小尺度地形引起的切变重力波

在大气边界层中,特别是山区的边界层中,经常可以观测到重力波的活动。例如Bull和Neisser分析了1974年4月至7月的2300时的微气压计记录。他们发现约38％的观测时间里都存在振幅至少为10—20 dPa的重力波活动,其中大多数重力波的振幅为25—70 dPa。由于风速切变和温度层结的不同,重力波引起的垂直位移的大小可能为百米,也可能达到整个夜间边界层厚度的量级。 很多大气活动都可能引起重力波,例如锋面、低空急流、局地风切变、逆温及强对流等等。地形特别是在夜间也是产生重力波的重要来源。当稳定度随高度急剧减少或风速随高度急剧增加时,在山脊的背风坡经常可以发现一系列的波动活动。     

水汽空间分布对大气船舶重力波影响的数 值试验

利用中尺度数值模式ARPS模拟研究了水汽在山脉重力波和大气船波的产生和演变中的作用。研究发现水汽和非绝热效应对大气船波的影响与水汽的空间分布有关,大气船波的产生和演变对水汽的空间分布具有极端的敏感性,在一定条件下水汽的引入有可能减少大气船波的活动。对于3层模式结构的气流过山而言,如果初始的水汽分布在中层大气,则水汽和非绝热效应对大气船波的影响较小,而如果初始的水汽分布在中下层大气,则引入水汽后减少了大气船波的强度,但是如果初始的水汽分布在整个模式大气层,则水汽的引入减少了大气船波的活动。     

三维多层流过山产生的山地重力波研究

为了研究了三维多层气流过山产生的三维山地重力波和大气船波动力学理论,在本文中,改进了一个多层流过山的三维山地重力波的线性理论计算模式,分析了三维多层流过孤立山地产生的三维山地重力波和大气船舶波的物理机制及其表现特征。揭示了多层流过孤立地形产生发散模态和横波两种模态拦截背风波的气象条件,增强了人们对山地重力波动力学的理解和对山脉重力波及其相联系的山脉天气的预测能力。     

水汽和潜热释放对背风波影响的数值试验

利用中尺度数值模式ARPS进行了理想场的数值模拟,分析研究了水汽和潜热释放对大气层结稳定度的影响以及其在背风波的发展和演变过程中的作用,研究发现,潜热释放对大气层结分布的影响要远大于水汽对大气层结分布的直接影响,如果没有潜热的释放,水汽对背风波的发展和演变的作用非常小,而潜热释放可以使湿层结稳定度急剧下降,迅速破坏原有的层结分布,使这个区域出现非拦截的强烈的垂直运动,波动的崩溃更加迅速和明显。但需要说明的是在试验中,将数值模式里控制潜热释放的参数设为:0、1/2、2的假定情况,则在实际的大气运动过程中是不可能存在的。     

Observations of a lee wave and rotor episode in central California

Acoustic sounders and in-situ meteorological sensors were used to record the boundary-layer flow structure along the eastern slopes of the Altamont Hills in central California during a wind energy field program. Oscillating speeds in this area suggest the development of quasi-stationary lee waves and rotors under certain atmospheric conditions. Data averaging of 15 minutes or less is needed to study these phenomena.     

三层模式中风场对背风波的影响

为了研究风场对背风波的影响,针对边界层附近为弱稳定层结的背风波,建立了一个三维三层的理论模型和线性计算模式,分析了各层中风速和风向的变化对背风波特征的影响,揭示了气流过孤立山脉产生背风波的有利风场条件。结果表明：背风波的波长、振幅等特征对各层风速和风向的变化具有相当的敏感性,波长随着低、高层风速的增大而增大,随着中层风速的增大先减小后增大;振幅随着低、中层风速的增大先增大后减小,随着高层风速的增大而增大。此外,风速和上下层风向切变的增大均使背风波的形态逐渐由横波型转为辐散型,但是上下层风向的切变对背风波形态的影响比风速更为显著。     

The flow of a coastal current past a blunt headland

Abstract

The effect of an abrupt headland on a barotropic oceanic boundary current with variable bottom topography is investigated. The objective is to explore with a very simple model some of the observed features of flow past Brooks Peninsula, an obstacle to boundary currents on the west coast of Vancouver Island. It is shown that the seasonal variation in the background current field causes a large change in the response to the headland. The difference is both quantitative and qualitative and results from the ability of southward alongshore flows to support topographic Rossby lee waves.

As a result of the presence of the lee waves a strong offshore flow occurs just downstream of the Peninsula and this ejects water from the continental shelf into deep water producing features reminiscent of the so‐called “squirts” and “jets”.     

Effect of static stability on the pattern of three-dimensional baroclinic lee wave across a meso scale elliptical barrier

Summary In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the effect of static stability on the pattern of three dimensional (3-D) baroclinic lee wave across a meso-scale elliptical barrier. For this purpose first a 3-D meso scale lee wave model has been developed. Then the model is applied to the Western Ghats (WG) using real time radio sonde data of Santacruz (19°7′N, 72°51′E) (here after SCZ), a station on the windward side of WG, on the days when dynamic and thermodynamic conditions of the atmosphere were favourable to generate lee waves. It is found that the pattern of 3-D baroclinic lee wave is very much sensitive to the value of the static stability parameter N². It is found that during southwest monsoon season trapped lee waves are convergent type (contours of perturbation vertical velocity w′ are crescent shaped convex down wind) and during winter they are divergent type (contours of w′ are crescent shaped concave down wind). The study shows that for a given profile of wind, the value of N² must exceed certain threshold value to obtain divergent type lee wave, otherwise convergent type lee waves are found. It is also found that in the southwest monsoon season, when atmosphere is neutrally stratified, a single divergent lee wave corresponds to a single transverse lee wave, whereas in the winter season, when atmosphere is strongly stratified, a single divergent lee wave corresponds to a number of transverse lee wave. Furthermore, in the former case long (or short) divergent lee wave corresponds to short (or long) transverse lee wave, whereas in the later case long (or short) divergent lee wave, in general, corresponds to long (or short) transverse lee wave. This revised version was published online in November 2004 with corrected captions of Figs. 1 and 2.     

A wind-tunnel experiment concerning atmospheric vortex streets

Cloud patterns, in the upper part of the atmospheric boundary layer, with eddies similar to Karman vortex streets, have been observed in the lee of several isolated islands. An experiment was conducted to see if major features of these atmospheric vortex streets and associated atmospheric conditions could be simulated in a wind tunnel. A visible vortex street was observed in a wind tunnel while six atmospheric simulation criteria were at least qualitatively satisfied. The physical modeling, the atmospheric data used, the simplifying assumptions and approximations required, as well as the wind tunnel methods and results are described.     

Simulation of bora in Novorossiysk

The bora event observed in Novorossiysk on February 6–8, 2012 was analyzed using the WRF numerical model of regional atmospheric circulation. The main meteorological parameters are reproduced. It is demonstrated that the maximum wind speed is reached in the area of the lee slope directly over the bay. It is obtained that the bora development is accompanied by intensive waves associated with the flowing around coastal mountains whose regime changes in time. Computed and measured changes in the surface wind speed are in a good agreement.     

Numerical modeling studies of lee mesolows,mesovortices and mesocyclones with application to the formation of Taiwan mesolows

Summary Numerical experiments are performed for inviscid flow past an idealized topography to investigate the formation and development of lee mesolows, mesovortices and mesocyclones. For a nonrotating, low-Froude number flow over a bell-shaped moutain, a pair of mesovortices form on the lee slope move downstream and weaken at later times. The advection speed of the lee vortices is found to be about two-thirds of the basic wind velocity, which is due to the existence of a reversed pressure gradient just upstream of the vortices. The lee vortices do not concur with the upstream stagnation point in time, but rather form at a later time. It is found that a pair of lee vortices form for a flow withFr=0.66, but take a longer time to form than in lower-Froude number flows. Since the lee vortices are formed rather progressively, their formation may be explained by the baroclinically-induced vorticity tilting as the mountain waves become more and more nonlinear.A stationary mesohigh and mesolow pressure couplet forms across the mountain and is produced in both high and low-Froude number flows. The results of the high Froude number simulations agree well with the classical results predicted by linear, hydrostatic mountain wave theory. It is found that the lee mesolow is not necessarily colocated with the lee vortices. The mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with the orographically forced gravity waves through adiabatic warming. The earth's rotation acts to strengthen (weaken) the cyclonic (anticyclonic) vortex and shifts the lee mesolow to the right for an observer facing downstream. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone with the addition of planetary vorticity at later times. For a flow over a steeper mountain, the disturbance is stronger even though the Froude number is kept the same.For a southwesterly flow past the real topography of Taiwan, there is no stagnation point or lee vortices formed because the impinging angle of the flow is small. A major mesoscale low forms to the southeast of the Central Mountain Range (CMR), while a mesohigh forms upstream. For a westerly flow past Taiwan, a stagnation point forms upstream of the mountain and a pair of vortices form on the lee and move downstream at later times. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone. A mesolow also forms to the southeast of Taiwan. For a northeasterly flow past Taiwan, the mesolow forms to the northwest of the mountain. Similar to flows over idealized topographies, the Taiwan mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with mountain waves through adiabatic warming. A conceptual model of the Taiwan southeast mesolow and mesocyclone is proposed.With 16 Figures     

太行山东麓焚风天气的统计特征和机理分析Ⅱ:背风波对焚风产生和传播影响的个例分析

利用中尺度模式WRF3.3对太行山东麓焚风典型个例进行了数值模拟。结果表明,太行山东麓焚风的发生和移动与山脉背风波密切相关。由此建立了太行山东麓焚风的概念模型:西北或偏西气流途经山西盆地、山西境内的山脉或高原,再越过太行山,在其东麓形成背风波。背风波的下沉气流气温按干绝热方式上升,同时下沉气流也会对低层大气产生压缩增温效应,使得太行山东麓产生焚风。背风波即为重力波,可以伴随着下沉气流向下游移动,正变温区同时也向东移动。变温区移动的速度和重力波的传播速度相同。背风波的产生,需要Scorer数向上足够的减小,而且不连续,即要求大气是稳定的且存在明显的风速切变。     

Water exchange in fjords induced by tidally generated internal lee waves

Tidal processes are examined that control the water exchange between two basins of the Trondheimsfjord through a narrow channel with sills. For this purpose, a non-hydrostatic numerical model based on the laterally averaged Reynolds equations in the Boussinesq approximation was developed. The model takes into account the real vertical fluid stratification, variable bottom topography and variable cross-section of the fjord. Numerical experiments were performed to investigate tidally generated internal waves and their influence on the water exchange.The model produces both baroclinic tides and tidally generated lee waves. It was found that, for the Skarnsund strait which connects the Middle Fjord and the Beitstadfjord, the internal tides generated over the Skarnsund sills are very weak. Their amplitudes do not exceed 1 m.The intense short internal waves, which are identified as unsteady lee waves, comprise the basic input of the total internal wave field. These waves are generated by tidal currents at sill breaks, are trapped by topography in the generation area and grow by continuing feedback into large-amplitude waves. As the tidal flow slackens, they move upstream as freely propagating waves.As essentially nonlinear responses, the lee waves cause a nonlinear water transport. The detailed analysis of the residual currents produced by unsteady lee waves (which are propagating in both directions from the Scarnsund sills) has shown, in particular, that the residual currents can reach values as high as 0.27 m s⁻¹.It was also found that such currents exert a considerable effect on the water exchange through the Skarnsund strait between the adjacent basins. This mechanism can play an important role in water renewal and formation of the Beitasdfjord waters.     

Normal mode theory of lee cyclogenesis and the initial value problem

Summary An initial value problem is proposed to study the influence of mountains upon atmospheric flows. The normal mode, quasigeostrophic theory of lee cyclogenesis is revisited; in order to model Alpine cyclogenesis, the flow, upon which the mountain acts, should represent a cyclone wave propagating eastward in a sheared zonal current. Two different models are considered in order to describe cyclone waves: an unstable Eady normal mode and a finite amplitude, neutral Rossby mode in the two layer model. It is shown that the topographic modifications proper of normal modes emerge very rapidly from the integration of the initial value problem. It is also shown that an enhanced deepening of the upper level trough can occur when finite amplitude effects are taken into account.With 8 Figures     

Trapped lee waves: A special analytical solution

Summary A special analytical solution is derived for the classical orographic configuration of two-dimensional, stratified, linear, non-hydrostatic and dry model (without friction and Coriolis force). The well-known differential equation for the vertical velocity involves the vertical distribution of the Scorer parameterl ²(z) and in this casel ² is specified such that the lower atmosphere has a stable duct near the surface and is capped by a layer which acts as a good reflector.Examination of the solution for the vertical amplitude in the vicinity of singularities indicates the dominant lee wavelength and observations confirm that in comparable settings resonant trapped gravity waves develop in the lee of mountains. Comparison with a real atmospheric lee-wave events gives good predictions for the wavelength and wave drag, but, as in other linear models, the amplitude is underestimated.With 2 Figures     

Characterisation and Simulation of the Multiscaling Properties of the Energy-Containing Scales of Horizontal Surface-Layer Winds

The multiscaling statistics of atmospheric surface-layer winds at low wavenumbers above farmland and in the lee of a mountain range were examined using a hot-wire and lightweight cup anemometer. It was found that the horizontal velocity spectra could be broken into high and low-wavenumber regimes according to the parameters given by this analysis. The low-wavenumber end of the spectrum possessed a spectral slope parameter that varied between values of 0.8 and 1.35 at the farmland site during the period of the experiment, and the high-wavenumber end – corresponding to the inertial range – possessed a spectral slope slightly greater than -5/3. The larger values for this parameter for the low-wavenumber end appeared to coincide with unstable conditions. In the lee of the mountain range, the low-wavenumber spectral slope parameter was larger still, at 1.45. The low-wavenumber signals over farmland were much less intermittent than inertial-range signals, but in the lee of the mountain range the intermittency increased. From this analysis, it was shown that the statistical properties of the recorded wind signal could be reproduced using a bounded random multiplicative cascade. The model was successfully used to simulate the wind velocity field directly, rather than simulating the energy dissipation field. Since the spectral slope parameter for low wavenumbers appeared to be a function of atmospheric stability, the method presented is a simple way of generating wind signals characteristic of a variety of atmospheric conditions.     

大地形背风波的转槽实验研究

文中利用转槽在相似定律及动力无量纲数的控制下,对旋转层结流越过大地形产生的背风波做了一系列的实验.实验及分析结果表明,无量纲数中Froude数是最重要的参数,发现在层结适当时背风波同旋涡结构在山的下风方同时出现.在无旋转情况下,在Froude数适当时仍然存在着明显的背风波,但旋转的作用能增加背风波的波动幅度,特别是起着引发下坡流的作用.文中最后还讨论了背风波在季风区内对低层涡旋发展的驱动作用及有待进一步研究的问题.     

斜压大气中的地形扰动

本文主要讨论地形对天气系统的影响,研究了斜压大气中地形背风气旋的问题。用小参数法简化基本运动方程,利用青藏高原和落基山脉的实际地形,采用FFT的数值方法,考虑了不同地形、风切变、大气层结等诸因素对地形扰动的影响。结果表明:青藏高原和落基山脉东侧的地形扰动与统计结果较一致;层结对地形扰动的影响较敏感。     

背风波和逆温层效应对兰州小高压形成环境的影响研究

利用兰州和民勤两站干年(1995年)、湿年(1994年)的5~6月08:00和20:00气象观测资料,采用Scorer背风波参数等方法对兰州小高压的形成、发展机制进行动力和热力学诊断分析。分析表明,兰州存在明显的背风波效应和下沉逆温;民勤有较强的逆温层特征,逆温频数多且强度大,辐射和扰动逆温较明显,它们的背风波和逆温层特征影响着兰州小高压的形成、尺度和位置。兰州小高压是青藏高原大地形和大气环流共同作用的一种边界层现象,与青藏高原北部较强的逆温和背风波效应有着重要的关系,运用中尺度天气学方法得出兰州小高压的预报流程,以建立其诊断和预报的概念模型。     

山地中尺度环流中的大气边界层湍流摩擦效应

建立了一个三维原始方程数值模式，模拟在光滑下边界和无滑脱下边界两种情况下，山区中尺度环流的演变过程，指出在弱层结条件下，边界层湍流摩擦效应有利于流场的分离和涡旋偶极子环流的发展；在强层结条件下，表面摩擦效应削弱了分离气流和涡旋性环流的强度，但使其范围扩大。边界层湍流摩擦效应引起的分离流场和尾流区环流与非粘性动力过程引起的流场分离现象，虽然从其表现形式上看完全相同，但是其形成则是由完全不同的物理机制所控制。边界层湍流摩擦效应在上述两种分离流场的演变过程中表现出完全相反的作用。地转科氏力的调整作用在山地背风坡上促进了气旋性辐合环流的发展，而抑制了反气旋性环流的发展。