③ 分区评估结果表明在再分析产品中,ERA5产品在4个区域与观测数据都有更好的一致性,但5套产品均在南部区域表现不佳。并且与东北和北部区域相比,ERA5产品和CERES卫星反演产品在西部区域和观测数据相比的RMSE和Bias也相对偏大。     

中国海洋倾废历史与管理现状

介绍了我国海洋倾废的历史、发展过程和管理现状 ,分析了海洋倾倒的现状和面临的困难。文章还提出通过高新技术把疏浚泥迅速转化为再生资源进行利用和污染土无害化处理技术 ,从根本上减少疏浚泥海洋倾倒的数量和缓减海洋倾倒区紧张的状况 ,减少对海洋环境的污染     

Planation surfaces on the Tibet Plateau, China

A planation hypothesis is proposed to explain landform evolution of the Tibet Plateau. A denudation threshold （T）, the maximum potential denudation rate for a certain type of rock, is introduced to explain the combined effects of lithology and tectonics on landform evolution. If the tectonic uplifting rate （U） is equal to or less than the threshold rate （U ≤ T）, the tectonic uplifting and terrain denudation are in dynamic equilibrium, and landforms are in a steady state. The end product should be planation surfaces whether the original landforms are flat plains or deeply dissected mountains. If U 〉 T, uplift and denudation are not able to reach a dynamic equilibrium state. The plateau surface is mostly underlain by soft rocks, such as the Mesozoic epimetamorphic argillites and Tertiary sedimentary rocks, while the mountain ranges comprise hard rocks, such as granite, gneiss and limestone. In soft rock regions, hills are low with a relative relief of mostly less than 100 m and the slopes are gentle at a gradient of 〈200. In contrast, hills can maintain steep slopes in hard rock regions. The Tibet Plateau has been under an equilibrium condition between tectonic uplifting and denudation except for the mountain ranges. The plateau might have reached the present altitudes before the Quaternary.     

中国国家自然地图集——电子地图集的研制

该文包括三部分:(1)中国自然资源与环境空间信息的系统集成与形象显示。"中国国家自然地图集-中国自然资源与环境的形象显示与虚拟》(电子图集)在"中华人民共和国国家自然地图集"的基础上,再度创作,信息重组,并有所创新;(2)体系结构和关键技术:体系结构和技术系统,关键技术问题的解决(开发平台的选择、地理信息的三维数据模型与三维可视化、地理信息的动态数据模型与时态可视化、虚拟地图可视化、多源多类数据的集成);(3)主要创新与特色:独特的交互界面结构,别致的动态交互工具,各种形式的动态地图,丰富的三维地图浏览,生动形象的三维地形虚拟飞行浏览,新颖的多种表达方式的联合,查询检索与地图分析功能。     

Validation of Global Evapotranspiration Product (MOD16) Using Flux Tower Data from Panjin Coastal Wetland,Northeast China

Recent advances in remote sensing technology and methods have resulted in the development of an evapotranspiration(ET) product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MOD16). The accuracy of this product however has not been tested for coastal wetland ecosystems. The objective of this study therefore is to validate the MOD16 ET product using data from one eddy covariance flux tower situated in the Panjin coastal wetland ecosystem within the Liaohe River Delta, Northeast China. Cumulative ET data over an eight-day period in 2005 from the flux tower was calculated to coincide with the MOD16 products across the same period. Results showed that data from the flux tower were inconsistent with that gained form the MOD16 ET. In general, results from Panjin showed that there was an underestimation of MOD16 ET in the spring and fall, with Biases of -2.27 and -3.53 mm/8 d, respectively(–40.58% and -49.13% of the observed mean). Results for Bias during the summer had a range of 1.77 mm/8 d(7.82% of the observed mean), indicating an overestimation of MOD16 ET. According to the RMSE, summer(6.14 mm/8 d) achieved the lowest value, indicating low accuracy of the MOD16 ET product. However, RMSE(2.09 mm/8 d) in spring was the same as that in the fall. Relationship between ET and its relevant meteorological parameters were analyzed. Results indicated a very good relationship between surface air temperature and ET. Meanwhile a significant relationship between wind speed and ET also existed. The inconsistent comparison of MOD16 and flux tower-based ET are mainly attributed to the parameterization of the Penman-Monteith model, flux tower measurement errors, and flux tower footprint vs. MODIS pixels.     

Effects of the Northeast China Revitalization Strategy on Regional Economic Growth and Social Development

Measuring the economic and social effects of the Northeast China Revitalization Strategy is critical to addressing regional sustainable development in China. To shed light on this issue, an integrated perspective was adopted that is combined with the difference-in-differences method to measure the effects of the strategy on economic growth and social development in Northeast China. The findings suggest that the strategy has significantly improved regional economic growth and per-capita income by increasing its gross domestic product(GDP) and GDP per capita by 25.70% and 46.00%, respectively. However, the strategy has significantly worsened the regional employment in the secondary industry of the region. In addition, the strategy has not significantly improved regional infrastructural road, education investment or social security, and has had no significant effect on mitigating regional disparity. In addition, the policy effects are highly heterogeneous across cities based on city size and characteristics. Therefore, there is no simple answer regarding whether the Northeast China Revitalization Strategy has reached its original goals from an integrated perspective. The next phase of the strategy should emphasize improving research and development(RD) and human capital investments based on urban heterogeneity to prevent conservative path-dependency and the lock-in of outdated technologies.     

Spatial Organization of Innovation in the Oil Equipment Manufacturing Industry: Case of Dongying,China

As innovation and technological change have become increasingly important for the competitiveness and sustainable growth of firms, cooperative innovation is now crucial for traditional industries in the context of globalization. This paper proposes a framework for analyzing the spatial pattern of cooperative innovation for traditional industries in developing countries. Based on in-depth interviews with 35 firms in the oil equipment manufacturing industry in Dongying City, China, this study argues that different firms in the innovation pyramid have various innovation activity preferences and spatial patterns. Firms with high innovation abilities tend to cooperate with various partners that are geographically dispersed and continuously expanding, while firms with inferior abilities usually cooperate with nearby fixed partners. Due to the differences in innovation environment and actor locations, firms tend to make different choices regarding innovation types and models, which highlight the importance of personnel training and basic scientific research at the global scale and practical product research and development at the national scale. Additionally, talent flow is the most important way to realize relationships for firm innovation activity.     

AN ANALYSIS OF RELEVANT CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPING RESOURCE-TYPE INDUSTRIES IN CHINA

Resource-type industries are significance in national economy in the initial stage of industrialization and urbanization in developing countries including China. China is abundant in energy resources, but their distribution is uneven. The prospect of iron and steel industry from the supply of iron ore and coal as well as nonferous metallurgical industry, and chemical industry, is discussed. Processing of agricultural product is an important component of resource-type industries, and the base of light industry. The current status of light industry and different potentials in China's provinces are analysed. The author classifies all provinces into five types according to the spatial combination of minerals in China, and argues that four indicators have to be taken into account with regard to the appraisal of geographical position.     

THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BOHAI-YELLOW SEA RIMLAND OF CHINA IN THE 1990S

The Bohai-Yellow Sea Rimland (BYSR) is situated along the coast of theBohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in the northeast of China, covering Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong provinces, and Tianjin and Beijing municipalities. It has a land area of 491,000 square kilometers, 5.1 percent of the country's total, and a population of 196 million, 17.9 percent of the total. Theregion is not only the political and cultural center, but also the most important economic center in North China. This paper analyses current status and major problems of industrial structure and distribution of BYSR. According to the national plan, the main goal in the coming decade is: by constantly improving economic structure, economic quality and efficiency, to double the gross national product(GNP), and to raise living standards to a satisfactory level. To realize this goal, agriculture, energy, transportation, some important raw material of industries, and infrastructure should be strengthened, and the engineering industry be improved to c     

全国1:1000000数据库建设与更新

描述了全国1．1000000数据库从1984年开始建设至今发展的几个阶段。介绍了1994年验收的全国1：1000000地形数据库、1996年发行的中国数字地图(1．1000000，国际版)、2000年完成的全球地图中国数据集以及近期更新的全国1．1000000数据库2002版的概况、数据源和更新数据源、成果及其特点。展望了全国1：1000000数据库将持续更新、逐步丰富信息内容和与国家基础地理信息系统多比例尺数据库建立关联的发展前景。     

Spatio-temporal variation of Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation absorbed by vegetation in the Hengduan Mountains,China

The Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation(FPAR) is an important indicator of the primary productivity of vegetation. FPAR is often used to estimate the assimilation of carbon dioxide in vegetation. Based on MOD15 A2 H/FPAR data product, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and variation trend of FPAR in different vegetation types in 2001 to 2018 were analyzed in the Hengduan Mountains. The response of FPAR to climate change was investigated by using Pearson correlation analytical method and partial least squares regression analysis. Results showed that the FPAR in Hengduan Mountains presented an increasing trend with time. Spatially, it was high in the south and low in the north, and it also showed obvious vertical zonality by elevation gradient.The vegetation FPAR was found to be positively correlated with air temperature and sunshine duration but negatively correlated with precipitation. Partial least squares regression analysis showed that the influence of sunshine duration on vegetation FPAR in Hengduan Mountains was stronger than that of air temperature and precipitation.     

四元数的基本概念与向量旋转的欧拉公式

为方便理解四元数,首先针对两个相互平行或垂直的向量,定义它们之间的一种不可交换乘积,命名为格拉斯曼乘积,同时约定这一不可交换积满足分配律。由此,进一步给出任意两个向量之间格拉斯曼积的具体表达式,并引出四元数的概念和运算法则。从理论上证明,任意四元数都可表示为两个向量之间的格拉斯曼积,并可以利用单位四元数的正交变换来表示向量旋转的欧拉公式。     

闽浙赣地区GPM IMERG降水产品降尺度建模与比较分析

针对目前的技术手段下难以直接获得大范围高精度精细化降水空间分布的问题,本文以闽浙赣地区为研究范围,选用GPM IMERG降水产品,综合应用地面实测降水数据以及水汽与植被指数数据,基于地理加权回归（GWR）法构建了基于水汽因子的降尺度模型,同时基于最小二乘（OLS）法构建了基于水汽因子与植被指数的对比模型,将降水产品的分辨率从0.1°提升至1 km,最终获得2015年闽浙赣地区各月精细化降水空间分布,使用验证站点实测数据进行验证。结果表明：① 构建的 3个降尺度模型中,GWR模型与2种OLS模型相比,拟合优度分别提升了102.9%和93.9%,模型降尺度结果整体优于2种OLS模型,且月际差异小,稳定性更高;2种OLS模型中,采用了水汽因子的模型拟合效果有8个月份更优;② 融合多源数据的GWR降尺度模型获得的结果在研究区内是可靠的,与GPM降水产品相比,在提升空间分辨率的同时,平均相对误差与均方根误差月均分别下降了42%和32%,精度明显改善。     

基于空间抽样的区域地表覆盖遥感制图产品精度评估——以中国陕西省为例

地表覆盖数据是研究气候变化、生态环境、地理国情和人文经济等方面不可或缺的基础信息,因此其质量的优劣将直接影响相关决策的可靠性。本文针对我国研制的首套30 m分辨率全球地表覆盖数据产品,通过分析其海量、多维、非均质等空间特点,对传统的制图产品精度评估方法提出了改进：以地表类型进行分层抽样,样本量的计算采用优化模型并以地类所占面积比为权重逐层分配,样本的布设则考虑层内对象之间的空间相关性,在地表数据自然分布的基础上,通过分析空间相关性指数来提高样本的代表性和精度评估结果的可靠性。因此,本文提出针对区域地表覆盖遥感制图产品的空间分层抽样方法,其将精度评估分成抽样方案（样本的定量估计）和布设方案（样本的空间布设）2个部分,并以中国陕西省地表覆盖产品为例进行区域精度评估实验分析,从全区7大类地表类型数据中抽取1467个样本,经过样本检验与精度计算,该区域产品的总体精度为79.96%,Kappa系数为0.74。实验结果表明,本文提出的基于空间抽样的精度评估方法可行可靠,实验区域产品质量较好,并为后续针对全球范围的地表覆盖产品精度评估方法提供了参考。     

中国大陆地区TanDEM-X 90 m DEM误差空间分布特征

TanDEM-X 90 m 数字高程模型（DEM）在其原始雷达影像的采集与DEM产品生产过程中,坡度、坡向和地表覆盖物等 因素都会对误差产生一定的影响。为了便于该数据更好地为各领域的研究提供服务,本文以整个中国大陆为研究区域,运用ICESat/GLA14数据对该区域的TanDEM-X 90 m DEM对应位置的高程数据进行提取统计,对比分析了我国陆地区域 TanDEM-X DEM数据与GLA14高程点数据的整体误差精度,并提取坡度、坡向地形因子,研究TanDEM-X 90 m DEM误差在不同坡度、不同坡向以及不同地表覆盖物影响下的分布规律。结果表明：① TanDEM-X 90 m DEM在中国区域整体的绝对误差均值为3.89 m,中误差为9.03 m,标准差为8.85 m; ② 受地形因子的影响,在坡度<3°时,绝对误差均值仅为1.29 m,标准差为2.84 m; 在坡度>25°时,绝对误差均值20 m以上,标准差也达到30 m左右,即误差随着坡度的上升逐渐增大;③ 坡向对误差也有一定影响,在南北方向的绝对误差均值明显比东西方向小;④ 受地表覆盖物影响较大,在荒地误差最小,绝对误差均值仅为 1.85 m,但在冰川积雪区绝对误差均值达到12.68 m。通过与无人机获取的等高线及剖面图对比分析发现,TanDEM-X 90 m DEM能较好地反映真实地形情况。最后,根据不同影响因素的权值,绘制全国范围的TanDEM-X 90 m DEM误差绝对值分布图,且验证了可靠性。     

LOCATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH： CASE STUDY IN CHINA

This paper explores how location could affect economic growth and it has always been omitted in economic analysis. Geographic factors can affect economic activities. Three mechanisms of location affecting economic growth have been studied: consumption, production and migration. The initial superior location will take such advantages as lower transport costs and lower price level, so it could have higher consumption utility, higher productivity, and attract more human capital, then lead higher growth. Those regions with the superior location will have higher utility due to more product varities and the comparative lower price, and higher wage due to the production technology, and it would attract more individuals with higher human capital to move to this location. It is a kind of agglomeration, meaning the superior location will hold more advantages and higher growth rate, otherwise those locations with poor geographic factor will be even worse. Based on Chinese provincial economic growth experiences of these years, this paper does some empirical analysis by regressing on some variables including the geographic ones. In this paper, the dummy variables and population density are used to measure the location factor. And we find evidences supporting the view that dominant locations such as coastal areas grow faster, on the contrary,middle and western provinces grow slower. Location does affect economic growth.     

利用全台网垂直摆倾斜仪数据检测日本MW9.0地震激发的低频自由振荡

首次利用全台网多台垂直摆倾斜仪观测数据检测地球自由振荡。2011年日本MW9.0大地震发生后,43台仪器记录到其所激发的自由振荡信号。谱分析结果显示,垂直摆倾斜仪检测到了低频段（1~5 mHz）地球自由振荡振型,并且在超低频部分（<1.5 mHz）仍然还有较高的信噪比。选取43个台站中观测质量较好的36个台站数据进行叠积以增强信号,可以探测到一些非常微弱的模态,最终得到频率高于4.7 mHz的所有零阶球型振荡0S3~0S38（其中7个振型的观测频率与理论值的偏差近似为0）和环型振荡0T3~0T28几乎所有振型,此外还检测到21个谐频振型。