战略环境评价的若干理论问题的探讨

战略环境评价(简称SEA)是环境影响评价(简称EIA)研究领域的前沿课题。中国对SEA的研究始于20世纪90年代，起步较晚。在了解SEA的概念、特点的基础上，阐述了SEA与项目EIA在评价方法、评价内容上是有所差异的，在评价程序和步骤上是有共同点的。SEA是项目EIA的深化和提高。目前在中国进行EIA的过程中，EIA的局限性和所反映出的问题日益明显，为了提高中国EIA的针对性、科学性和有效性，应积极开展SEA的研究和实践。     

战略环境评价若干问题研究

分析了传统环境影响评价制度的不足，回顾了战略环境评价的研究与实践进展，阐述了战略环境评价与环境可持续发展的关系，并对以实现环境可持续发展为目标的战略环境评价体系所存在的问题进行了分析。     

城市化进程中的战略环境评价(SEA)初探

城市化是中国现代化进程中面临的一个重要问题。21世纪初期，中国城市化发展将进入快速发展的关键时期，开展城市化进程中的SEA，即在城市化决策的各个层次前瞻性地考虑政策、规划、计划及其替代方案的环境影响，有助于提高决策质量和实施可持续发展。文章对城市化进程中SEA的概念、对象、评价目标、评估指标体系和评价方法进行了初步探讨，并提出城市化进程中SEA的基本程序。     

城市战略环境评价和可持续性评价

可持续性原则作为一种评价框架应用于影响评价中,主要表现为2种形式.根据各个地方的实际情况,这2种评价方法都是非常有效的.本文借鉴已有的可持续性评价工具,验证对城市背景的适用性,提出了一种可持续性评价的框架体系,并提出在城市开展SEA和可持续性评价的几点建议.     

城市战略环境评价和可持续性评价

可持续性原则作为一种评价框架应用于影响评价中，主要表现为2种形式。根据各个地方的实际情况，这2种评价方法都是非常有效的。本文借鉴已有的可持续性评价工具，验证对城市背景的适用性，提出了一种可持续性评价的框架体系，并提出在城市开展SEA和可持续性评价的几点建议。     

中国开展战略环境评价中存在的问题及其对策

简要介绍了战略环境评价在中国的研究进展,分析了战略环境评价在中国开展的过程中在立法、行政及方法、指标体系和公众参与等方面存在的缺陷和不足,并提出了克服困难的对策。     

矿产资源开发的战略环境评价研究

分析中国矿产资源开发战略环境评价(SEA)的必要性及不同类型矿产资源开发SEA的作用,提出矿产资源开发SEA的工作原则,在公共参与的基础上,建立包括社会、经济、资源、环境和人口5 部分内容的评价指标体系,确定适用于矿产资源开发SEA的评价方法与程序。中国矿产资源开发SEA,目前只能适用于规划范畴,并以矿产资源开发预测性SEA为主。     

中国与欧盟战略环境评价的比较研究——从技术导则层面分析

摘要：介绍了我国与欧盟战略环境评价相关文件。通过从适用范围、跨国界环境影响和跨国界咨询、公众参与以及信息公开等方面对我国与欧盟SEA的技术导则性文件进行对比分析,借鉴欧盟SEA中适合于我国国情的经验,建议正在制定中的《规划环境影响评价条例》和正在修订中的《规划环境影响评价技术导则》等我国SEA相关文件要细化文件适用范围,开展城乡规划环境影响评价,在公众参与中更多鼓励相关利益群体、弱势群体和NGO的参与,深化环境信息公开制度以避免重复评价和监测。     

基于生态系统服务价值核算的土地利用规划战略环境评价

以生态系统服务价值为评价指标,对河北省易县的土地利用总体规划进行了战略环境评价。结果表明,从1997年到2010年期间,易县的土地利用的生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势,从生态环境保护和自然资源利用角度,表明此规划基本合理。但生态价值的增长速率小于其GDP的增长速率,显示该土地利用规划还存在一些问题,需对该规划做一些修改与补充。     

战略环境评价指标体系框架构建研究

从SEA指标体系研究的意义出发,以SEA的目标——环境可持续发展为基础,通过分析SEA指标体系,将其功能确定为准确反映战略实施后环境-人口-资源系统的外在状态、内部协调程度和变化趋势,并建立了SEA指标体系的框架,将SEA指标体系确定为基于驱使力-状态-响应模型(DSR)的层次性指标体系,依据指标作用的不同,将SEA指标分为核心指标和外围指标,并以建立科学、实用和可操作的指标体系为目标对SEA指标的选取原则进行了探讨。     

中国和欧盟土地利用规划环境影响评价对比研究

土地利用规划环境影响评价是提高土地利用规划科学性,实现土地资源可持续利用、促进区域可持续发展 的重要工具。从当前我国土地利用规划环境影响评价借鉴国际尤其是欧盟经验中存在的问题出发,在总结我国及 欧盟国家土地利用规划环境影响评价特点的基础上,从土地利用规划及环境内涵、土地利用规划环境影响评价指 标体系和方法、土地利用规划环境评价的空间层次三个方面分析中国和欧盟土地利用规划环境影响评价的差异。 最后从中国土地利用规划环境影响评价的特点出发,提出合理界定土地利用规划与土地利用规划环境影响评价的 内容、建立中国土地利用规划特点的规划环境影响评价体系、发展规划导向的土地利用规划环境评价方法、加强多 学科、多部门合作以及公众参与的建议。     

大连国际航运中心建设SEA的系统动力学研究

国际航运中心建设是一项复杂的综合性系统工程,系统内存在着错综复杂的关系,可以采用解决非线性问题的系统动力学方法对其进行仿真模拟。针对目前战略环境评价技术方法的不完善,采用系统动力学方法,在分析国际航运中心系统的主要影响因素及其因果关系的基础上,建立了包括人口、经济、交通、能源和环境子系统的系统动力学模型,并利用大连市相关统计数据对模型进行了仿真模拟和验证。通过对仿真结果的分析和预测,符合实际情况,为规划的实施提供科学的决策依据。     

From the Seam to the Stove: greenhouse gas assessment and the coal seam gas industry in Australia

In Australia, Coal Seam Gas (CSG) is a relatively new source of natural gas commonly advocated as a lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions alternative to coal. This study investigates how GHG emissions have been, and potentially could be, assessed within the Australian CSG industry. The research involved a document analysis of several Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) and consultant reports prepared as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for major CSG projects in New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld). There were found to be inconsistencies in the conduct of greenhouse assessment by the CSG industry, including how complete and transparent assessments were, as well as how effectively they addressed project emission intensity and cumulative impacts. There were also found to be large inconsistencies between assessments carried out for Qld projects and those for NSW projects, likely because of differences in how assessment requirements are applied by planning bodies. This study also highlights how alternative assessment approaches, such as Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), have potential to enable a broader and more consistent understanding of emission sources that cross a range of geographical and project boundaries.     

区域规划环境评价的空间尺度效应——对上海高桥镇和浦东新区的案例研究

区域规划环境评价的空间特性决定其对空间尺度的敏感性。本文从理论层面对区域规划环评中空间尺度与基础数据的关系、空间尺度与显著环境因子识别以及评价指标体系的关系、空间尺度与大气环境影响预测的关系进行了初步探讨。并以"上海高桥镇区域规划环境影响评价"(2005年)和"上海浦东新区国民经济与社会发展规划战略环境评价"(2010年)为例,通过对比方法,进一步说明空间尺度与显著环境因子识别和评价指标体系以及与环境影响预测的关系。结果表明:基础数据收集、汇总是区域规划环评中极为重要的环节,由于不同类型的基础数据表现出不同的空间特征,需要根据评价区域的实际和评价要求,合理选择数据所涵盖的空间范围和空间分辨率。区域规划环境评价应根据本身的层次、涉及范围,筛选出合理的显著环境因子,并建立相应的评价指标体系。大尺度上环境空气质量预测评价的结果侧重于总体描述、解释污染物散布的宏观空间格局和趋势,而在小尺度上则更有利于揭示局地精细化的污染扩散规律。     

中国地理科学进展与展望——与美国地理学战略方向的比较(英文)

Understanding the Changing Planet: Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences(UCP),published by the National Research Council(USA),and its comments in The Professional Geographer propose that uppercase and plural "Geographical Sciences"(GS) is the strategic direction for geography in the next decade for better understanding of our rapidly changing planet. According to these comments,UCP valued technologies and tools excessively("task"),and did not pay much attention to methodology("discipline"). Actually,both"task" and "discipline" are geographical wings,especially in the time of "big science".Enlightenment from UCP and its comments is the strategic direction that should be balanced between "task" and "discipline",GS should be a three-dimensional construct of a disciplinary system,methodology,and technologies and tools,and this system should be scientific humanism based on scientific spirit and directed by humanism. During the last 60 years,Chinese geographers devoted themselves to GS,including practice and theory. Obviously progress and outlook are proposed as interdisciplinary GS,Earth Surface Sciences(ESS) and Geographical Construction(GC). The disciplinary system of GS is very complex,and is composed of such human knowledge domains as sciences,technologies,engineering,and philosophy. The main mission is to research the open,complex,and macro earth system(not only scientifically,but also humanistically),and one significant methodology is "comprehensive integration of qualitative and quantitative means"(CIQQM). At the same time,another changing direction in Chinese geography is Human-Economic Geography(HEG).     

传统农业地区能值生态足迹分析——以贵州省从江县为例

传统农业生态系统正面临着来自现代化发展及其带来的技术经济变革的严重威胁,在一些传统农业地区现代农业替代传统农业已经引发了严重的生态环境问题。生态足迹,作为可持续发展评价的方法之一,由于无法全面衡量人类活动对生态系统造成的各种影响,因此无法揭示传统农业地区真实的生态环境状况,也无法给出科学合理的可持续发展评价。能值生态足迹是对传统生态足迹的一种改进,试图利用能值分析理论的优点囊括人类利用生态系统产品和服务的各种活动。然而,目前能值生态足迹研究往往受到传统生态足迹理论的局限,无法真正将人类消费的各种资源、产品和服务纳入进来。为此,本文将生态系统服务概念引入能值生态足迹理论框架中,进一步改进和完善了能值生态足迹模型,使之能够全面衡量人类活动的生态环境影响。本文利用改进的能值生态足迹模型,以我国传统农业地区贵州省从江县为例,开展生态环境状况评估和可持续发展评价。结果表明,从江县2007年人均能值生态承载力为9.3311 ha,人均能值生态足迹为14.5638 ha,人均能值生态赤字为5.2327 ha。可见,从江县的生态承载力仅能满足当地居民消费总需求的64%,当地处于不可持续发展状态,生态环境状况不容乐观。这与传统生态足迹的评价结果差异十分显著。传统生态足迹评价结果显示,从江县的生态承载力不仅能够满足当地居民的消费需求而且有少量生态盈余。进一步分析显示,从江县居民对生态系统的污染物吸纳服务和侵蚀控制服务的消费,在从江县总生态足迹中占有相当大的比例。这说明,从江县传统农业生产方式受现代农业影响而发生的部分改变,所产生的生态环境影响已经逐步显现。过量施用化肥农药所引起的面源污染以及频繁翻耕和砍伐森林所引起的水土流失,已经严重威胁当地的生态环境健康和可持续发展。     

村镇建设类型划分的理论与方法研究——以江苏省为例

村镇地区是多要素组合的地域单元,由于区位条件复杂多样,资源禀赋差异明显,村镇建设具有多元发展路径。基于资源环境承载力视角,构建了“压力-状态-响应”框架下的村镇建设分类指标体系,采用单向优势指标和复合指标相对优势判断相结合的划定方法,综合考虑国家和省级功能区划、协调乡镇周边区域功能并衔接省国土空间发展战略,以乡镇为分析单元,建立了省级村镇建设分类综合方案,并以江苏省为案例进行村镇建设类型划分研究。研究结果发现,江苏省仅有29.61%的乡镇为明显的单一建设类型,村镇建设的综合性发展态势明显;村镇建设类型具有明显的地域差异,苏北地区主要以居住类乡镇和生态类乡镇为主,苏中地区种植类乡镇和养殖类乡镇居多,苏南地区则集聚了商旅类和工业类乡镇。以此为基础提出不同村镇建设类型的资源环境承载力提升策略。     

退牧（耕）还草（林）与甘肃的可持续发展

科学、有序地推进退牧（耕）还草（林）工程,不仅是甘肃生态建设可持续发展最基本的战略任务,而且是实现甘肃社会经济可持续发展的必然选择。本文从政策、管理、农牧户等方面分析了退牧（耕）还草（林）工程实施过程中存在的问题,提出了甘肃省退牧（耕）还草（林）建设要坚持创新性原则、贯彻协同性原则、体现科学性原则,突出地域性特征及建立有效的激励机制等总体思路和具体对策。     

From Moral to Markets: The Rhetoric of Responsibility and Resource Management in European Union Fisheries Policy

Ecological, economic, and social sustainability has been prioritized by the European Union in its proposal for a reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), but it is recognized that there is a lack of knowledge concerning the objectives of these three aspects. Addressing the issue of how these objectives are given meaning as policy is being articulated, two Swedish seminars where fisheries’ stakeholders discuss the proposal for a reformed CFP are analyzed. The analysis shows how fish become defined as a specific kind of resource and how their status as a resource is framed as a moral issue. Once morally charged the resource is subjected to valorization through economic modeling. As a result, the potential for sustainability in fisheries becomes conditional upon the creation of new markets.     

中国东部南北样带森林生态系统WUE和NUE空间格局及驱动因子(英文)

From July 2008 to August 2008, 72 leaf samples from 22 species and 81 soil samples in the nine natural forest ecosystems were collected, from north to south along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC). Based on these samples, we studied the geographical distribution patterns of vegetable water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and analyzed their relationship with environmental factors. The vegetable WUE and NUE were calculated through the measurement of foliar δ 13C and C/N of predominant species, respectively. The results showed: (1) vegetable WUE, ranging from 2.13 to 28.67 mg C g-1 H2O, increased linearly from south to north in the representative forest ecosystems along the NSTEC, while vegetable NUE showed an opposite trend, increasing from north to south, ranging from 12.92 to 29.60 g C g-1 N. (2) Vegetable WUE and NUE were dominantly driven by climate and significantly affected by soil nutrient factors. Based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, mean annual temperature, soil phosphorus concentration, and soil nitrogen concentration were responding for 75.5% of the variations of WUE (p<0.001). While, mean annual precipitation and soil phosphorus concentration could explain 65.7% of the change in vegetable NUE (p<0.001). Moreover, vegetable WUE and NUE would also be seriously influenced by atmospheric nitrogen deposition in nitrogen saturated ecosystems. (3) There was a significant trade-off relationship between vegetable WUE and NUE in the typical forest ecosystems along the NSTEC (p<0.001), indicating a balanced strategy for vegetation in resource utilization in natural forest ecosystems along the NSTEC. This study suggests that global change would impact the resource use efficiency of forest ecosystems. However, vegetation could adapt to those changes by increasing the use efficiency of shortage resource while decreasing the relatively ample one. But extreme impacts, such as heavy nitrogen deposition, would break this trade-off mechanism and give a dramatic disturbance to the ecosystem biogeochemical cycle.