Distribution,characteristics and potential impacts of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay,Canada

The characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were studied in Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait in the Canadian Arctic. Hudson Bay receives a disproportionately large influx of river runoff. With high dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations in Arctic rivers the influence of CDOM on coastal and ocean systems can be significant, yet the distribution, characteristics and potential consequences of CDOM in these waters remain unknown. We collected 470 discrete water samples in offshore, coastal, estuarine and river waters in the region during September and October 2005. Mixing of CDOM appeared conservative with salinity, although regional differences exist due to variable DOM composition in the rivers discharging to the Bay and the presence of sea-ice melt, which has low CDOM concentrations and low salinity. There were higher concentrations of CDOM in Hudson Bay, especially in coastal waters with salinities <28$<28$, due to river runoff. Using CDOM composition of water masses as a tracer for the freshwater components revealed that river runoff is largely constrained to nearshore waters in Hudson Bay, while sea-ice melt is distributed more evenly in the Bay. Strong inshore–offshore gradients in the bio-optical properties of the surface waters in the Hudson Bay cause large variation in penetration of ultraviolet radiation and the photic depth within the bay, potentially controlling the vertical distribution of biomass and occurrence of deep chlorophyll maxima which are prevalent only in the more transparent offshore waters of the bay. The CDOM distribution and associated photoprocesses may influence the thermodynamics and stratification of the coastal waters, through trapping of radiant heating within the top few meters of the water column. Photoproduction of biologically labile substrates from CDOM could potentially stimulate the growth of biomass in Hudson Bay coastal waters. Further studies are needed to investigate the importance of terrestrial DOM in the Hudson Bay region, and the impact of hydroelectric development and climate change on these processes.     

Seasonal and spatial variation in suspended matter,organic carbon,nitrogen, and nutrient concentrations of the Senegal River in West Africa

The Senegal River is of intermediate size accommodating at present about 3.5 million inhabitants in its catchment. Its upstream tributaries flow through different climatic zones from the wet tropics in the source area in Guinea to the dry Sahel region at the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Total suspended matter, particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen as well as nutrient concentrations were determined during the dry and wet seasons at 19 locations from the up- to downstream river basin. The aims of the study were to evaluate the degree of human interference, to determine the dissolved and particulate river discharges into the coastal sea and to supply data to validate model results. Statistical analyses showed that samples from the wet and dry season are significantly different in composition and that the upstream tributaries differ mainly in their silicate and suspended matter contents. Nutrient concentrations are relatively low in the river basin, indicating low human impact. Increasing nitrate concentrations, however, show the growing agriculture in the irrigated downstream areas. Particulate organic matter is dominated by C4 plants during the wet season and by aquatic plankton during the dry season. The total suspended matter (TSM) discharge at the main gauging station Bakel was about 1.93 Tg yr⁻¹ which is in the range of the only available literature data from the 1980s. The calculated annual discharges of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) are 55.8 Gg yr⁻¹, 54.1 Gg yr⁻¹, and 5.3 Gg yr⁻¹, respectively. These first estimates from the Senegal River need to be verified by further studies.     

峡谷分层型水源水库表层沉积物溶解性有机物光谱特征

结合三维荧光光谱技术（EEMs）与紫外吸收光谱（UV-vis）,并利用平行因子分析（PARAFAC）的方法,对金盆水库表层沉积物中溶解性有机质（DOM）光谱的空间分布特征及来源进行分析,并探讨沉积物DOM的荧光组分与可溶性有机氮（SON）、可溶性无机氮（SIN）之间的相关性.结果表明,金盆水库表层沉积物DOM由3类荧光组分组成,分别是类富里酸C1（235 nm,315 nm/430 nm）、类色氨酸C2（220 nm,275 nm/330 nm）和类胡敏酸C3（265 nm/520 nm）,各组分荧光强度占总荧光强度百分比的平均值分别为43.15%、31.54%和25.31%.表层沉积物DOM浓度在空间上呈现从上游到主库区先减少后增加的趋势.光谱斜率S_275-295、S_350-400和光谱斜率比S_R反映出各采样点陆源与内源占比的差异性.荧光指数、自生源指标和腐殖化指标都表明金盆水库沉积物DOM的来源具有内源与陆源双重特征.相关性分析表明,表层沉积物DOM各组分与SON和SIN均呈显著正相关,说明DOM与氮元素的迁移转化密切相关.     

抚仙湖有色可溶性有机物的来源组成与时空变化

基于2017年1-12月在抚仙湖开展的逐月观测,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱技术探讨该湖有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）的来源组成及时空变化特征.12个月CDOM吸收值a（254）的均值为3.47±0.57 m^-1,范围为1.82~5.22 m^-1,说明CDOM丰度较低.平行因子分析结果给出了2种类酪氨酸荧光组分（C1和C3）、1种类色氨酸荧光组分（C2）、1种类腐殖质荧光组分（C4）,12个月内源组分（C1+C3）对总荧光强度的平均贡献为65.81%±15.38%,外源组分（C2+C4）的平均贡献为34.19%±15.38%;荧光指数FI的均值为1.73±0.14,腐殖化指数HIX的均值为1.02±0.37,生源化指数BIX的均值为1.23±0.27,说明CDOM主要为微生物内源产生.时空变化方面,春（3-5月）、夏（6-8月）、秋（9-11月）和冬（1、2、12月）季的a（254）分别为3.20±0.47、3.76±0.64、3.67±0.50和3.23±0.38 m^-1,夏季和秋季均显著高于冬季和春季;CDOM丰度及内外源组分的空间分布具有季节异质性,可能与流域土地利用、河流输入、降雨、温度、光辐射等因素有关.     

Vertical changes of POC flux and indicators of early degradation of organic matter in the South China Sea

Tie-series sediment trap materials at different water depths and surface sediments in northern and central South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed for organic carbon, amino acids, amino sugars and carbohydrates. Results show that particulate organic carbon (POC) is mainly derived from marine plankton, only 1.4%–1.6% of primary production sinks into deep SCS water column and less than 0.22 % of primary production ultimately reaches the sediments. The ranineralization and dissolution of organic matter as well as the compositional alterations of organic matter mixtures may mainly take place in the upper few hundred meters of water column, deep carbonate (opal) lysocline zones, and interface layers between sediments and water column, rather than in mid-waters. The organic geochemical parameters such as (T ^aa +T ^sug )OC%, AA/AS, Gluam/Galam, Arom. AA/non-prot. AA, ASP/b-ALA, Glu/g-ABA decrease from living marine plankton (or planktonic shells), to settling particulate matter and to sediments suggesting that they appear to be gad early degraded indicators of organic matter. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49776297). Cruises financially supported by State Oceanic Administration and German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology.     

Characterization and composition of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in water and estuarine sediments from Gao-ping River, Taiwan

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations and possible sources of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in water and estuarine sediments from Gao-ping River in order to evaluate the environmental quality of aquatic system in southern Taiwan. High concentrations of heavy metals including Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu and As, ranging from 10.7 to 180 mg/kg-dry weight (dw), were detected in sediments from Gao-ping River. When normalized to the principal component analysis (PCA), swinery and electroplating wastewaters were found to be the most important pollution sources for heavy metals. Of various organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues detected, aldrin and total-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were frequently found in sediments. The total concentrations of OCPs were in the range 0.47-47.4 ng/g-dw. Also, the total-HCH, total-cyclodiene, and total-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were in the range 0.37-36.3, 0.21-19.0, and 0.44-1.88 ng/g-dw, respectively. The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in sediments from Gao-ping River ranged between 0.37 and 5.89 ng/g-dw. The PCB concentrations are positively correlated to the organic contents of the sediment particles. alpha-HCH was found to be the dominant compound of HCH in the sediments, showing that long-range transport may be the possible source for the contamination of HCH in sediments from Gao-ping River. In summary, trace amounts of POPs in estuarine sediments from Gao-ping River were detected, showing that there still exist a wide variety of POP residues in the river sediments in Taiwan. These POP residues may be mainly from long-range transport and weathered agricultural soils, while heavy metal contamination is primarily from the swinery and industrial wastewaters.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of dissolved organic matter quantity and quality in the Mississippi River Basin, 1997–2013

Recent studies have found insignificant or decreasing trends in time‐series dissolved organic carbon (DOC) datasets, questioning the assumption that long‐term DOC concentrations in surface waters are increasing in response to anthropogenic forcing, including climate change, land use, and atmospheric acid deposition. We used the weighted regressions on time, discharge, and season (WRTDS) model to estimate annual flow‐normalized concentrations and fluxes to determine if changes in DOC quantity and quality signal anthropogenic forcing at 10 locations in the Mississippi River Basin. Despite increases in agriculture and urban development throughout the basin, net increases in DOC concentration and flux were significant at only 3 of 10 sites from 1997 to 2013 and ranged between ?3.5% to +18% and ?0.1 to 19%, respectively. Positive shifts in DOC quality, characterized by increasing specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, ranged between +8% and +45%, but only occurred at one of the sites with significant DOC quantity increases. Basinwide reductions in atmospheric sulfate deposition did not result in large increases in DOC either, likely because of the high buffering capacity of the soil. Hydroclimatic factors including annual discharge, precipitation, and temperature did not significantly change during the 17‐year timespan of this study, which contrasts with results from previous studies showing significant increases in precipitation and discharge over a century time scale. Our study also contrasts with those from smaller catchments, which have shown stronger DOC responses to climate, land use, and acidic deposition. This temporal and spatial analysis indicated that there was a potential change in DOC sources in the Mississippi River Basin between 1997 and 2013. However, the overall magnitude of DOC trends was not large, and the pattern in quantity and quality increases for the 10 study sites was not consistent throughout the basin.     

太湖梅梁湾有色可溶性有机物的空间分布及光学行为

2004年3月对太湖梅梁湾有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸收和荧光等光学行为进行研究,并由此探讨了CDOM的空间分布．结果表明,溶解性有机碳(DOC)的浓度在10．48-19．72 mg／L间变化,其均值为13．20±2．79 mg／L;CDOM在280 nm,355 nm和440 nm的吸收系数分别为18．73-31．91 m-1(平均值23．19±4．36 m-1)、4．63-7．14 m-1(平均值5．76±0．91 m-1)、1．45-2．99 m-1(平均值1．92±0．40 m-1);355 nm波长处CDOM的比吸收系数为0．34-0．57 L／(mg·m),平均值0．44±0．06 L/(mg·m);表征CDOM分子大小的比值a(250)／a(365)变化范围为5．05-7．55;355 nm的激发波长、450 nm的发射波长处的荧光值的变化范围0．79-3 04 nm-1(平均值1．69±0．77 nm-1)．CDOM吸收系数、DOC浓度、荧光强度的分析显示CDOM浓度呈现从河口往湾内、湾口递减的趋势．CDOM吸收与DOC浓度的相关性随波长的降低而增加,在短波部分存在明显的正相关．355 nm处的荧光值、DOC浓度与CDOM吸收系分别存在如下显著性正相关关系:Fn(355)=0．692(±0．135)a(355)-2．297(±0．786),a(355)=0．233(±0．061)DOC 2．690(±0．816)．280 -500 nm、280-360 nm、360-440 nm指数函数斜率S值分别为13．86±0．91、18．54±1．11、12．93±0．92μm-1,S值与比吸收系数之间存在显著的负线性相关关系,而与a(25)／a(365)值则存在显著的正线性关系．比吸收系数越大,a(250)／a(365)值和S值就越小,对应的CDOM分子量就越大,腐质酸的比例就越高．     

Optical signatures of dissolved organic matter in the watershed of a globally large river (Yangtze River,China)

Parallel factor analysis of fluorescence excitation emission matrices of surface water samples of a globally large river (Yangtze River, China) watershed identified three classes of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) that had ex/em = 280/330 nm, 305/385 nm and 350/450 nm respectively, resembling “peak T”, “peak M” and “peak C” commonly identified in natural water, respectively. Peak T (a tyrosine/tryptophan-like FDOM) did not show correlations to peak M or C which were humic-like substances, while a positive correlation (r = 0.935, p < 0.001) was present between the natural log-transformed maximum fluorescence intensity (F_max) of peaks T and M indicating a tight link during their production and processing. F_max values (in Raman unit nm^?1) normalized to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were low, varying in ranges 15.93–85.95, 29.83–83.54 and 19.73–51.05 × 10^?5 nm^?1 (μmol/L)^?1 for peaks T, M and C, respectively, in line with the history of strong photobleaching of the water samples as indicated by fairly high absorption spectral slope ratios (0.75–1.53 with a mean 1.03). Intermediate fluorescence index (FI) (1.46–1.83 with a mean 1.61) and small specific absorption at 254 nm (0.64–1.93 with a mean 1.15 m^?1 mg^?1 L) of the water samples, indicated the presence of both aquatic microbial DOM (e.g. peak T) and soil DOM (e.g. peak C). Peak C could be substantially removed by UV-A (320–400 nm) irradiation, while peak M was slightly increased when a microbe-containing water was exposed to the same UV-A irradiation. Taken together, peak C was attributed to diffuse soil source while peak M was likely attributed to joint effects of microbial activities and solar irradiation on the chromophores in the sample.     

Spatial and temporal variation in particle size and particulate organic matter content in suspended particulate matter from peatland‐dominated catchments in Finland

Properties of suspended particulate matter play a vital role in transport processes, but information from boreal lowland river systems with high organic loads is limited. This study analysed data from 2 years of sampling at 30 locations in Finland (204 samples in total) using suspended particulate matter samplers to determine effective and absolute particle size and organic fractions. Mean d₅₀ value was 22 and 49 µm for absolute and effective particle size, respectively. The organic fraction content ranged from 2.1% to 36% (mean 9.6%), highlighting the importance of particle organic matter for suspended particulate matter flux in the region. The results indicated that the suspended particulate matter particle size distribution and load in the study region is dominated by composite particles. There were considerable spatial and temporal variations in transport of organic fractions, effective particle size and degree of aggregation (range 1.5–93%). Headwaters and, in particular, late summer and spring flood conditions with flow peaks produced the largest composite particles, whereas agriculture‐dominated sites produced smaller but more tightly compacted particles. Organic plant fibres appeared to play a vital role in floc formation in peat‐covered catchments, whereas in agriculture‐dominated catchments, land use‐derived aggregates dominated the composition. This study provides empirical evidence of the importance of effective particle size measurement in understanding the dynamics of suspended particulate matters in boreal lowland river systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山东省周村水库季节演替中沉积物上覆水溶解性有机物的紫外-可见与三维荧光光学特征

运用三维荧光光谱（EEMs）技术结合平行因子分析法（PARAFAC）以及紫外-可见光谱技术（UV-vis）,对周村水库季节演替过程中沉积物上覆水溶解性有机物（DOM）的紫外-可见以及三维荧光光谱特征进行分析.结果表明：周村水库上覆水的总氮、溶解性总氮、总有机碳和溶解性有机碳的季节性差异显著,并且冬季总氮浓度最高、夏秋季总有机碳浓度较高;夏秋季上覆水DOM的吸收系数a₂₅₄和a₃₅₅均高于冬春季,与有机物的分布相一致;4个季节上覆水DOM的E3/E4均大于3.5,说明DOM以富里酸为主,E2/E3（富里酸占DOM的比例）在夏秋季低于冬春季,而且各季节S_R均大于1,表明DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分：类腐殖质（C1）、可见区富里酸（C2）和类蛋白（C3）;对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示C1、C2、C3之间具有显著的相关性;DOM的总荧光强度以及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出夏秋季高、冬春季低的特征,且各季节间差异显著;周村水库4个季节的DOM生物源指数（BIX）在0.8~1.0之间,表明水库DOM具有较强的自生源特征,与腐殖程度指标（HIX）的结果相吻合;主成分分析显示周村水库上覆水DOM的光谱特征差异明显,夏秋季的DOM光谱特征相近、冬春季的水体DOM特征相似;并且组分C1、C2、C3与DOM特征参数（a₂₅₄、SUVA₂₈₀、HIX、FI、BIX）以及溶解性有机碳呈显著相关.各荧光组分与水质参数（溶解性总氮和溶解性有机碳）的多元线性回归呈现很好的拟合,通过建立回归方程可以为以后研究周村水库水体四季的DOM光谱特征,分析水库水体的有机物污染特征,并为水库水质管理提供技术支持.     

江苏省西部湖泊溶解性有机物光谱学特征和来源解析

利用光谱学手段研究江苏省西部湖泊表层水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)组成与结构,并对其来源进行分析.单位浓度可溶性有机碳在254和280 nm波长下的吸光度值(SUVA)测定结果表明,各湖泊芳香性程度及分子量大小依次为邵伯湖>天岗湖>白马湖>石臼湖>洪泽湖>固城湖>骆马湖>高邮湖>宝应湖.特定波长下吸光度的比值(E2/E3、E3/E4)显示邵伯湖和白马湖中的DOM结构复杂、分子量大、苯环多,以腐殖酸为主要成分;其它湖泊的DOM腐殖化程度较低,以富里酸为主.指数函数曲线斜率(S275～295nm)拟合结果也同样表明邵伯湖DOM分子量最大,而宝应湖最低.各湖泊荧光指数和生物指数分别处于1.13～1.30和0.47～0.67范围内,体现出DOM强烈的陆源性.四个主要荧光峰的相对荧光强度之间均存在良好的相关性,表明这些湖泊的类腐殖酸及类蛋白物质可能有着相同的来源.结合这些湖泊的特征及流域经济发展水平,可以初步推断经入湖河流携带的由农业及其下游产业产生的有机质是江苏西部湖泊中DOM的主要来源.     

Sediment organic matter source estimation and ecological classification in the semi-enclosed Batan Bay Estuary,Philippines

The large organic matter flow in tropical coastal areas is recognized as an important process in the global carbon(C)cycle.However,the nature of organic matter flow in semi-enclosed tropical estuaries remains unclear due to the various environmental processes(tidal change,river flow,waves from the sea,and internal circulation)and organic matter sources therein.Thus,sediment organic matter(SOM)sources,and their distribution pattern,are key to understanding ecosystem material flow.Our research in the Batan Bay Estuary,Philippines,a semi-enclosed estuary under large mangrove deforestation,was conducted to determine ecosystem properties through analysis of C and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and environmental factors.First,we determined that mangrove litter,microphytobenthos,and phytoplankton are the main SOM sources in the Batan Bay Estuary.Second,the estuary was classified into three ecological zones(the Bay zone,Back-barrier zone,and River zone).In addition,we estimated SOM source ratios using the Stable Isotope Analysis in R package and determined different organic matter sources in different zone.The high ratios of mangrove litter as SOM indicate that a large amount of terrestrial plant organic matter remains despite the heavy mangrove deforestation that has occurred since the 1980s,and that the Back-barrier zone consists of a different type of ecosystem that promotes accumulation of C from mangrove litter and microphytobenthos.     

富营养化湖泊沉积物有机质矿化过程中碳、氮、磷的迁移特征

采用室内培养的方法,以富营养化湖泊太湖为例,研究了沉积物有机质矿化过程中碳、氮、磷的迁移特征.结果表明,在沉积物中的有机质矿化过程中,碳以溶解性无机碳释放至水中,同时以CH4和CO2形式释放至大气中,培养结束时,CH4和CO2累积排放含量分别为1492.21和498.96 mg/g(dw),其中CH4占气态碳的89.16%(以C质量计);此外,大量的氮、磷营养盐释放至上覆水体,水中总氮、总磷和铵态氮的最高浓度分别是初始浓度的62.16、28.16和139.45倍,而硝态氮浓度在整个培养过程中逐渐下降,培养末期浓度是初期的0.21倍;厌氧条件下,沉积物有机质的矿化,不仅可以生成大量的CH4、CO2气体,还能够促使沉积物中铵态氮和磷的释放;而沉积物有机质矿化释放的碳、氮、磷营养元素又能加剧湖泊富营养化程度,促进湖泊水体的初级生产力,从而增加湖泊沉积物有机质输入.这样的循环方式可能是湖泊富营养化自维持的重要机制之一.     

Continuous fluorescence assessment of organic matter variability on the Bournbrook River,Birmingham, UK

Continuous monitoring of dissolved organic matter (DOM) character and concentration at hourly resolution is rare, despite the importance of analysing organic matter variability at high‐temporal resolution to evaluate river carbon budgeting, river water health by detecting episodic pollution and to determine short‐term variations in chemical and ecological function. The authors report a 2‐week experiment performed on DOM sampled from Bournbrook, Birmingham, UK, an urban river for which spectrophotometric (fluorescence, absorbance), physiochemical (dissolved organic carbon [DOC], electrical conductivity, pH) and isotopic (D/H) parameters have been measured at hourly frequency. Our results show that the river had sub‐daily variations in both organic matter concentration and characteristics. In particular, after relatively high‐magnitude precipitation events, organic carbon concentration increased, with an associated increase in intensity of both humic‐like and tryptophan‐like fluorescence. D/H isotopic ratio demonstrates different hydrological responses to different rainfall events, and organic matter character reflects this difference. Events with precipitation < 2 mm typically yielded isotopically heavy water with relatively hydrophilic DOM and relatively low specific absorbance. Events with precipitation > 2 mm had isotopically lighter water with higher specific absorbance and a decrease in the proportion of microbially derived to humic‐like fluorescence. In our heavily urbanized catchment, we interpret these signals as one where riverine DOM is dominated by storm sewer‐derived ‘old’ organic matter at low‐rainfall amounts and a mixed signal at high‐precipitation amounts where ‘event’ surface runoff‐derived organic matter dominate during storm sewer and combined sewer overflow routed DOM. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diurnal variability in riverine dissolved organic matter composition determined by in situ optical measurement in the San Joaquin River (California,USA)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration and composition in riverine and stream systems are known to vary with hydrological and productivity cycles over the annual and interannual time scales. Rivers are commonly perceived as homogeneous with respect to DOM concentration and composition, particularly under steady flow conditions over short time periods. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of short term variability (<1 day) on DOM dynamics. This study examined whether diurnal processes measurably altered DOM concentration and composition in the hypereutrophic San Joaquin River (California) during a relatively quiescent period. We evaluated the efficacy of using optical in situ measurements to reveal changes in DOM which may not be evident from bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurement alone. The in situ optical measurements described in this study clearly showed for the first time diurnal variations in DOM measurements, which have previously been related to both composition and concentration, even though diurnal changes were not well reflected in bulk DOC concentrations. An apparent asynchronous trend of DOM absorbance and chlorophyll‐a in comparison to chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence and spectral slope S_290–350 suggests that no one specific CDOM spectrophotometric measurement explains absolutely DOM diurnal variation in this system; the measurement of multiple optical parameters is therefore recommended. The observed diurnal changes in DOM composition, measured by in situ optical instrumentation likely reflect both photochemical and biologically‐mediated processes. The results of this study highlight that short‐term variability in DOM composition may complicate trends for studies aiming to distinguish different DOM sources in riverine systems and emphasizes the importance of sampling specific study sites to be compared at the same time of day. The utilization of in situ optical technology allows short‐term variability in DOM dynamics to be monitored and serves to increase our understanding of its processing and fundamental role in the aquatic environment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高邮湖、南四湖和东平湖有色可溶性有机物来源组成特征

高邮湖、南四湖和东平湖作为南水北调东线枢纽湖泊,其水质状况对保障调水安全起到关键性作用本文运用三维荧光光谱平行因子分析法(EEMs-PARAFAC)分析了3个湖泊在不同水文情景下有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收、荧光光谱特征以及荧光组分与主要水质参数的相关性,以探究3个湖泊CDOM来源组成特征结果表明,平行因子分析法解析CDOM三维荧光图谱,得到陆源类腐殖质C1、类色氨酸C2和类酪氨酸C3不同水文情景对高邮湖CDOM来源与结构组成影响较明显,丰水期其类腐殖质荧光强度显著大于枯水期(t-test,P<0.01),并且与a(254)呈正相关(R²=0.85,P<0.01),表明类腐殖质是CDOM主要部分,该荧光组分贡献率可达50%[F_maxC1/(F_maxC1+F_maxC2+F_maxC3)×100%],高邮湖受到入湖河流来水的影响较大,丰水期入湖口附近荧光强度明显高于其他水域东平湖和南四湖CDOM来源组成特征相似,丰水期东平湖和南四湖组分C2和C3显著低于枯水期(t-t...     

三峡库区土地利用对河流溶解性有机质的多时空尺度影响

三峡库区拥有目前世界上规模最大的水利枢纽工程,自投入使用以来,为长江流域提供了丰富的水源及电力,促进了经济的发展,但同时也对该区域的生态环境造成了严重的冲击。澎溪河流域作为三峡库区长江流域干流的典型回水区和消落带,是众多学者研究三峡库区生态环境变化的重点区域。为探究不同时空尺度下土地利用对河流溶解性有机质（DOM）的影响,以澎溪河流域为研究对象,基于紫外-可见光谱分析和三维荧光光谱矩阵-平行因子分析,结合河段缓冲区、河岸带缓冲区及子流域3种空间尺度的二级土地利用类型,解析了旱雨季水体DOM的组成及来源特征,并采用相关分析和冗余分析方法探讨了3种空间尺度下土地利用方式对旱雨季水体DOM的多时空尺度影响。结果表明：（1）旱季水体DOM荧光组分以陆源类腐殖质所占比例更大,雨季水体DOM荧光组分以富里酸贡献为主。（2）流域内陆源输入和内源产生对水体DOM丰度均有贡献,雨季较旱季水体DOM的陆源性更强,自生源特征较弱。（3）土地利用在雨季和子流域尺度下对水体DOM的影响更显著,其中,雨季子流域尺度下,土地利用指数对水体DOM参数的解释率为90.35%。（4）不同土地利用方式对水体DOM产生的影响...     

鄱阳湖西侧周边农村水塘夏季表层沉积物氮、磷、有机质分布特征及评价

水塘作为农村重要的水生态系统,其环境状况与人们生产生活和健康密切相关。为了解鄱阳湖西侧周边农村水塘沉积物的有机质和营养盐赋存状况,于2018—2019年对鄱阳湖流域西侧附近4个县的23个水塘进行沉积物营养盐的分析,同时通过相关分析和差异性分析对其来源进行解析,并采用综合污染指数评价法和主成分分析法对水塘沉积物的污染程度进行评价。结果表明：水塘沉积物污染物含量较高,其有机质、有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量分别为5.81%±2.16%、2.46%±1.02%、（6.48±2.35） mg/g和（1.89±0.80） mg/g。3种形态的无机氮中铵态氮含量最高,其次为硝态氮和亚硝态氮。沉积物TP受到洗涤废水的影响较大,清淤和活化显著减轻了沉积物TN和TOC污染。综合污染指数评价结果表明重度污染和中度污染的水塘占比分别为95.65%和4.35%,其平均评价结果为重度污染,表明水塘沉积物污染严重。而主成分分析结果表明P18水塘污染最重,而P6水塘污染最轻。综合污染指数与主成分分析总得分的相关系数为0.92,表明两者的评价结果较为一致。本研究通过分析鄱阳湖西侧农村水塘的沉积物营养...     

Spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in Haihe River Basin,China: six decades of measurements

This study aims to determine temporal trends and spatial distribution of the annual and monthly precipitation in the Haihe River Basin, China, during 1951–2008. A significant decreasing trend was observed for the annual precipitation, mainly attributed to the abrupt decrease in the flood‐season precipitation (June–September) around the year of 1979. No significant trend was revealed for precipitation within Period I of 1951–1979 and Period II of 1980–2008. Results of this study indicated that the relative contributions of the flood‐season precipitation decreased temporally with time and spatially with elevation. This study also identified a potential movement of storm centers from east to west portions of the basin. In addition, analysis on the precipitation anomalies also suggested a redistribution of the non‐flood season precipitation over the study area. Compared with the west portion of the basin, generally, the east received relatively more precipitation during the non‐flood season, while similar trend of precipitation redistribution was not observed in the flood season. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.