Marine antifouling behavior of the surfaces modified by dopamine and antibacterial peptide

Marine biofouling causes serious harms to surfaces of marine devices in transportation, aquaculture, and offshore construction. Traditional antifouling methods pollute the environment. A novel and green antifouling strategy was developed to prevent effectively the adhesion of bacteria and microalgae. An antifouling surface was fabricated via coating Turgencin B_Mox2 (TB) onto dopamine-modified 304 stainless steel (304 SS). The surface physical and chemical properties before and after modification were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), contact angle measurement (CA), 3D optical profilometer, ellipsometer, and atomic force microscope (AFM). Antimicrobial peptide was coated onto the surface of 304 SS successfully, and the surface morphology and wettability of the modified sample were modified. Moreover, cytocompatibility of the peptide was evaluated by co-culture of peptide and cells, indicating promising cell biocompatibility at the modified sample surface. At last, antifouling performance and electrochemical corrosion were tested. Results show that the adhesion rates of Vibrio natriegens and Phaeodactylum tricornutum on the antifouling surface were reduced by 99.85% and 67.93%, respectively from those of untreated samples. Therefore, the modified samples retained superior corrosion resistance. The study provide a simply and green way against biofouling on ship hulls and marine equipment.

     

山东半岛蓝色经济区地下水防污性能评价

山东半岛蓝色经济区的开发建设已成为我国的发展战略。地下水防污性能反映地下水系统遭受污染的可能性,可以为土地利用规划、地下水资源保护规划、地下水水质监测等提供科学依据。该文选取DRASTIC评价方法,对山东半岛蓝色经济区地下水防污性能进行了评价。评价过程中选取地下水埋深、地下水净补给量、含水层介质、土壤介质、地形坡度、包气带介质及渗透系数等7个指标,通过对各指标因子进行赋值,确定权重,进一步划分防污性能等级。评价结果显示研究区按照防污性能等级划分标准可以分为5个区,即防污性能差区、防污性能较差区、防污性能中等区、防污性能较好区、防污性能好区,分别占总面积的0.13%,9.74%,39.76%,40.71%,9.66%。该模型的评价结果客观科学,能有效的为规划部门及地下水资源管理部门服务。     

滕州荆泉水源地水文地质条件分析及防污性能评价

荆泉水源地是滕州市城区的重要供水水源地,近年来随着国民经济的发展,水源地及其上游补给区人类活动的增多,其地下水质有逐渐变差的趋势,查明水源地水文地质条件、评价其防污性能,对开展水源地地下水环境保护、保障滕州市城区供水安全具有重要的意义。本文在充分分析水源地及其所在的水文地质单元——滕县东部丘陵谷地水文地质条件的基础上,分析了水源地水文地质条件的多年变化特征,采用COP法对荆泉水源地进行了防污性能评价并进行了防污性能分区,为水源地地下水的保护和动态监测提供依据。地下水防污性能高的区域位于水文地质单元北部岩浆岩变质岩山区,防污性能中等地区主要分布于水文地质单元的南部山区冲洪积平原,防污性能低区位于水文地质单元的东南部碳酸盐岩山区及其山麓一带。     

Antifouling potential of bacteria isolated from a marine biofilm

Marine microorganisms are a new source of natural antifouling compounds. In this study, two bacterial strains, Kytococcus sedentarius QDG-B506 and Bacillus cereus QDG-B509, were isolated from a marine biofilm and identified. The bacteria fermentation broth could exert inhibitory effects on the growth of Skeletonema costatum and barnacle larvae. A procedure was employed to extract and identify the antifouling compounds. Firstly, a toxicity test was conducted by graduated pH and liquid-liquid extraction to determine the optimal extraction conditions. The best extraction conditions were found to be pH 2 and 100% petroleum ether. The EC50 value of the crude extract of K. sedentarius against the test microalgae was 236.7 ± 14.08 μg mL-1, and that of B. cereus was 290.6 ± 27.11 μg mL-1. Secondly, HLB SPE columns were used to purify the two crude extracts. After purification, the antifouling activities of the two extracts significantly increased: the EC50 of the K. sedentarius extract against the test microalgae was 86.4 ± 3.71 μg mL-1, and that of B. cereus was 92.6 ± 1.47 μg mL-1. These results suggest that the metabolites produced by the two bacterial strains are with high antifouling activities and they should be fatty acid compounds. Lastly, GC-MS was used for the structural elucidation of the compounds. The results show that the antifouling compounds produced by the two bacterial strains are myristic, palmitic and octadecanoic acids.     

Antifouling activities of marine bacteria associated with sponge (Sigmadocia sp.)

The present study aimed at assessing the antifouling activity of bacteria associated with marine sponges. A total of eight bacterial strains were isolated from the surface of sponge Sigmadocia sp., of them, SS02, SS05 and SS06 showed inhibitory activity against biofilm-forming bacteria. The extracts of these 3 strains considerably affected the extracellular polymeric substance producing ability and adhesion of biofilm-forming bacterial strains. In addition to disc diffusion assay, microalgal settlement assay was carried out with the extracts mixed with polyurethane wood polish and coated onto stainless steel coupons. The extract of strain SS05 showed strong microalgal settlement inhibitory activity. Strain SS05 was identified as Bacillus cereus based on its 16S rRNA gene. Metabolites of the bacterial strains associated with marine invertebrates promise to be developed into environment-friendly antifouling agents.     

Antifouling effect of bioactive compounds from selected marine organisms in the Obhur Creek,Red Sea

Three species of sponges and a tunicate were collected from Obhur creek of Jeddah coast for this bioactivity study. In order to assess the antifouling efficacy of selected marine organisms, methanolic extracts of these organisms were tested against different fouling bacterial forms and II-instar stage of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. Antibiosis, bioactivity and followed by multivariate analyses were carried out to check the efficacy of antifouling effect of the selected marine organisms. Principal component analysis revealed the exemplary antifouling efficacy of the sponge extracts of Stylissa sp. observed followed by Hyrtios sp. against bacterial forms in the laboratory study. De-trended correspondence analysis confirmed that the contribution of antifouling efficacy of the selected sponge extracts was observed to be more towards Bacillus sp., Vibrio sp. and Alteromonas sp. Moreover, the efficacy of Hyrtios sp. extract(20.430 μg m L~(-1)) followed by Stylissa sp.(30.945 μg m L~(-1)) showed higher against barnacle instar compared with other extracts in the bioactivity assay. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis under paired linkage categorized all the sponge extracts into one major cluster with 75% similarity, and one outlier tunicate. More than 80% similarity observed between Hyrtios sp. and Stylissa sp. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) showed that the contribution of major peaks found in the marine organisms were towards sulfones, sulfoxides, cyanates and ketones.     

Antialgal and antilarval activities of bioactive compounds extracted from the marine dinoflagellate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amphidinium carterae</Emphasis>

With the global ban on the application of organotin-based marine coatings by the International Maritime Organization, the development of environmentally friendly, low-toxic and nontoxic antifouling compounds for marine industries has become an urgent need. Marine microorganisms have been considered as a potential source of natural antifoulants. In this study, the antifouling potential of marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae, the toxic and red-tide microalgae, was investigated. We performed a series of operations to extract the bioactive substances from Amphidinium carterae and tested their antialgal and antilarval activities. The crude extract of Amphidinium carterae showed significant antialgal activity and the EC₅₀ value against Skeletonema costatum was 55.4 μg mL^?1. After purification, the isolated bioactive substances (the organic extract C) exhibited much higher antialgal and antilarval activities with EC₅₀ of 12.9 μg mL^?1 against Skeletonema costatum and LC₅₀ of 15.1 μg mL^?1 against Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae. Subsequently, IR, Q-TOFMS, and GC-MS were utilized for the structural elucidation of the bioactive compounds, and a series of unsaturated and saturated 16- to 22-carbon fatty acids were detected. The data suggested the bioactive compounds isolated from Amphidinium carterae exhibited a significant inhibiting effect against the diatom Skeletonema costatum and Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae, and could be substitutes for persistent, toxic antifouling compounds.     

鲁北平原浅层地下水中砷的来源探析

为了阐明养殖场中所排放的含砷废水对浅层地下水水质的影响,通过对在鲁北平原养殖场附近采集的水样中砷含量与全区采集水样的砷含量进行了对比分析研究,初步明确了养殖场所排放的含砷废水已经对附近地下水造成了一定的污染,养殖场所排放废水的砷已成为浅层地下水中砷的一个重要来源。此结论为养殖场附近浅层地下水的防污、治污和限制砷在饲料中的添加提供了一定的参考依据。     

Exploration of Antifouling Potential of the Brown Algae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laminaria</Emphasis> ‘Sanhai’

Seaweeds are one of the largest producers of biomass in the marine environment. It has been well known that marine algae, especially brown algae was a rich source of biogenic compounds with antifouling potential that could be ideal alternatives of tributyltin (TBT). In this paper, antifouling potential of the brown algae Laminaria ‘sanhai’ was explored. Firstly, the dried alga was extracted and the antialgal and antilarval activities were investigated. The EC₅₀ and LC₅₀ values of crude extract of Laminaria ‘sanhai’ against diatom (Skeletonema costatum) and barnacle larval (Chthamalus challengeri) were 8.9 μg mL^?1 and 12.0 μg mL^?1 respectively. Then, guided by bioassay, the bioactive substances were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction. The antialgal and antilarval activities of isolated fraction were improved with the EC₅₀ value of 7.4 μg mL^?1 against S. costatum and LC₅₀ value of 9.7 μg mL^?1 against C. challengeri larvae. Identification by IR, Q-TOFMS and GC-MS of the isolated bioactive substances revealed the abundance of fatty acids. These fatty acids, most with 16, 18 or 20 carbon atoms, contained myristic, hexadecanoic, oleic, linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. The results indicated that both the crude extract and the isolated bioactive substances had high antialgal and antilarval activities with no highlighted cytotoxicity which made the brown algae Laminaria ‘sanhai’ a promising source of the environmentally friendly antifoulants.     

鲁中南水文地质区水源地防污性评价

地下水防污性能评价是研究和预防地下水污染的一种有效途径,为了评价山东省鲁中南水文地质区重点地下水水源地防污性能,本文采用DRASTIC评价模型对区内112个水源地地下水防污性能进行评价研究。研究表明,区内大部分岩溶水源地和孔隙水源地防污性能处于中等以上,且岩溶水源地整体防污性能要高于孔隙水源地。岩溶水水源地防污性能具有明显的区域性特点,不同水文地质亚区岩溶水源地防污性能差异较大,且岩溶水系统功能分区是影响岩溶水源地防污性能的重要因素。孔隙水源地受含水层岩性、水位埋深,包气带厚度等因素控制,防污性能相对较差。本研究将为鲁中南水文地质区地下水资源保护划分、地下水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

Seasonal variations in fouling diatom communities on the Yantai coast

Fouling diatoms are a main component of biofilm,and play an important role in marine biofouling formation. We investigated seasonal variations in fouling diatom communities that developed on glass slides immersed in seawater,on the Yantai coast,northern Yellow Sea,China,using microscopy and molecular techniques. Studies were conducted during 2012 and 2013 over 3,7,14,and 21 days in each season. The abundance of attached diatoms and extracellular polymeric substances increased with exposure time of the slides to seawater. The lowest diatom density appeared in winter and the highest species richness and diversity were found in summer and autumn. Seasonal variation was observed in the structure of fouling diatom communities. Pennate diatoms Cylindrotheca,Nitzschia,Navicula,Amphora,Gomphonema,and Licmophora were the main fouling groups. Cylindrotheca sp. dominated in the spring. Under laboratory culture conditions,we found that Cylindrotheca grew very fast,which might account for the highest density of this diatom in spring. The lower densities in summer and autumn might result from the emergence of fouling animals and environmental factors. The Cylindrotheca sp. was identified as Cylindrotheca closterium using18 S rDNA sequencing. The colonization process of fouling diatoms and significant seasonal variation in this study depended on environmental and biological factors. Understanding the basis of fouling diatoms is essential and important for developing new antifouling techniques.     

The Characteristic Patterns of Macrofaunal Fouling Assemblages in Nearshore Waters of the South China Sea

The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea. The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites (H-site, L-site) for one year, and the fouling communities on the panels were examined and analyzed. The results indicated that species composition of assemblages was obviously different between the two sites. At both sites the assemblages were characteristic with solitary dominant species throughout the year, with Amphibalanus reticulates dominating at H-site and Hydroides elegans at L-site. Shannon index and biomass of the assemblages varied with depth and season at both sites. At H-site the total biomass in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter, while at L-site the assemblage biomass also differed significantly among the four seasons, and the greatest biomass occurred at the depth of 2.0 m in winter. The abundance of all seasonal samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling was clustered as one group at L-site and three groups at H-site. The environmental factors were more likely to be related to the variation of fouling assemblages. Furthermore, it also suggests that in tropical seas the integrated adaptability would qualify a species for dominating a fouling assemblage despite its short life cycle, rather than the usually assumed only species with long life span. This study reveals the complexity and characteristic dynamics of macrofaunal fouling assemblages in the tropical habitats, and the results would provide valuable knowledge for biodiversity and antifouling research.     

广西江平盆地侏罗系层序地层特征

江平盆地侏罗系为一套内陆河湖相沉积,地层结构及岩性变化复杂。可分３个基本层序组,其变化特征,反映了中晚侏罗世江平盆地从扩张到萎缩时期沉积变化规律和沉积体系域变化过程,具有物源丰富、湖水浅、相变快等沉积特点,其层序地层及体系域特征与大陆边缘盆地相比有较大的差异。     

The bridge of cooperation

It is my profound pleasure to be here today as an honored guest of the opening ceremonies for the Inauguration of Sino-German Joint Group of Paleontology and Geosciences. I stand before you as a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, as a Graduate Research Professor of the University of Florida, as an Honorary Professor of Jilin University, as an Honorary Member of the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, as a Friend of Tuebingen University,     

多维地形环境与风机参数约束的风电场道路优化设计方法

针对风机设备安全运输的道路智能化设计需求,建立了一种综合考虑风电场多维复杂地形环境的道路中心线规划网络模型,在此基础之上设计实现了顾及风电工程建设成本的道路中心线自动规划算法;同时分析计算了风电专题中风机设备的形态结构等参数特征对道路横断面宽度的影响,以实现多要素联合约束的风电场道路优化设计。突破了传统道路设计主要依托CAD辅助制图技术在多维空间整体表达上的局限性,实现了风电场道路的三维实景信息的完备表达。以两种不同地貌类型的风电场为例,验证了方法的实用性和有效性。     

从静止与流动中认识舞蹈构图与调度的艺术作用

在群舞创作中,舞蹈构图就是舞蹈演员与整个舞台空间的静止画面,"静止"是舞蹈构图的表现形式,"流动"是舞蹈调度的表现形式,作为舞蹈构图与构图的必要连接,在营造舞蹈情境和增强形式美上起到了补充作用。舞蹈调度是变换舞蹈构图的一种过程,舞蹈构图是调度过程的某一个停顿和结果。二者相辅相成,不断进行连接和变化,为表现舞蹈作品的主题,交代环境情节和塑造舞蹈形象而发挥其特有的作用。     

基于时变网络的多粒度时空对象关系演化过程表达与建模

对空间事物的表达与研究模型主要针对多粒度时空数据本身的描述,而不是描述多粒度时空对象的相关性。多粒度时空对象是一种新的时空对象表达方法,其中时空对象关系的演化过程是一种抽象的复杂的网络的过程。本文在多粒度时空对象表达的基础上,对其演化过程进行形式化定义,提出以时变网络的方法构建初步的关系演化过程模型。通过对基于时间切片的退耕还林演化过程关系的描述与表达,形成动态实时变化的网络模型,从而抽象表达退耕还林过程中的对象关系的演化过程。应用时变网络明确多粒度时空对象关系的演化过程,并对演化过程进行初步的表达和建模,可以使对象关系变化更加清晰化,提高其层次性和效率性,为今后研究多粒度时空对象关系变化规律奠定基础。     

活断层工程地质分类及其评价

本文论述了当前工程地质学界所急待解决的活断层问题,讨论了活断层的定义及其划分标志,提出了活断层工程地质分类原则和评价原则以及具体的评价方法。这对解决一些重大工程项目如核电站、高能加速器装置、大型水力枢纽和火力发电厂等的选址以及城市建设规划布局等都具有重要的工程地质学意义。     

ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE IN CHINA

The quality of life is considered as the distributed degree of social resources with significance to the urban residents as a whole. There are three features about the study of the quality of life by means of objective method. First, objective methid is based on the government publication of statistics from which the information of social environment influencing people's life can be obtained by systematic analysis. Second, as a result of social policy and planning development, the quality of life studied by objective method can provide scieatific basis for regulating and making policy. Third, the objective method emphasize that the improvement of the quality of life mainly depends on the effort from the government so as to set up a coordinatly developed environment of community.On the basis of relevant data from the 1991 Yearbook of Urban Statirtics of China published by Statistics Press of China, and using spss, the quality of urban life in China is evaluated. Seventy four cities are selected from 467