SPOT image used in river water suspendedsediment and its environmental background analysis

1IntroductionRemotesensinghasbeen1'idelyusedinenvironmentalinveshgahonandmonitoring.Thecharacteristicsofremotesensing,suchaslarge-scale.simultalleous,mulh-form,mulh-specialandmulti-resoluhon.makeitmuchbettertilantileordjnalymedlods,andlakeanimpoftalltroleincoastalwaterqualitymonitoringl'1,includingremotesensingofchlorophyll,suspendedsediment,oilpollution,etc.AJnongwhichsuspendedsedimentremotesensingisanimportalltduct,whichhasbeenresearchedbymanyscientists.andmanytheorehcalandexperimentalmodels…     

喜马拉雅山北坡冰碛湖库容计算及变化——以龙巴萨巴湖为例

喜马拉雅地区冰湖溃决洪水灾害日益受到人们重视。作为估算冰湖溃决洪峰流量和模拟洪水演进的必要参数之一,冰湖库容量准确计算十分重要。2009 年9 月对西藏定结县龙巴萨巴湖科考时,应用Hydrobox^TM高分辨率回声测深仪对该湖进行了测深试验,共采集6916 个离散数据点,测得冰湖最深处为101.94 m,平均水深47.50 m。结合同一时段Landsat TM遥感影像解译结果,通过构建不规则三角网模拟龙巴萨巴湖湖盆形态,并计算出该湖2009 年库容量为0.64×10⁸ m³。利用GIS技术对1977-2008 年不同年份的Landsat MSS、地形图、Landsat TM和ASTER遥感影像进行数字化,结果表明近30 年来龙巴萨巴湖长度和面积均呈增加趋势,且自2000 年以来更为显著。利用不同时期龙巴萨巴湖面积和计算的库容量,得到冰碛湖库容-面积计算公式,可为喜马拉雅地区其他冰碛湖库容量估算提供理论参考。龙巴萨巴湖的扩张方向与其母冰川后退方向保持一致。通过对龙巴萨巴湖所在区域中国境内5 个气象站点气温、降水数据的年代际变化分析,表明冰湖规模扩大是气候变暖和冰川退缩的产物。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MORPHOMETRY OF ALPINE AND SUBALPINE BASINS AND REMOTELY SENSED ESTIMATES OF LAKE TURBIDITY,GLACIER NATIONAL PARK,MONTANA

Relationships between characteristics of alpine and subalpine drainage basin form and estimates of lake turbidity were examined. The study was designed to provide insight into sediment removal and delivery systems in an environment where direct process studies are difficult because of logistical constraints. Remote sensing techniques were developed to assess lake turbidity levels through the acquisition of spectral responses by the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Topographic maps were interpreted to derive measurements of morphometric characteristics of 25 study basins within Glacier National Park, Montana. The morphometric variables were chosen to describe basin characteristics related to sediment removal and transport processes. Correlation analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess characteristics of basin form and the relationship to levels of lake turbidity. A significant correlation between the first principal component, which accounted for the general morphometric character of basins, and estimated lake turbidity was discovered. The areal extent of glacial ice and total stream length within the basins were the most significant variables related to estimated levels of lake turbidity.     

Identification of land cover/land use changes in the greater area of the Preveza peninsula in Greece using Landsat satellite data

This study investigates the Land Use & Land Cover (LULC) changes in a coastal area of the southwest part of Epirus region, called Preveza, situated in North-western Greece. Remote sensing imagery coming from the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) sensor on board at the Landsat 7 satellite platform is used for this purpose. More specifically, we identified LULC changes in this environmentally sensitive coastal area, using Landsat image scenes for the dates of June 19th, 2000 and July 22nd, 2009. During this period, there was an increasing tourist activity and a high growth in the construction sector of the study area. The land-use changes were identified, examining several vegetation indices and band combinations, along with the implementation of different well-known classification techniques. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Brightness Index (BI) have proved to be the most suitable indices to successfully identify discrete land surface classes for this study area. Regarding the classifiers, a series of traditional and modern algorithms were tested. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and the Support Vector Machines (SVMs) gave improved results in comparison to other more traditional classification techniques. The best overall accuracy for the study area was achieved with the SVM classifier and reached 96.25% and 97.15% on the dates of June 19th, 2000 and July 22nd, 2009 respectively. The classification results depicted notable urbanization, small deforestation and important LULC changes in the agriculture sector, indicating a rapid coastal environment change in the region of interest.     

长江源区沙漠化及其景观格局变化研究

以1975年的MSS数据、1990年和2005年的TM数据以及2000年的ETM数据为数据源,基于遥感与地理信息系统技术,获得了长江源区1975-2005年间沙漠化的发展特征,并采用景观指数运算软件FRAGSTATS3.3对长江源区沙漠化土地的景观格局变化进行了分析。研究发现,在1975-1990年间,沙漠化土地的增速为61.72 km2·a-1;在1990-2000年间,沙漠化土地的增速为4.54 km2·a-1;在2000-2005年间快速增加,增速高达341.43 km2\5a-1。在沙漠化发展的同时,长江源区沙漠化土地的景观格局变化也非常显著,在1975-2005年间,沙漠化土地发生了严重的破碎化,斑块形状趋于复杂;在1990-2000年间,沙漠化土地出现了连片的现象,沙漠化土地的破碎度有所下降;在2000-2005年间,沙漠化土地破碎度增加。     

Sediment deposition in the flood plain of Stemple Creek Watershed, northern California

Over the past 150 years, major land use changes have occurred in the Stemple Creek Watershed in northern California that have caused erosion to move soils from the upland to the flood plain, stream channels, and the bay. The purpose of this study is to document the recent (1954 to present) sediment deposition patterns in the flood plain area adjacent to Stemple Creek using the ¹³⁷Cesium technique. Sediment deposition ranged from 0.26 to 1.84 cm year⁻¹ for the period from 1964 to 2002 with an average of 0.85±0.41 cm year⁻¹. Sediment deposition rates were higher for the 1954 to 1964 period with a range of 0.31–3.50 cm year⁻¹ and an average of 1.29±1.04 cm year⁻¹. These data indicate that sediment deposition in the flood plain has decreased since the middle 1950s, probably related to reduction in row crop agriculture and an increase in pasturelands. This study shows that the flood plains in the Stemple Creek Watershed are a significant sink for the soils being eroded from the upland area. Given the significance of the flood plain for trapping eroded materials before they reach the stream channels or the bay, efforts need to be made to manage these flood plain areas to insure that they do not change and become a source rather than a sink for eroded materials as improved management practices on the upland areas reduce sediment input to the flood plain.     

若尔盖盆地沙漠化及其景观格局变化研究

应用1975年的MSS数据、1990年和2005年的TM数据、以及2000年的ETM数据,通过遥感与地理信息系统技术,获得了若尔盖盆地在1975-2005年间的沙漠化发展特征,并采用景观指数运算软件FRAGSTATS3.3对该地区沙漠化土地的景观格局变化进行了分析。研究发现,在1975-1990年间,若尔盖盆地的沙漠化土地面积大幅增加;在1990-2000年间,沙漠化土地面积保持稳定;在2000-2005年间,沙漠化土地面积出现了小幅度的减小趋势。对若尔盖盆地沙漠化土地的景观格局变化进行研究发现,固定沙丘（地）和半固定沙丘（地）是若尔盖盆地主要的沙漠化土地景观类型。在1975-1990年间,沙漠化土地斑块数量和斑块平均面积均大幅增加,是该地区沙漠化快速发展时期;在1990-2000年间,沙漠化土地斑块数量下降,斑块平均面积增加,沙漠化景观破碎度有所降低;在2000-2005年间,沙漠化土地斑块数量增加,斑块平均面积减小,沙漠化景观破碎度增强。     

Scale Dependencies of Vegetation and Topography in a Mountainous Environment of Montana

This research examines the effects of spatial scale on estimating the relationship between vegetation biomass and topography within a portion of Glacier National Park, Montana. The Reflectance/Absorptance vegetation index, developed from processed Landsat Thematic Mapper digital data, is related to three topographic variables obtained through processed Digital Elevation Models: elevation, slope angle, and slope aspect. R² values between the vegetation index and the topographic variables are obtained from regression analyses at a series of aggregated spatial scales. The effective range of spatial scales within which the two sets of variables are spatially dependent and the degree of the spatial dependencies are characterized through semivariance and fractal analyses.     

武汉市地表亮温与植被覆盖关系定量分析

利用2002年7月9日的ETM影像,提取武汉市的下垫面类型、地表亮温和植被覆盖度,探讨不同下垫面类型对地表亮温的影响;并采用分形维度计算方法, 研究代表样带的地表亮温和植被覆盖的分维值之间的相关性。结果表明:植被覆盖度越高,地表亮温越低。除水域外的下垫面类型中植被覆盖度与地表亮温存在显著的负相关,这种相关性高于地表亮温与NDVI之间的相关关系。对于样带的地表亮温和植被的分维值研究表明,亮温和植被覆盖度的分维值之间的相关系数高于亮温和NDVI的分维值之间的相关系数。     

基于GIS的县域土地利用优化配置研究

依据2002年Landsat 5的3个波段合成TM假彩色影像、土壤类型图和2006年土地利用变更调查数据库(MapGIS6.5)以及土地利用规划等资料,以亚热带丘陵山区——湖北省崇阳县为研究区,在GIS技术支持下,通过用地分区规划、适宜性评价以及线性规划模型的构建,探讨地形条件复杂、景观类型多样、较大尺度区域的土地利用优化配置问题。研究显示,耕地、园地和林地面积均做了较大调整,耕地集中配置于地势平坦、水源有保障的山间盆地区,而其他分区内的坡耕地均转为园地或林地。优化结果符合该区土地利用特点,优化后的各类用地生态系统服务价值增加,水土流失问题将得到改善,有助于提升农业景观的生态经济效益。     

Historical Channel-Bed Elevation Change as a Result of Multiple Disturbances,Soldier Creek,Kansas

Historical information on stream stage/discharge relations from eight U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations was used to analyze channel-bed elevation change along Soldier Creek, a stream affected by multiple disturbances in northeast Kansas. The analysis provided information on the spatial (location, type, magnitude) and temporal (timing, duration, trend, rate) dimensions of channel change. Channel changes determined for Soldier Creek included extensive changes resulting from channelization and changes of relatively limited extent following a flood. The results were used to document channel changes, partly reconstruct historical channel conditions, infer the causes of channel change, and estimate the occurrence of future channel changes.     

VEGETATION MAPPING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

I.StduyAreaPUschRjdgeoftheSantaCatalinaMountains,CoronadONaionalForest,SoutheastArizona,wasselectedasastudyareafOrvegetationmopingandatestoftheroleOfGISinaidingrem0teIysenseddataclassificati0n.BeinganepitOmeoftheSantaCatalinaMountains,PUscllmdgeiscomprisedOf23O.65sqUarelQnoflandIocatedonthesouthwesternPOrti0noftheSantaCarelinaRangerDistrictOftheCoronadoNationalForest.ltprovidesasharPcontrastbebeenthenamralruggdnessOftheSantaCatalinaMountainsandtheCityOfTucson,Arizona,araPdl…     

A model for the retrieval of suspended sediment concentrations in Taihu Lake from TM images

A study was conducted in the Taihu Lake with the aim of deriving a model for the retrieval of suspended sediment (SS) concentrations from Landsat TM images and in situ sampled data. The correlation between suspended sediment concentrations of lake and the reflectance obtained from the TM images is significant. By TM images and in situ sampled data in summer and winter, we obtained a comparative uniform model for the retrieval of suspended sediment concentrations in the Taihu Lake, that is lnSS = a*(R3/R1) + b, where lnSS is the natural logarithm of the suspended sediment concentration, R1 and R3 are the reflectance coincident with the 1st band and the 3rd band in TM images, a and b are the regression coefficients. Furthermore, we analysed the errors particularly to make sure the model is valid. The model is accurate to within 0.33(RMSE), suggesting that this model may be applicable to predict suspended sediment in the Taihu Lake from TM image throughout the year.     

基于TM影像的太湖悬浮物反演模型

1 Introduction Suspended sediment (SS) is the non-dissolved matter in water which reflects the physical and chemical property of water. Suspended sediment plays an important role in water quality management, which influences the total primary productivity…     

Monitoring Growth in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas Using Remotely Sensed Data

Urbanization and the ability to manage for a sustainable future present numerous challenges for geographers and planners in metropolitan regions. Remotely sensed data are inherently suited to provide information on urban land cover characteristics, and their change over time, at various spatial and temporal scales. Data models for establishing the range of urban land cover types and their biophysical composition (vegetation, soil, and impervious surfaces) are integrated to provide a hierarchical approach to classifying land cover within urban environments. These data also provide an essential component for current simulation models of urban growth patterns, as both calibration and validation data. The first stages of the approach have been applied to examine urban growth between 1988 and 1995 for a rapidly developing area in southeast Queensland, Australia. Landsat Thematic Mapper image data provided accurate (83% adjusted overall accuracy) classification of broad land cover types and their change over time. The combination of commonly available remotely sensed data, image processing methods, and emerging urban growth models highlights an important application for current and next generation moderate spatial resolution image data in studies of urban environments.     

Monitoring Growth in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas Using Remotely Sensed Data

Urbanization and the ability to manage for a sustainable future present numerous challenges for geographers and planners in metropolitan regions. Remotely sensed data are inherently suited to provide information on urban land cover characteristics, and their change over time, at various spatial and temporal scales. Data models for establishing the range of urban land cover types and their biophysical composition (vegetation, soil, and impervious surfaces) are integrated to provide a hierarchical approach to classifying land cover within urban environments. These data also provide an essential component for current simulation models of urban growth patterns, as both calibration and validation data. The first stages of the approach have been applied to examine urban growth between 1988 and 1995 for a rapidly developing area in southeast Queensland, Australia. Landsat Thematic Mapper image data provided accurate (83% adjusted overall accuracy) classification of broad land cover types and their change over time. The combination of commonly available remotely sensed data, image processing methods, and emerging urban growth models highlights an important application for current and next generation moderate spatial resolution image data in studies of urban environments.     

额济纳天然绿洲景观变化及其生态环境效应

基于研究区1987年LandsatTM和2001年LandsatETM+遥感影像资料,综合运用遥感与GIS技术手段,结合景观格局分析软件APACK,就近15年来额济纳天然绿洲景观格局变化进行了分析,并进一步探讨了由此所引起的生态环境效应。研究结果表明:1)天然绿洲面积与水域面积急剧缩减,绿洲荒漠化程度加剧;2)绿洲景观与荒漠景观过渡地带为各景观生态类型相互转化最为剧烈的区域;3)景观多样性与景观异质性程度减小,景观稳定性降低;4)景观变化所引起的生态环境效应包括地下水矿化度升高、水质下降,植被退化与物种多样性降低,沙尘暴危害加剧以及生态难民数量增加等。     

珠三角地区地表温度与土地利用类型关系

随着城市化进程的加快,城市气候与环境问题日益显现,尤以城市热岛效应最为突出。通过监督分类方法对TM遥感影像进行了土地利用分类,并运用TM热红外波段线性拟合模型进行近地表气温反演,分析城市热岛的空间分布及地域性差异,以及与土地利用类型的关系。结果表明:珠三角地区近地表气温与土地利用类型紧密相关,城市建设区形成高温中心,是热岛的主要贡献因子,植被和水体则有明显的冷岛效应;研究区热岛具有区域性集中与分散分布的特点,且以区域性热岛为中心向周边扩展;分析热岛强度剖面线发现,由于地形、植被覆盖度等因素影响,研究区热岛强度的南北差异较大,而东西差异较小;热岛分布与土地利用类型分布格局较为一致,但也有分布不一致性的区域,表现为城市热岛向非城市建设用地扩展。     

Utility of Landsat 7 satellite data for continued monitoring of forest cover change in protected areas in Southeast Asia

Satellite instruments, particularly the Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) series of sensors, are important tools in the interdisciplinary study of tropical forests that are increasingly integrated into studies that monitor changes in vegetation cover within tropical forests and tropical protected areas, and also applied with other types of data to investigate the drivers of land cover change. However, further advances in the use of Landsat to study and monitor tropical forests and protected areas are threatened by the scan line corrector failure on the ETM+ sensor, as well as uncertainty about the continuity of the Landsat mission. Given these problems, this paper illustrates how ETM+ data were used in an interdisciplinary study that effectively monitored forest cover change in Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Following 31 May 2003, when the ETM+ sensor's scan line corrector failed, we analysed how this failure impedes our ability to perform a similar study from this date onwards. This analysis uses six simulated post-scan line corrector failure (SLC-off) images and reveals that data gaps caused by SLC-off introduce maximum errors of 1.47 per cent and 4.04 per cent in estimates of forest cover and rates of forest loss, respectively. The analysis also demonstrates how SLC-off has transformed ETM+ data from a complete inventory dataset to a statistical sample with variable sample fraction, and notes how this data loss will confound the use of Landsat data to model land cover change in a spatially explicit manner. We discuss potential limited uses of SLC-off data and suggest alternative sensors that may provide essential remotely sensed data for monitoring tropical forests in Southeast Asia.     

Spatial patterns of hydrology, geomorphology, and vegetation on the floodplain of the Amazon river in Brazil from a remote sensing perspective

The spatial heterogeneity of hydrology and vegetation during high-water periods in geomorphically distinct reaches of the Amazon River in Brazil was determined based on semivariance statistics. The spatial statistics were derived from three classified Landsat Thematic Mapper images representing upstream to downstream geomorphic characteristics. In the upstream river reach, scroll-bar topography on the floodplain tends to channelize floodwater into floodplain drainage channels, thus reducing the diversity of water types by reducing opportunities for mixing of flooding river water with locally derived floodplain water. The highest diversity of vegetation types is along floodplain drainage channels, while the rest of the floodplain has a more homogeneous cover. In the middle reach of the river the diversity of wetland classes as measured by semivariance is higher than both upstream and downstream, perhaps because of exposure to more water types and landforms. The diversity of water types is high, because flooding river water flows onto the floodplain as diffuse, non-channelized overbank flow, as well as through drainage channels. The non-channelized overbank flow readily mixes with locally derived floodplain water. Floodplain landforms available for colonization by vegetation include scroll bars, swales, lake shores, lake deltas, and floodplain drainage channels. In the downstream reach where the floodplain is wide, relatively flat, and covered with huge lakes, the floodplain supports a moderately heterogeneous mix of vegetation communities. Where landforms are similar, the spatial distribution of the vegetation is similar to that of the middle reach of the river. In the downstream reach flooded forest comprised only 37% of the wetland vegetation. In contrast, in both the upstream and middle reaches, over 70% of the wetland vegetation was flooded forest. Agricultural clearing of the floodplain is more. common in downstream reaches and may account for the smaller percent of floodplain forest cover.