Effect of slope gradient on the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile

Subsurface water flow velocity influences the hydrodynamic characteristics of soil seepage and the interaction between subsurface water flow and surface runoff during soil erosion and sediment transport. A visualized method and equipment was adopted in this study to observe the subsurface water flow. Quartz sand was used as the test material of subsurface water flow and fluorescent dye was used as the indicator for tracing subsurface water flow. Water was supplied at the same flow discharge to the three parts at the bottom of the test flume, and the subsurface water flow were determined with four slope gradients(4°, 8°, 10°, and 12°). The results showed that the seepage velocity gradually increased with increasing slope gradient. The pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile increased with increasing slope gradient, whereas the thickness of the flow front gradually decreased. For the same slope gradient, the pore water velocity in the lower layer was the largest, whereas the thickness of the flow front was the smallest. Comparative analysis of the relationship between seepage velocity and pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile showed that the maximum relative difference between the measured pore water velocity and the computational pore water velocity at different depths of sand profile in the experiment was 4.38%. Thus,the test method for measuring the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile adopted in this study was effective and feasible. The development of this experiment and the exploration of research methods would lay a good test foundation for future studies on the variation law of subsurface water flow velocity and the determination of flow velocity in purple soils, thus contributing to the improvement of the hydrodynamic mechanism of purple soils.     

有关边界层问题中一类奇异积分方程新的存在性结果

对边界层理论新结果中出现的一类奇异积分方程w（t）=∫1 t（1-s）（λ＋λs＋s）/w（s）ds＋（1-t）∫t 0s/w（s）ds,t∈（0,1）进行讨论，并得出了上述方程在λ∈（-1/2,0）上正解存在性的新结果。     

Nonlinear characteristics of the atmospheric planetary boundary layer in the tropics

The nonlinear governing equations and its solutions for the tropical atmospheric planetary boundary layer are derived by means of scale analysis and vertical coordinate transformation. It is shown that the nonlinear momentum advection may alter the critical latitude. The restrictive requirement for the solutions to have continuity both in the free atmosphere and in the planetary boundary layer is derived. The context provides theoretical basis for numerical calculation of the wind field within the tropic atmospheric planetary boundary layer. Present affiliation: Shanghai Typhoon Institute, 200030     

Modeling vertical heat transport in the wave affected surface layer of the ocean

In considering the vertical heat transport problems in the upper ocean, the flat upper boundary approximation for the free surface and the horizontal homogenous hypothesis are usually applied. However, due to the existence of the wave motion, the application of this approximation may result in some errors to the solar irradiation since it decays quickly in respect to the actual thickness of the water layer below the surface; on the other hand, due to the fluctuation of the water layer depth, it is improper to neglect the effects of the horizontal advection and turbulent diffusion since they also contribute to the vertical heat transport. A new model is constructed in this study to reflect these effects. The corresponding numerical simulations show that the wave motion may remarkably accelerate the vertical heat transferring process and the variation of the temperature in the wave affected layer appears in an oscillating manner. Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No. 2006AA09A309); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 20070411111) and the Fund of Shandong Province for the Excellent Post-Doctors (No. 200603056)     

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER OVER THE WESTERN PACIFIC

The western Pacific,one of the most violent air-sea interaction areas,plays an important role in theformation of ENSO events which greatly affect global climate change.Knowledge on the structure of theatmospheric boundary layer and the air-sea exchange over that area is very important and is the key tounderstanding the air-sea interaction. Tethered balloon measurements were made successfully during theSeptember-October,1987 cruise of the R/V SCIENCE 1 in the Philippine Sea at the northwest ofthe Warm Pool.The data collected were used for analysis of the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer showingthat the characteristics of the inversion layers(advection layer,capping inversion layer and radiation layer)are different from those over the land and other sea areas.The wind profiles were simulated with the P-exponent method and the values of P under unstable, sta-ble and neutral conditions were obtained. Moreover,the effect of the ship body on the air above was es-timated to reach 30 meters high.     

上海LAP-3000边界层风廓线雷达在强对流天气预报中的应用初探

在简要介绍上海LAP-3000边界层风廓线雷达探测原理和产品生成的基础上，利用近两年来搜集的资料，分析风廓线雷达资料短时强降水、龙卷风等局地强对流天气预报中的应用。结果表明，LAP-3000边界层风廓线雷达资料时间和空间分辨率较高，能有效揭示常规天气资料难以分析的一些大气动力和热力特征，在短时强对流天气预报中有较好的业务应用前景。     

低速非达西渗流动边界移动规律

低渗透油藏非达西渗流动边界的产生归因于启动压力梯度。在考虑动边界的基础上,建立包含表皮效应和井筒存储的单一、以Warren-Root模型为基础的双重和三重介质低速非达西渗流数学模型;并通过定义无量纲压力得到模型的Laplace解,利用Stehfest数值反演获得动边界的传播规律,对比动边界与无限大、封闭及定压等三类外边界条件下的压力及压力导数分布特征。结果表明:对于低速非达西渗流,启动压力梯度越大,动边界向外传播越慢;在双重介质和三重介质中,动边界移动出现短暂的停滞,曲线上表现为水平段或平缓段;动边界主要影响压力及压力导数曲线的中后期,而无限大、封闭及定压等三类外边界主要影响曲线的后期形态。     

边界层理论中混合对流方程的积分形式

通过引入一个独立的变量t和一个未知的函数w(t),给出了关于f(η)的三阶非线性边值问题f(")(η) (1 λ)f(η)f"(η) 2λ[1-f'(η)]f'(η)=0,0≤η＜ ∞.f(0)=0,f'(0)=β,f'( ∞)=1,的奇异积分形式,并得出上面方程凸解和凹解的不存在结果.     

秦岭中段板沙地区富钠质岩初探

板沙地区山凤断裂以北分布一类富钠质岩石 ,以往的研究较少。对该类岩石分布、产状作了详细描述 ,通过宏观微观特征及岩石化学、稀土元素地球化学特征的分析进一步确认其为一套热水沉积岩 ,是热水溶液喷出海底后与海水介质和陆源沉积物混合形成的     

矩形致密油藏直井体积压裂不稳态压力半解析方法

基于点源函数理论和边界元思想,建立一种可用于致密油藏直井体积压裂改造非稳态压力分析的半解析模型。模型考虑改造区与未改造区储层非均质性的影响,在均质条件下与解析解进行对比与拟合,并应用已建立的模型对改造区与未改造区渗透率差异性、体积压裂改造程度、改造面积和形态、主裂缝长度及导流能力等参数进行讨论。结果表明:随着改造区内渗透率的增大,压力损耗减小,受改造区面积的影响,单一提高改造区的地层渗透率对整体压力影响较小;相同的储层改造体积情况下,有效裂缝体积较大的开发效果最好。与常规压裂相比,体积压裂井的开发效果主要受主裂缝长度的影响而非导流能力。     

Structure and seasonal changes in atmospheric boundary layer on coast of the east Antarctic continent

The temperature, humidity, and vertical distribution of ozone in the Antarctic atmospheric boundary layer（ABL） and their seasonal changes are analyzed, by using the high-resolution profile data obtained during the International Polar Year 2008 to 2009 at Zhongshan Station, to further the understanding of the structure and processes of the ABL. The results show that the fre- quency of the convective boundary layer in the warm season accounts for 84% of its annual occurrence frequency. The frequency of the stable boundary layer in the cold season accounts for 71% of its annual occurrence frequency. A neutral boundary layer ap- pears rarely. The average altitude of the convective boundary layer determined by the parcel method is 600 m; this is 200 to 300 m higher than that over inland Antarctica. The average altitude of the top of the boundary layer determined by the potential tempera- ture gradient and humidity gradient is 1 200 m in the warm season and 1 500 m in the cold season. The vertical structures of ozone and specific humidity in the ABL exhibit obvious seasonal changes. The specific humidity is very high with greater vertical gradi- ent in the warm season and very low with a lesser gradient in the cold season under 2 000 m. The atmospheric ozone in the ABL is consumed by photochemical processes in the warm season, which results in a slight difference in altitude. The sub-highest ozone center is located in the boundary layer, indicating that the ozone transferred from the stratosphere to the troposphere reaches the low boundary layer during October and November in Antarctica.     

Analyses of structure of planetary boundary layer in ice camp over Arctic ocean

The vertical structure of Planetary boundary layer over Arctic floating ice is presented by using about 50 atmospheric profiles and relevant data sounded at an ice station over Arctic Ocean from 22 August to 3 September,2003.It shows that the height of the convective boundary layer in day is greater than that of the stability boundary layer in night.The boundary layer can be described as vertical structures of stability,instability and multipling The interaction between relative warm and wet down draft air from up level and cool air of surface layer is significant,which causes stronger wind shear,temperature and humidity inversion with typical wind shear of 10 m/s/100 m,intensity of temperature inversion of 8 ℃/100 m.While the larger pack ice is broken by such process,new ice free area in the high latitudes of arctic ocean.The interactions between air/ice/water are enhanced.The fact helps to understanding characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer and its effect in Arctic floating ice region.     

The effect of the East China Sea Kuroshio Front on the marine atmospheric boundary layer

Various satellite data, JRA-25 (Japan reanalysis of 25 years) reanalyzed data and WRF (Weather Research Forecast) model are used to investigate the in situ effect of the ESKF (East China Sea Kuroshio Front) on the MABL (marine atmospheric boundary layer). The intensity of the ESKF is most robust from January to April in its annual cycle. The local strong surface northerly/northeasterly winds are observed right over the ESKF in January and in April and the wind speeds decrease upward in the MABL. The thermal wind effect that is derived from the baroclinic MABL forced by the strong SST gradient contributes to the strong surface winds to a large degree. The convergence zone existing along the warm flank of the ESKF is stronger in April than in January corresponding to the steeper SST (sea surface temperature) gradient. The collocations of the cloud cover maximum and precipitation maximum are basically consistent with the convergence zone of the wind field. The clouds develop higher (lower) in the warm (cold) flank of the ESKF due to the less (more) stable stratification in the MABL. The lowest clouds are observed in April on the cold flank of the ESKF and over the Yellow Sea due to the existence of the pronounced temperature inversion. The numerical experiments with smoothed SST are consistent with the results from the ovservations.     

An approach to the transgressive sedimentary pattern of the present continental shelf

On the basis of our study of the present sediments in the northern part of the continental shelf of the South China Sea, this article clarifies our views that a "three-zone pattern" is the basic feature of transgression-type sedimentation.The classification of transgression-type sedimentation of the present continental shelf is based on: the close relationships between the formation of the present continental shelf and the position of the low sea level of the Wiirrn glacial stage, the genetic types and environmental features of sedimentary zoning, the relationship between the formation of glauconite with different maturity and the migration of coastline, the speed of transgression, and the overlying speed of sedimentation. We put forward the genetic name of the "three-zone pattern" to denote:1.The inner zouu, river mouth-coastal current sedimentary area;2.The intermediate zone, coastal current-sea current scouring-sedimentary area;3.The outer zone, sea current scouring area.All these are of significance     

The formation of wind curl in the marine atmosphere boundary layer over the East China Sea Kuroshio in spring

Various data are used to investigate the characteristics of the surface wind field and rainfall on the East China Sea Kuroshio (ESK) in March and April, 2011. In March, the wind speed maximum shows over the ESK front (ESKF) in the 10 meter wind field, which agrees with the thermal wind effect. A wind curl center is generated on the warm flank of the ESKF. The winds are much weaker in April, so is the wind curl. A rainband exists over the ESKF in both the months. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used for further researches. The winds on the top of the marine atmosphere boundary layer (MABL) indicate that in March, a positive wind curl is generated in the whole MABL over the warm flank of the ESKF. The thermal wind effect forced by the strong SST gradient overlying the background wind leads to strong surface northeasterly winds on the ESKF, and a positive shearing vorticity is created over the warm flank of the ESKF to generate wind curl. In the smoothed sea surface temperature experiment, the presence of the ESKF is responsible for the strong northeast winds in the ESKF, and essential for the distribution of the rainfall centers in March, which confirms the mechanism above. The same simulation is made for April, 2011, and the responses from the MABL become weak. The low background wind speed weakens the effect of the thermal wind, thus no strong Ekman pumping is helpful for precipitation. There is no big difference in rainfall between the control run and the smooth SST run. Decomposition of the wind vector shows that local wind acceleration induced by the thermal wind effect along with the variations in wind direction is responsible for the pronounced wind curl/divergence over the ESKF.     

An approach to quantitative analysis of regional economic links

Aimed at promoting regional coalitions and expanding the approach to economic links, this paper puts forward some new concepts such as link intensity and receiving coefficient, expounds the indexes of quantitative analysis of economic links and establishes the quantitative-analysis model of economic links. With help of the model, this paper calculates the values of the link intensities between Su-Xi-Chang (Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou) region and Shanghai, and analyzes the regional difference of the economic links.     

An approach to theory and methods of urban geomorphology

Urban geomorphology is a new subject, and its theory and practice need approaching and substantiating. This paper deals with the utilization and transformation of landforms in the process urbanization, and the evolvement and unique character of an urban geomorphological environment. Taking an evaluation about catastroability of the urban geomorphological environment in Chongqing as an example, the author introduces a researching method in the urban geomorphology, including selection and quantification of evaluation parameters, a grid method used in mapping and a mathematical synthesizing method to evaluate on a fixed position. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

An Approach to Improving the Retrieval Accuracy of Oceanic Constituents in Case Ⅱ Waters

1　Introduction　At present ,theretrievalofoceanicconstituentsfromoceancolourmeasurementsinCaseⅡwatersisoneofthemajorchallengesinoceancolourstudy(IOCCG ,2 0 0 0 ) .TheconstituentspresentinCaseⅡwatersaregenerallydividedintothreetypes :chloro phyll (CHL) …     

An approach to prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset

In the present paper, correlation between the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSSM） onset and heat content in the upper layer of the warm pool in the western Pacific Ocean is examined using the Scripps Institution of Oceanography dataset for the period of 1955-1998 and an approach to prediction the SCSSM onset is proposed. Correlation showes that there exists interdecadal variability of the SCSSM onset demarcated by 1970 with the largest correlation coefficient in the area west of the center of the warm pool rather than near its centers, implying certain effect from other factors involved besides ENSO. As the correlation is poor for the period before 1970, the heat content anomaly of the warm pool after 1970 is used to indicate early or late onset of the SCSSM beforehand. An ideal representative area （1°×1°） for the warm pool heat content was determined with its center at 3°N/138°E. The nearest TAO （TAO-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean-array） mooring to the center is at 2°N/137°E, and chosen to calculate the heat content for prediction. It is suggested that the TAO mooring at 2°N/137°E could be used to predict the SCSSM onset with the heat content in the upper layer, if the correlation between the SCSSM onset and the heat content of the warm pool runs like that of after 1970. On the other hand, if the situation does like the one before 1970, the representative station is determined at 13°S/74°E with relatively poor correlation, meaning that the warm pool in the western Pacific Ocean plays more important role in the SCSSM onset than the Indian Ocean.