川西冕宁木落寨碳酸岩型稀土矿床流体演化对成矿的制约:来自包裹体和稳定同位素的证据

木落寨稀土矿床位于青藏高原东部,扬子克拉通西南缘,属于典型的碳酸岩型稀土矿床。与其他成矿过程复杂的碳酸岩型稀土矿床相比,该矿床具有完整而连续的流体演化过程,且几乎不受热液蚀变和后期构造-岩浆事件的影响,因此是研究碳酸岩型稀土矿床成矿过程的理想对象。本次研究结合详细的1∶5000矿区岩性-构造-蚀变-矿化野外地质调查和流体包裹体研究,将矿床形成过程划分为三期,即岩浆期、热液期和表生期。热液期作为主要的成矿期,又可细分为热液早阶段、热液中阶段和热液晚阶段三个阶段。对热液不同阶段的重晶石、萤石、石英和氟碳铈矿的流体包裹体研究表明,主要分为以下6类:(1)熔体(M类)包裹体;(2)熔流包裹体;(3)富CO_2包裹体(WC类);(4)含子矿物富CO_2包裹体(SC类);(5)含子矿物水溶液三相包裹体(S类);(6)气液两相包裹体(W类)。热液早阶段为岩浆-热液过渡阶段,以粗粒萤石和重晶石为特征,发育熔融和熔流包裹体,指示成矿流体来自岩浆出溶。WC、SC和S类包裹体主要在热液中阶段石英和萤石中而W类包裹体大部分存在于热液晚阶段氟碳铈矿中。WC类包裹体具有不同的CO_2充填度,表明热液中阶段成矿流体发生不混溶作用。结合WC类包裹体端元组成的显微测温结果和等容线法,模拟计算出不混溶作用发生的温度为280～320℃之间,压力为120～180MPa,盐度范围较大,为2. 4%～42. 4%Na Cleqv。热液成矿期晚阶段氟碳铈矿中的W类包裹体具有稳定的气液比,说明成矿环境较均匀,其测温结果显示大规模稀土矿化主要发生在200～260℃之间,压力200bars,盐度为6. 5%～11. 2%Na Cleqv。激光拉曼结果显示SC和S类包裹体中的子晶主要为重晶石、天青石和无水芒硝等硫酸盐,指示成矿流体富集Na~+、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Sr~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、F~-和Cl~-离子。成矿流体δD和δ~(18)O同位素组成分别为-96. 5‰～-50. 1‰和0. 9‰～6. 4‰,与区域上其他碳酸岩型稀土矿流体同位素组成相似,指示流成矿流体出溶过程中经历自岩浆脱气做作用,且晚阶段有大气降水加入。热液成矿期中阶段硫化物和硫酸盐的δ34SV-CDT分别为集中在-6. 10‰～-4. 77‰和4. 33‰～4. 90‰,与区域其他稀土矿床硫同位素值吻合,反应幔源岩浆硫特征。硫酸盐和硫化物的硫平衡分馏计算结果为16. 7‰～25. 1‰,远大于二者差值(9. 1‰～11. 0‰),显示成矿晚阶段为开放系统。以上研究结果和实验岩石学共同指示木落寨矿床稀土元素在热液中主要以[REE(SO4)2]-和[REECl]2+形式迁移,不混溶作用是流体演化的重要过程,提供成矿所需CO_2,而成矿流体冷却和大气降水混入致使络合物分解被认为是热液晚阶段稀土矿物大规模沉淀的主要机制。     

新疆东天山红石金矿床成矿流体和成矿物质来源示踪

红石金矿床是新疆东天山康古尔塔格金矿带中的代表性矿床之一,本文对其进行了比较系统的流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究。流体包裹体研究结果表明,红石金矿床的成矿流体为中低温、低盐度、中低密度的富CO2流体。石英氢同位素组成δDSMOW为-104‰～-63‰,石英氧同住素组成δ^18OPDB为13.8‰～15.5‰、δ^18O水为-1.7‰～6.1‰。方解石碳同位素组成δ^13CPDR为-3.5‰～-2.7‰,方解石氧同位素组成δ^180PDB为-28.9‰～-26.5‰、δ^18OSMOW为1.1‰～3.5‰。H、O、C同位素组成特征指示红石金矿床成矿流体主要起源于深部,后期混合有大气水。黄铁矿硫同位素组成δ^34为-11.5‰～3.8‰,集中于0.4％～3.8‰,平均值为1.73‰,指示了成矿物质中的硫具有接近陨石硫的深源特征。红石金矿床的成矿作用可概括为富含成矿元素的深源流体在区域剪切构造作用下沿剪切系统不断向上运移,逐渐与浅部流体混合并与围岩发生交代蚀变作用,由于物理化学条件的改变,成矿元素最终在剪切扩容空间中富集成矿。     

新疆东天山东戈壁钼矿矿床地质和地球化学特征

新疆东天山东戈壁钼矿床是迄今为止在我国东天山找到的最大规模的钼矿床,钼矿资源量超过5×105 t。该矿床赋存于花岗斑岩外接触带中,矿石矿物以辉钼矿、黄铁矿为主,围岩蚀变以硅化、钾化、黄铁矿化、电气石化、碳酸盐化和萤石化为特征。其成矿作用可以划分为成矿期和成矿期后两个阶段,成矿温度为140℃～380℃,盐度为0.88～21.33 wt%NaCl,成矿深度为1.76～2.87 km,指示东戈壁钼矿为中低温、中低盐度的浅成矿床。对主要钼矿体8件辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素分析获得的等时线年龄为234.3±1.6 Ma,表明该矿床的成矿时代为印支期。东戈壁钼矿床形成时代的厘定对于提高该矿床的理论研究水平和指导该区隐伏金属矿床的找矿勘查工作均具有重要意义。     

西天山吐拉苏盆地塔吾尔别克金矿床成因探讨:来自同位素年代学和稳定同位素证据

塔吾尔别克金矿床是新疆西天山吐拉苏盆地浅成低温热液金矿集区中的重要金矿床之一,赋存于晚古生代的大哈拉军山组火山岩和花岗斑岩中。矿体多呈脉状-透镜状不连续产出,受近NS向和NNW向断裂及其交汇部位控制。本文对赋矿安山岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得其加权平均年龄为367.1±3.2Ma,表明其喷发时代为晚泥盆世,代表了晚古生代北天山洋向哈萨克斯坦-伊犁板块俯冲消减背景下的岩浆产物。含金石英的氢、氧同位素组成表明,塔吾尔别克金矿床的成矿流体主要来源于大气降水;矿石中热液黄铁矿的δ34S值介于0.6‰~4.7‰之间,铅同位素组成与赋矿岩浆岩相似,指示成矿物质具有壳幔混合特征且以幔源为主,并很可能来自幔源的大哈拉军山组火山岩及其同时同源的花岗斑岩。另外,本文测得穿插矿体和赋矿安山岩的闪长细晶岩脉的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为315.2±3.5Ma,从而将塔吾尔别克金矿床的成矿时代限定在367~315Ma之间,推测矿床形成于晚泥盆世-早石炭世北天山洋向哈萨克斯坦-伊犁板块俯冲消减的陆缘弧环境中。综合矿床地质特征、稳定同位素组成和成矿时代,认为塔吾尔别克金矿床具有浅成低温热液型向斑岩型矿床过渡的性质。     

Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluid for the Gaosongshan gold deposit,Lesser Xing'an Range:Evidence from fluid inclusions,H-O-S-Pb isotopes

Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced from the spatial diagenesis-mineralization relationship,chronological data,physicochemical characteristics of mineral fluid inclusions,mineral or rock elements and isotopic geochemical characteristics.By objectively examining this scientific problem via a geological field survey and petrographic analysis of the Gaosongshan epithermal gold deposit,we recently discovered and verified the following points:(1)Pyrite-bearing spherical quartz aggregates(PSQA)occur in the rhyolitic porphyry;(2)the mineralization is structurally dominated by WNW-and ENE-trending systems and occurs mostly in hydrothermal breccias and pyrite-quartz veins,and the ore types are mainly hematite-crusted quartz,hydrothermal breccia,massive pyrite-quartz,etc.;(3)the alteration types consist of prevalent silicification,sericitization,propylitization and carbonation,with local adularization and illitization.The ore minerals are mainly pyrite,primary hematite,native gold,and electrum,with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite,magnetite,sphalerite,and galena,indicating a characteristic epithermal low-sulfidation deposit.The ore-forming fluid may have been primarily derived from magmatic fluid exsolved from a crystallizing rhyolitic porphyry magma.Further zircon U-Pb geochronology,fluid inclusion,physicochemical and isotopic geochemical analyses revealed that(1)rhyolitic porphyry magmatism occurred at 104.6 ± 1.0 Ma,whereas the crystallization of the PSQA occurred at 100.8 ± 2.1 Ma;(2)the hydrothermal fluid of the pre-ore stage was an exsolved CO_2-bearing H20-NaCl magmatic fluid that produced inclusions mainly composed of pure vapor(PV),vapor-rich(WV)and liquid-rich(WL)inclusions with a small number of melt-(M)and solid-bearing(S)inclusions;mineralization-stage quartz contains WL and rare PV,WV and pure liquid(PL)inclusions characterized by the H_2 O-NaCl system with low formation temperatures and low salinities;(3)the characteristics of hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead isotopes and those of rare earth elements(REEs)provide insight into the affinity between PSQA and orebodies resulting from juvenile crust or enriched mantle.Combined with previous research on the mineralogenetic epoch(99.32± 0.01 Ma),we further confirm that the mineralization of the deposit occurred in the late Early Cretaceous,which coincides with the extension of the continental margin induced by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.The formation of the ore deposit was proceeded by a series of magmatic and hydrothermal events,including melting of enriched juvenile crust,upwelling,the eruption and emplacement of the rhyolitic magma,the exsolution and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid,decompression,the cooling and immiscibility/boiling of the fluid,and mixing of the magmatic fluid with meteoric water,in association with water-rock interaction.     

东天山天宇铜镍硫化物矿床磁黄铁矿Re-Os同位素物质来源示踪

天宇岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的矿体由浸染状矿体和块状矿体组成。采用同位素稀释Triton-plus测定了浸染状矿石和块状矿石的磁黄铁矿Re-Os同位素比值。结果表明:浸染状矿石w(Re)为11.82×10~(-9)~45.28×10~(-9),w(Os)为0.944×10~(-9)~8.528×10~(-9),187Os/188Os初始比值为0.885~2.332,γOs为607~1763;块状矿石w(Re)为49.38×10~(-9)~315.10×10~(-9),w(Os)为0.191×10~(-9)~42.420×10~(-9),187Os/188Os初始比值为0.654~3.322,γOs为423~2555。Re、Os含量、同位素组成和特征值表明,该矿床物质为壳-幔混合来源,块状矿石可能比浸染状矿石经历了更强的地壳物质混染。浸染状矿体发育透闪石化、蛇纹石化、绿泥石化蚀变,表明存在岩浆期后热液活动,但块状矿体热液蚀变不明显,块状矿石的Re-Os同位素特征可能是与地壳岩石直接作用的结果。地壳混染作用发生在深部岩浆房,同时也发生在岩浆侵位及再次迁移过程中,这些过程造成块状矿体与浸染状矿体不同的同位素特征。     

新疆西天山吐拉苏铅锌矿床的成因——年代学、流体包裹体和硫铅同位素的约束

吐拉苏铅锌矿床是新疆西天山吐拉苏盆地中的代表性贱金属矿床之一。矿体赋存于晚古生代大哈拉军山组凝灰岩中,受南北向张性断裂控制。矿石中主要矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、石英和方解石,发育晶洞状、晶簇状、梳状、角砾状等代表开放空间的充填构造。赋矿凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为372.5±4.3 Ma,形成于北天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲的背景。含矿石英中发育大量富液相水两相包裹体[均一温度和盐度w(NaCl_eq)分别集中于130～210℃和8.1%～16.9%之间],偶见富气相水两相包裹体、纯气相水包裹体和含固相子晶三相包裹体。流体包裹体和矿石组构特征综合表明,流体沸腾及其伴随的温度降低是Pb、Zn沉淀的重要机制。方铅矿δ³⁴S范围为-2.2‰～-0.5‰,显示出岩浆硫的特征。方铅矿的²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值分别为18.208～18.264、15....     

新疆西准噶尔宏远钼矿床和吐克吐克钼铜矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿时代

宏远（铜）钼矿和吐克吐克钼铜矿为新疆西准噶尔地区新发现的斑岩型矿床。流体包裹体测温和激光拉曼探针分析研究表明,宏远（铜）钼矿发育气液、气体和含子矿物包裹体等3类包裹体,气液比变化大,均一温度集中在140 ℃～200 ℃和260 ℃～340 ℃两个区间,吐克吐克钼铜矿只含有气液和含子矿物两类包裹体,气液比变化小,均一温度集中在180 ℃～220 ℃。两个矿区均发育高盐度和低盐度的NaCl-H₂O-CH₄-CO₂流体,显示含甲烷还原性流体的性质。宏远（铜）钼矿辉钼矿Re-Os同位素分析表明其成矿年龄为314.3±1.9 Ma,与西准噶尔包古图斑岩铜矿成矿时代一致。     

东天山马庄山金矿区赋矿石英斑岩的岩石成因和构造背景:元素地球化学、U-Pb年代学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素约束

马庄山金矿位于东天山东段,矿区出露有大量的石英斑岩,总体上呈北东走向,沿矿区中部断裂侵入。石英斑岩呈灰白色,具斑状结构,斑晶主要为石英,少量正长石和斜长石,基质为长英质和少量暗色矿物。石英斑岩的Na_2O+K_2O含量为3. 55%～9. 67%,Al_2O_3含量(10. 37%～14. 28%),K_2O/Na_2O比值为2. 57～66. 5,显示富碱高钾、过铝质特征;稀土含量中等(65×10~(-6)～161×10~(-6)),轻重稀土分异中等([La/Yb]N=6. 15～12. 5),相对富集轻稀土元素、具弱的负Eu异常。微量元素总体富集Rb、K、Th、U和Pb,亏损Sr、Ba、P、Nb和Ti等元素,与活动大陆边缘弧火成岩的微量元素特征一致。马庄山石英斑岩的SiO_2与P_2O_5呈现负相关关系,Y、Th与Rb均呈现正相关的关系,说明研究区的次火山岩属于I型花岗岩类。对马庄山石英斑岩内岩浆锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得一致曲线年龄为315. 4±0. 6Ma(MSWD=0. 67),加权平均年龄为316. 0±2. 0Ma(MSWD=0. 23),将矿区内以石英斑岩为主的次火山岩侵位时间限定在314～318Ma。石英斑岩具有较高的(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0. 7077～0. 7102),较低的εNd(t)值(-1. 62～1. 82),Nd的二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为0. 9～1. 2Ga,εHf(t)值为-3. 2～0. 4,tDM2在1. 28～1. 51Ga之间,暗示岩石来自于下地壳物质重熔,可能有部分地幔物质加入。综合石英斑岩的地质、地球化学和年代学特征,认为东天山东段,在晚石炭世,马庄山地区处于与俯冲相关的活动陆缘弧环境。     

东天山东戈壁钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及印支期成矿事件

东戈壁超大型钼矿床位于新疆境内的东天山觉罗塔格成矿带.8件辉钼矿样品Re-Os同位素年龄介于228.7±2.7Ma ～ 241.7±0.9Ma,等时线年龄为231.9±6.5Ma(95％置信度,MSWD =0.71),加权平均年龄为238.5±3.7Ma(95％置信度,MSWD=5.8).其中,最小的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄与矿区内斑状花岗岩年龄(227.6±1.3Ma)一致,表明成岩和成矿作用发生在三叠纪.7件辉钼矿样品Re含量为26.51×10-6～91.34×10-6,指示成矿物质主要来自古生代增生作用形成的不成熟大陆壳.已有成矿年龄显示了印支期成矿事件在东天山地区非常显著,发生于大陆碰撞造山体制.     

长江中下游成矿带铜陵新桥矿床Re-Os同位素及流体包裹体研究

新桥Cu-Au-Fe-S矿床位于安徽铜陵矿集区,是长江中下游成矿带中非常典型的多金属硫化物矿床。本文在双目镜下手工挑选黄铁矿单矿物并进行Re-Os同位素测试,首次得到了两组等时线年龄,分别为138±26Ma和393±40Ma。二者的初始Os同位素具有明显的区别,前者较高,具有明显的地壳来源特征,而后者则呈现了一定的地幔物质贡献的特征。138±26Ma的等时线年龄与该地区侵入体石英闪长岩140.4±2.2Ma的年龄一致。这些结果显示:新桥矿床可能存在两期成矿作用,分别为燕山期岩浆热液成矿和古生代海底喷流沉积成矿。在对与燕山期岩浆热液成矿相关的流体包裹体进行了相关研究之后发现,流体包裹体主要为Na Cl-H2O体系,没有发现富CO2等其他类型的包裹体,显微测温结果显示其盐度变化范围为4.2%~50.7%Na Cleqv,而均一温度(Th)变化范围为140~432℃。说明成矿流体可能主要是来自岩浆的含Na Cl的水溶液,而结合岩相学观察及显微测温结果我们可以发现成矿流体可能在250℃左右经历了微弱的沸腾作用,这些结果同时也显示出岩浆水与大气降水的混合作用的特征,说明新桥矿床该期次成矿的成矿流体可能经受了以上两种作用的共同影响并最终导致成矿物质沉淀成矿,成矿的温度为250℃左右。     

内蒙古乌兰拜其铅锌矿床成因探讨:流体包裹体及矿石矿物S-Pb同位素、微量元素证据

乌兰拜其铅锌矿床是近年来在大兴安岭中南段地区新发现的一处中型铅锌多金属矿床,目前已探明铅锌储量约27万吨,其中Ⅰ号矿段为主要的组成矿段。本文以乌兰拜其矿床Ⅰ号矿段作为研究对象,试图讨论乌兰拜其铅锌矿床成矿流体性质、成矿物质来源、成矿地质背景及成因类型。乌兰拜其矿床Ⅰ号矿段矿体主要呈似层状赋存于白音高老组地层中酸性火山碎屑岩中。根据矿物的组构和穿插关系,初步将I号矿段成矿作用划分为：毒砂-黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段和绢云母-绿泥石阶段等三个主要成矿阶段。其中矿床中主成矿阶段的石英、闪锌矿中的流体包裹体可分为气液两相包裹体(Ⅰ型)和含子晶多相包裹体(Ⅱ型)两类。石英中气液两相包裹体的均一温度范围为125~481℃,盐度为2.74%~7.02% NaCleqv;闪锌矿中的流体包裹体均一温度范围为110~327℃,盐度为2.90%~7.02% NaCleqv。分析计算得出的包裹体形成时的成矿压力为8.27~37.43MPa,平均压力为21.26MPa;成矿深度为0.28~1.25km,平均深度为0.71km。这表明乌兰拜其铅锌矿床的成矿流体具有中低温、低密度、低盐度的特征,其形成于压力较低,深度较浅的环境下。矿床主成矿阶段的多金属硫化物具有较小的δ³⁴S值变化范围(-6.73‰~0.17‰,均值为-4.10‰),指示硫来源于深源岩浆。闪锌矿、黄铜矿Pb同位素(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为18.130~18.267,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.488~15.545,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为37.920~38.104)组成较为稳定。其μ值为9.27~9.28,ω值为33.46~34.02,暗示乌兰拜其矿床铅具有壳幔混合来源特征。乌兰拜其硫铅同位素组成与大兴安岭地区成矿物质为岩浆来源的金属矿床特征相似,与早白垩世火山岩浆活动关系密切,是深部岩浆热液逐步演化的产物。结合矿区与成矿关系密切的燕山晚期花岗岩,本次研究初步认为乌兰拜其铅锌多金属矿床是受燕山晚期中酸性火山岩-次火山岩和断裂控制的,与岩浆活动有关的中低温热液铅锌多金属矿床。

     

江苏栖霞山铅锌多金属矿床成因探讨:流体包裹体及氢-氧-硫-铅同位素证据

江苏栖霞山铅锌多金属矿床位于长江中下游成矿带宁镇地区,是华东地区最大的铅锌矿之一,近年来在其深部取得重大找矿突破,但该矿床的成因仍存在争议。本文在详细的野外调查基础上,重点对深部样品进行了系统的观察和采集。通过对其各成矿阶段流体包裹体及H、O、S、Pb同位素系统测定及分析,并结合地质事实,最终确定其矿床成因,为该矿床及区域下一步找矿提供方向。流体包裹体研究表明,栖霞山矿床流体包裹体类型以纯液相包裹体(L)和气液两相包裹体(V+L)为主。显微测温结果显示:主成矿期(热液成矿期)第一阶段磁铁矿-石英阶段(Ⅰ)的包裹体均一温度集中变化于280~380℃,盐度变化于4.24%~9.86%Na Cleqv;第二阶段石英-硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)的包裹体均一温度集中变化于180~320℃,盐度变化于1.74%~8.00%Na Cleqv;第三阶段石英-碳酸盐岩阶段(Ⅲ)的包裹体均一温度变化于80~160℃,盐度变化于0.53%~6.74%Na Cleqv。从第一阶段到第三阶段,均一温度和盐度均有降低的趋势,显示流体混合的特征,可能是其矿质沉淀的重要机制。H-O同位素分析(δ~(18)OH2O值为-1.9‰~5.5‰,δD值为-80.3‰~-69.9‰)显示成矿流体主要为岩浆流体,后期有大气降水的加入。硫化物S同位素研究显示,δ~(34)S值总体变化范围-4.6‰~3.8‰,呈塔式分布,位于零值附近,暗示着栖霞山矿床硫化物的S主要来源于岩浆,且可能有部分赋矿地层S的混入。矿石硫化物的(206)~Pb/(204)~Pb为17.616~17.817,207Pb/(204)~Pb为15.513~15.718,(208)~Pb/(204)~Pb为37.907~38.585,说明Pb主要来源于岩浆,可能有部分震旦系基底地层Pb的加入。综合矿床地质、流体包裹体及H、O、S、Pb同位素特征可知,栖霞山矿床属于主要受石炭系黄龙组灰岩与高丽山组砂岩之间"硅钙面"控制的岩浆热液矿床,与本区早白垩世晚期岩浆活动密切相关。     

新疆西天山阿希金矿床流体包裹体地球化学特征

本文在系统总结前人关于矿床地质特征和流体成矿作用研究成果的基础上,补充开展了热液成矿期石英-碳酸盐阶段石英、方解石和重晶石中流体包裹体的均一法和冷冻法测温,并对石英样品进行了气相色谱测量,对石英流体包裹体中的稀土和微量元素进行了测试.结果表明,矿床具有典型的浅成低温热液金矿的特点,成矿流体总体上盐度很低,多数都集中于0.53～1.57wt%NaCl.成矿流体的主要成分为H2O、CO2和CH4.流体包裹体微量元素与容矿围岩具有继承性,流体中Cu、Ni、Co、Mo、Zn、Pb、V、Sb和Li等的含量较高,可能说明了Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Bi和Ba等元素在水岩反应过程中更容易进入流体当中.石英流体包裹体中∑REE为13825×10-12～149935×10-12,LREE/HREE为2.63～50.83,δEu为0.70～0.91,表现为Eu的弱亏损.成矿流体的REE配分型式与火山岩具有相同的Eu亏损和右倾配分曲线,表明成矿流体在演化过程中可能继承了早期火山岩的REE特征;但成矿流体的LREE/HREE值比火山岩大,前者的REE配分曲线比后者更加右陡倾斜.这可能与后期变质水和大气降水的混入引起的成矿流体物质组分发生有关.     

Metallogenic age and hydrothermal evolution of the Jidetun Mo deposit in central Jilin Province,northeast China: Evidence from fluid inclusions,isotope systematics,and geochronology

The Jidetun deposit is a large porphyry Mo deposit that is located in central Jilin Province, northeast China. The Mo mineralization occurs mainly at the edge of porphyritic granodiorite, as well as the adjacent monzogranite. Field investigations, cross-cutting relationships, and mineral paragenetic associations indicate four stages of hydrothermal activity. To determine the relationships between mineralization and associated magmatism, and better understand the metallogenic processes in ore district, we have undertaken a series of studies incluiding molybdenite Re–Os and zircon U–Pb geochronology, fluid inclusions microthermometry, and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope compositions. The molybdenite Re–Os dating yielded a well-defined isochron age of 168.9 ± 1.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.34) that is similar to the weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 173.5 ± 1.5 Ma (MSWD = 1.8) obtained from zircons from the porphyritic granodiorite. The results lead to the conclusion that Mo mineralization, occurred in the Middle Jurassic (168.9 ± 1.9 Ma), was spatially, temporally, and genetically related to the porphyritic granodiorite (173.5 ± 1.5 Ma) rather than the older monzogranite (180.1 ± 0.6 Ma). Fluid inclusion and stable (C–H–O) isotope data indicate that the initial H₂O–NaCl fluids of mineralization stage I were of high-temperature and high-salinity affinity and exsolved from the granodiorite magma as a result of cooling and fractional crystallization. The fluids then evolved during mineralization stage II into immiscible H₂O–CO₂–NaCl fluids that facilitated the transport of metals (Mo, Cu, and Fe) and their separation from the ore-bearing magmas due to the influx of abundant external CO₂ and heated meteoric water. Subsequently, during mineralization stage III and IV, increase of pH in residual ore-forming fluids on account of CO₂ escape, and continuous decrease of ore-forming temperatures caused by the large accession of the meteoric water into the fluid system, reduced solubility and stability of metal clathrates, thus facilitating the deposition of polymetallic sulfides.     

贵州太平洞金矿床流体包裹体特征及流体不混溶机制

太平洞金矿床是兴仁-安龙金矿带灰家堡金矿区的重要卡林型金矿之一。流体包裹体研究证明,石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿-毒砂阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-方解石-雄黄阶段(Ⅲ)的包裹体类型丰富,以气液水两相包裹体、CO₂-H₂O包裹体和纯液相水包裹体为主,CO₂两相包裹体、纯气相有机质包裹体和有机质-H₂O包裹体次之,偶见气液有机质包裹体。由Ⅰ→Ⅱ→Ⅲ阶段,气液水包裹体均一温度(200～260℃→180～240℃→100～160℃)呈现逐渐降低的趋势。在Ⅰ阶段的石英中,只在局部偶见到CO₂-H₂O包裹体和气液两相水包裹体共生;在Ⅱ阶段的石英中,纯液相水包裹体、气液两相盐水包裹体、CO₂-H₂O包裹体、CO₂包裹体及纯气相有机质包裹体共存,它们共生在同一平面中且气液两相盐水包裹体和CO₂-H₂O包裹体测温数据相差不大,说明当时捕获的是不均匀成矿流体,它是由含有机质的成矿流体经历了CO₂-低盐度水的不混溶作用形成的。因而认为,太平洞金矿床中成矿早期流体不混溶作用不明显,主成矿阶段流体的不混溶作用是导致金矿质沉淀的重要原因。     

Mineralogy,fluid inclusions,and isotopes of the Cihai iron deposit,eastern Tianshan,NW China: Implication for hydrothermal evolution and genesis of subvolcanic rocks-hosted skarn-type deposits

Most skarn deposits are closely related to granitoids that intruded into carbonate rocks. The Cihai (>100 Mt at 45% Fe) is a deposit with mineral assemblages and hydrothermal features similar to many other typical skarn deposits of the world. However, the iron orebodies of Cihai are mainly hosted within the diabase and not in contact with carbonate rocks. In addition, some magnetite grains exhibit unusual relatively high TiO₂ content. These features are not consistent with the typical skarn iron deposit. Different hydrothermal and/or magmatic processes are being actively investigated for its origin. Because of a lack of systematic studies of geology, mineral compositions, fluid inclusions, and isotopes, the genetic type, ore genesis, and hydrothermal evolution of this deposit are still poorly understood and remain controversial.The skarn mineral assemblages are the alteration products of diabase. Three main paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been recognized based on petrographic observations, which show a prograde skarn stage (garnet-clinopyroxene-disseminated magnetite), a retrograde skarn stage (main iron ore stage, massive magnetite-amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite), and a quartz-sulfide stage (quartz-calcite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-cobaltite).Overall, the compositions of garnet, clinpyroxene, and amphibole are consistent with those of typical skarn Fe deposits worldwide. In the disseminated ores, some magnetite grains exhibit relatively high TiO₂ content (>1 wt.%), which may be inherited from the diabase protoliths. Some distinct chemical zoning in magnetite grains were observed in this study, wherein cores are enriched in Ti, and magnetite rims show a pronounced depletion in Ti. The textural and compositional data of magnetite confirm that the Cihai Fe deposit is of hydrothermal origin, rather than associated with iron rich melts as previously suggested.Fluid inclusions study reveal that, the prograde skarn (garnet and pyroxene) formed from high temperature (520–600 °C), moderate- to high-salinity (8.1–23.1 wt.% NaCl equiv, and >46 wt.% NaCl equiv) fluids. Massive iron ore and retrograde skarn assemblages (amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite) formed under hydrostatic condition after the fracturing of early skarn. Fluids in this stage had lower temperature (220°–456 °C) and salinity (8.4–16.3 wt.% NaCl equiv). Fluid inclusions in quartz-sulfide stage quartz and calcite also record similar conditions, with temperature range from 128° to 367 °C and salinity range from 0.2 to 22.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data of garnet and quartz suggest that mixing and dilution of early magmatic fluids with external fluids (e.g., meteoric waters) caused a decrease in fluid temperature and salinity in the later stages of the skarn formation and massive iron precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values of magnetite from iron ores vary between 4.1 and 8.5‰, which are similar to values reported in other skarn Fe deposits. Such values are distinct from those of other iron ore deposits such as Kiruna-type and magmatic Fe-Ti-V deposits worldwide. Taken together, these geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data confirm that Cihai is a diabase-hosted skarn deposit related to the granitoids at depth.     

新疆东天山卡拉塔格红石铜矿床硫同位素研究

卡拉塔格红石铜矿床位于新疆东天山大南湖—头苏泉岛弧带北段,矿床产于陆相火山岩—次火山岩中,受断裂构造控制而呈脉状;成矿过程包括早、中和晚阶段,分别以石英—黄铁矿脉、石英—硫化物脉以及石英—碳酸盐—石膏细脉为标志;围岩蚀变以硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、青磐岩化等中低温蚀变组合为特征。矿石硫化物的δ³⁴S值变化于-1.9‰～3.6‰之间,平均为1.2‰,其中黄铁矿δ³⁴S值为-1.1‰～3.6‰（平均值1.3‰）,黄铜矿δ³⁴S值为-1.9‰～1.6‰（平均值0.5‰）,闪锌矿δ³⁴S值为2.0‰～3.5‰（平均值2.8‰）。从早到晚,矿石硫化物的δ³⁴S值显示逐渐降低的特点,表明成矿过程中硫源发生了变化或成矿流体系统性质有所改变,由与石英斑岩有关的矿化过渡为浅成低温热液矿化。红石矿床地质与流体特征与新疆北部浅成低温热液矿床一致,应为浅成低温热液矿床。     

Ore Genesis and Tectonic Significance of the Xiaojiashan Tungsten Deposit,Eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang, China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusions,and Stable Isotope Geochemistry

The Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is located about 200 km northwest of Hami City, the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China, and is a quartz vein‐type tungsten deposit. Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry, host rock geochemistry, and H–O isotopic compositions are used to constrain the ore genesis and tectonic setting of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. The orebodies occur in granite intrusions adjacent to the metamorphic crystal tuff, which consists of the second lithological section of the first Sub‐Formation of the Dananhu Formation (D₂d ₁²). Biotite granite is the most widely distributed intrusive bodies in the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. Altered diorite and metamorphic crystal tuff are the main surrounding rocks. The granite belongs to peraluminous A‐type granite with high potassic calc‐alkaline series, and all rocks show light Rare Earth Element (REE)‐enriched patterns. The trace element characters suggest that crystallization differentiation might even occur in the diagenetic process. The granite belongs to postcollisional extension granite, and the rocks formed in an extensional tectonic environment, which might result from magma activity in such an extensional tectonic environment. Tungsten‐bearing quartz veins are divided into gray quartz vein and white quartz veins. Based on petrography observation, fluid inclusions in both kinds of vein quartz are mainly aqueous inclusions. Microthermometry shows that gray quartz veins have 143–354°C of T_h, and white quartz veins have 154–312°C of T_h. The laser‐Raman test shows that CO₂ is found in fluid inclusions of the tungsten‐bearing quartz veins. Quadrupole mass spectrometry reveals that fluid inclusions contain major vapor‐phase contents of CO₂, H₂O. Meanwhile, fluid inclusions contain major liquid‐phase contents of Cl^?, Na⁺. It can be speculated that the ore‐forming fluid of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is characterized by an H₂O–CO₂, low salinity, and H₂O–CO₂–NaCl system. The range of hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions indicated that the ore‐forming fluids of the tungsten deposit were mainly magmatic water. The ore‐forming age of the Xiaojiashan deposit should to be ~227 Ma. During the ore‐forming process, the magmatic water had separated from magmatic intrusions, and the ore‐bearing complex was taken to a portion where tungsten‐bearing ores could be mineralized. The magmatic fluid was mixed by meteoric water in the late stage.     

云南大坪大型金多金属矿床叠加成矿作用地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据

对云南元阳县大坪大型金多金属矿床矿脉地质特征、流体包裹体和稳定同位素的研究表明,矿区内大量的矿脉是叠加成矿的产物,空间上具有并置、侧列（现）、再现等复杂关系,成矿可分石英．黄铁矿（主要形成金矿化）和石英．方铅矿（主要形成铜铅银矿化,并叠加有金矿化）两个阶段共7个亚阶段。石英-黄铁矿阶段流体包裹体以个体小,数量多。杂乱分布为特征,以二相气液包裹体为主,均一温度变化区间为165℃～393℃,平均258℃;流体密度为0．648—0．7984g／cm^3,盐度变化为13,72％～18．96％NaCleqv,平均17．13％NaCleqv,捕获压力为64MPa左右。流体为含CO2的NaCl-H2O体系,在成分上相对富集Na^＋、Cl^-、CH4和N2、NO3^-等组分,从早到晚,具有Na^＋、Ca^2＋、SO4^2-略有升高,而K^＋有所降低的趋势。石英方铅矿阶段流体包裹体大小混杂,杂乱分布或呈线性排列,以CO2包裹体为主,并有二相气液和少量单相包裹体。均一温度177℃～372℃,平均284℃,流体密度为0,7413～O．9518g／cm^3,盐度变化为10．86％～21．26％NaCleqv,平均14．16％NaCleqv,捕获压力为60MPa左右。流体属为NaCl-H2O-CO2体系,在成分上以相对富集Na^＋、K^＋、SO4^2-为特征,部分脉体的流体包裹体中还含有一定量的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子。矿区不同（亚）阶段矿石氧同位组成总体变化较小（2.65‰～6.0‰）,氢同位素组成变化较大（-120％～-40‰）,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段H、O同位素组成变化均较小,以岩浆源为主,而石英．方铅矿阶段氢同位素组成变化较大,表明有新的流体加入,但也以深源流体为主;石英-方铅矿阶段一个铁白云石的δ^13C值为-4．81％o,而石英．黄铁矿阶段晚期方解石碳同位素组成变化为-2．79‰～-4.34‰,平均-3．75‰。不同矿脉黄铁矿、方铅矿的硫同位素组成变化范围为0．3‰-4.4‰,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为0.3‰～4．4‰,石英-方铅矿阶段为0.5～4.3‰,总体上与深源（地幔）碳、硫同位素组成基本一致。综合对比研究认为,大坪金多金属矿床为源于深部的多源成矿热液在同一容矿空间充填的结果,叠加成矿作用与区内长期的岩浆活动密切相关。矿床为中-高温热液硫化物．石英薄脉型金多金属矿床。