Transcriptome analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis in Dunaliella salina under red and blue light

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The quality of light is an important abiotic factor that aff ects the growth and development of photosynthetic organisms. In this study, we exposed the...     

Expression,purification, and subcellular localization of phospholipase C in Dunaliella salina

Plants possess effective mechanisms to respond quickly to the external environment.Rapid activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C(PLC)enzymes occurs after a stimulus.The PLC in Dunaliella salina play s important roles in growth and stress responses.However,the molecular basis of PLC action in D.salina remains little understood.To gain insight into the potential biological functions of this enzyme,we cloned a phospholipase C gene from D.salina in a previous study,named DsPLC(GenBank No.KF573428).Here,we present the prokaryotic expression,purification,and characterization of the DsPLC gene.The entire coding region of DsPLC was inserted into an expression vector pET32 a,and the DsPLC gene was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli.The DsPLC protein was purified and identified using a polyclonal antibody and western blotting.Expressing DsPLC fused with a green fluorescent protein(GFP)in onion showed that DsPLC-GFP was localized to the intracellular membrane.Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the relative expression of the DsPLC gene was induced significantly by 3.0-mol/L NaCl at 4 h.Our results support the importance of PLC enzymes in plant defense signaling.This study provides a basis for further functional studies of the DsPLC gene and for additional analysis of the potential roles of PLC enzymes in response to abiotic stress.     

Identification of suitable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in clam Cyclina sinensis under salinity stress and Vibrio infection

The appropriate reference gene is a prerequisite for accurate normalization of gene expression level, and research on suitable reference genes in clam Cyclina sinensis is scarce. To improve the situation, we selected five commonly used housekeeping genes, including β-actin, Elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 40S ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), and Tubulin α (TUB-α), then evaluated their expression stability in different adult tissues and under different experimental treatments (salinity stress and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection). Their expression stability was analyzed by three frequently used programs, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. This analysis indicated that multiple genes should be used for normalization, and we concluded that the reference gene combination GAPDH-RPS18-β-actin, should be used for qRT-PCR analysis in different tissues of C. sinensis under normal physiological conditions. For the clams under salinity stress and Vibrio infection, EF1-α-GAPDH-RPS18 was recommended as the gene combination for qRT-PCR normalization. TUB-α was generally poorly ranked by all programs, and should not be used in future studies. This study should provide fundamental support for accurate quantitative gene expression analysis of this species.

     

Characterization of the growth,chlorophyll content and lipid accumulation in a marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta under different nitrogen to phosphorus ratios

Microalgal lipids are regarded as main future feedstock of biofuels for its higher efficiency of accumulation and sustainable production.In order to investigate the effect of various nitrogen to phosphorus ratios on cells growth,chlorophyll content and accumulation of lipids in Dunaliella tertiolecta,experiments were carried out in modified microalgal medium with inorganic nitrogen(nitrate-nitrogen) or organic nitrogen(urea-nitrogen) as the sole nitrogen source at initial N:P ratios ranging from 1:1 to 32:1.The favorable N:P of 16:1 in the nitrate-N or urea-N medium yielded the maximum cell density and specific growth rate.Decrease in chlorophyll content were observed at the N:P of 4:1 in both nitrate-N and urea-N cultures.It was also observed that the maximum lipids concentration was obtained at the N:P of 4:1 in both nitrate and urea nutrient medium.The lipid productivity and lipid content of cultures in the urea-N medium at the N:P of 4:1were markedly higher than those from cultures with other N:P ratios(p 0.05).The results of this work illustrate the possibility that higher ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus have enhancing effect on cells growth of D.tertiolecta.Conversely,higher lipid accumulation is associated with a decrease in chlorophyll content under lower ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus.The results confirm the hypothesis of this study that a larger metabolic flux has been channeled to lipid accumulation in D.tertiolecta cells when the ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus drop below a critical level.     

Transcriptome of hepatopancreas in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus under low-salinity stress

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus is one of the most commercially important shrimp species in the world. Low salinity would affect the penetration and...     

罗布泊盐湖罗北区卤水主要离子平面分布特征

罗布泊盐湖罗北区有着丰富的地下卤水资源,通过野外采集样品,室内试验检测,研究了罗布泊盐湖罗北区表层卤水主要离子的分布特征。采集卤水样品46件,通过分析,表明该区卤水矿化度范围在18.169～389.253g/L,略有中间高四周低的趋势。卤水中的阳离子主要为K+,Na+,Ca2+,Sr2+,B3+;阴离子主要为Cl-,SO24-,HCO3-,Br-,I-。其中K+,Na+,Li+,Cl-,SO24-,B3+的分布及含量均与矿化度呈正相关关系,Ca2+,Sr2+的分布及含量与矿化度呈负相关关系。HCO3-,Li+,Br-,I-,Mg2+的分布及含量与矿化度关系不明显。     

Oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of Meretrix meretrix in different temperature and salinity

Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clam Meretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temperature at 10, 15, 20, 25℃ at 31.5 salinity and in incremented salinity at16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 31.5, 36.0, and 41.0 at 20℃, all for 8-10 days. From 10 to 25℃, both respiration and excretion rate were increased. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant difference （P〈0.01） in physiological parameters in this temperature range except between 15 and 20℃. The highest Q10 thermal coefficient value （12.27） was acquired between 10 and 15℃, and about 1 between 15 and 20℃, indicating M. meretrix could well acclimate to temperature changes in this range. Salinity also had significant effects on respiration and excretion rate （P〈0.05）. The highest values of respiration and excretion rate of M. meretrix were recorded at 16.0 salinity （20℃）. These two physiological parameters decreased as salinity increased until reached the minimum Q10 value at 31.5 （20℃）, then again, these parameters increased with increasing salinity from 31.5 to 41.0. M. meretrix can catabolize body protein to cope with osmotic pressure stress when environmental salinity is away from its optimal range. No significant difference was observed between 26.0 and 36.0 in salinity （P〉0.05）, suggesting that a best metabolic salinity range for this species is between 26.0 and 36.0.     

Production of DMS and DMSP in different physiological stages and salinity conditions in two marine algae

Dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) production by Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum minimum was investigated to characterize the effects of physiological stage and salinity on DMS and DMSP pools of these two marine phytoplankton species.Axenic laboratory cultures of the two marine algae were tested for DMSP production and its conversion into DMS.The results demonstrated that both algal species could produce DMS,but the average concentration of DMS per cell in S.trochoidea(12.63 fmol/L) was about six times that in P.minimum(2.01 fmol/L).DMS and DMSP concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly at different growth stages,with high release during the late stationary growth phase and the senescent phase.DMS production induced by three salinities(22,28,34) showed that the DMS concentrations per cell in the two algal cultures increased with increasing salinity,which might result from intra-cellular DMSP up-regulation with the change of osmotic stress.Our study specifies the distinctive contributions of different physiological stages of marine phytoplankton on DMSP and DMS production,and clarifies the influence of salinity conditions on the release of DMS and DMSP.As S.trochoidea and P.minimum are harmful algal bloom species with high DMS production,they might play an additional significant role in the sulfur cycle when a red tide occurs.     

Oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of Meretrix meretrix in different temperature and salinity

Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clamMeretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temperature at 10, 15, 20, 25°C at 31.5 salinity and in incremented salinity at 16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 31.5, 36.0, and 41.0 at 20°C, all for 8–10 days. From 10 to 25°C, both respiration and excretion rate were increased. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant difference (P<0.01) in physiological parameters in this temperature range except between 15 and 20°C. The highestQ ₁₀ thermal coefficient value (12.27) was acquired between 10 and 15°C, and about 1 between 15 and 20°C, indicatingM. meretrix could well acclimate to temperature changes in this range. Salinity also had significant effects on respiration and excretion rate (P<0.05). The highest values of respiration and excretion rate ofM. meretrix were recorded at 16.0 salinity (20°C). These two physiological parameters decreased as salinity increased until reached the minimumQ ₁₀ value at 31.5 (20°C), then again, these parameters increased with increasing salinity from 31.5 to 41.0.M. meretrix can catabolize body protein to cope with osmotic pressure stress when environmental salinity is away from its optimal range. No significant difference was observed between 26.0 and 36.0 in salinity (P>0.05), suggesting that a best metabolic salinity range for this species is between 26.0 and 36.0. This work is supported by National High-Tech R & D Program of China. (863 Program) (2002AA603014).     

江汉盐湖盆地盐间泥质白云岩油藏地质特征与实践

江汉盆地潜江组沉积时期受北部单向物源、古气候频繁交替、高盐度、强蒸发环境影响,沉积了一套最厚达6 000 m的盐系地层,纵向上发育了193个盐韵律层,盐韵律主要由盐岩地层与盐间泥质白云岩层组成,平面上分布面积1 800 km2,占潜江凹陷面积的71%,盐间泥质白云岩既是生油岩又是储油岩,其生成的油气由于上下盐岩封隔形成众多层状盐间泥质白云岩非常规油藏。截止目前,在该地层中见到了丰富的油气显示,且有多口井获工业油流,展现出良好的勘探开发前景。充分利用大量的钻井、测井、分析化验等资料,按照非常规油藏思路,从沉积、烃源、含油性、储集条件、成藏模式等方面详细阐述了油藏的地质特征,明确了“甜点区”受白云岩岩相、烃源、储集、含油性“四元”控制,其中烃源是基础,含油性和储集条件是关键因素。      

棉花膜下滴灌水盐胁迫研究

为探寻干旱半干旱区棉花微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度,在南疆地区开展了田间试验,对比分析了水分胁迫及盐分胁迫处
理棉花的产量及长势,探讨了膜下滴灌条件下棉花对水盐胁迫的响应。试验采用WDY-500A 微电子叶面积测量仪测定叶面积,
并进行人工测产,采用原子吸收仪和滴定法测定土壤盐分。结果表明,轮灌处理A(苗期灌淡水)产量最高,为5427kg/ha,其次是
处理C(花铃前期灌淡水),为4819.5kg/ha;棉花生育期对水分亏缺的敏感性为:花铃前期>蕾期>花铃后期;对盐分胁迫的敏感
性为:苗期>蕾期>花铃前期>花铃后期;灌水总量越大,棉花株高越高,叶面积指数也越大;某时段出现水分亏缺,该时段株高和
叶面积指数增长幅度减小;越早给棉花灌溉淡水,棉花株高越高,叶面积指数越大;膜下滴灌条件下,淡水灌溉可以有效淋洗棉花
根区土壤多余盐分,保证土壤环境安全,但是微咸水灌溉对棉花根区盐分淋洗效果不佳,且对土壤环境有一定的危险性,需在适当
时期(如非生长期)采用较大灌水定额洗盐。      

Degradation of lipids in seasonal hypoxic seawater under different oxygen saturation

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The hypoxic phenomena of seawater have been found in the Changjiang esturay and its adjacent area for several decades. To study organic matter degradation in...     

Interaction of temperature and salinity on the expression of immunity factors in different tissues of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus based on response surface methodology

Central Composite Design(CCD) and response surface methodology were used in the experiment to examine the combined effect of temperature(16-28℃) and salinity(18-42) on Hsp70 and IgM genes expression levels in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) liver and kidney.The results showed that the coefficients of determination(R~2=0.965 2 for liver Hsp70,0.972 9 for kidney Hsp70,0.921 for liver IgM and 0.962 1 for kidney IgM) and probability values(P0.01) were significant for the regression model.The interactive effect between temperature and salinity on liver Hsp70,kidney Hsp70 and liver IgM were not significant(P0.05),while the interactive effect between temperature and salinity on kidney IgM was significant(P0.01).The model equation could be used in practice for forecasting Hsp70 and IgM genes expression levels in the liver and kidney of juvenile turbot via applying statistical optimization of the response of interest,at which the maximum liver Hsp70,kidney Hsp70,liver IgM and kidney IgM of1.48,1.49,2.48,and 1.38,respectively,were reached.The present model may be valuable in assessing the feasibility of turbot farming at different geographic locations and,furthermore,could be a useful reference for scientists studying the immunity of turbot.     

Calculation of landslide occurrence probability in Taiwan region under different ground motion conditions

In this study, Bayesian probability method and machine learning model are used to study the real occurrence probability of earthquake-induced landslide risk in Taiwan region. The analyses were based on the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake, the largest earthquake in the history in this Region in a hundred years, thus can provide better control on the prediction accuracy of the model. This seismic event has detailed and complete seismic landslide inventories identified by polygons, including 9272 seismic landslide records. Taking into account the real earthquake landslide occurrence area, the difference in landslide area and the non-sliding/sliding sample ratios and other factors, a total of 13,656,000 model training samples were selected. We also considered other seismic landslide influencing factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, topographic wetness index, lithology, distance to fault, peak ground acceleration and rainfall. Bayesian probability method and machine learning model were combined to establish the multi-factor influence of earthquake landslide occurrence model. The model is then applied to the whole Taiwan region using different ground motion peak accelerations(from 0.1 g to 1.0 g with 0.1 g intervals) as a triggering factor to complete the real probability of earthquake landslide map in Taiwan under different peak ground accelerations, and the functional relationship between different Peak Ground Acceleration and their predicted area is obtained.     

Comparison and effects of different climate-vegetation models in areas of complex terrain under climate change

Identifying the impacts of climate change is important for conservation of ecosystems under climate change, particularly in mountain regions. Holdridge life zone system and K?ppen classification provide two effective methods to assess impacts of climate change on ecosystems, as typical climate-vegetation models. Meanwhile, these previous studies are insufficient to assess the complex terrain as well as there are some uncertainties in results while using the given methods. Analysis of the impacts of the prevailing climate conditions in an area on shifts of ecosystems may reduce uncertainties in projecting climate change. In this study, we used different models to depict changes in ecosystems at 1 km × 1 km resolution in Sichuan Province, China during 1961–2010. The results indicate that changes in climate data during the past 50 years were sufficient to cause shifts in the spatial distribution of ecosystems. The trend of shift was from low temperature ecosystems to high temperature ecosystems. Compared with K?ppen classification, the Holdridge system has better adaptation to assess the impacts of climate change on ecosystems in low elevation(0–1000 m). Moreover, we found that changed areas in ecosystems were easily affected by climate change than unchanged areas by calculating current climate condition.