基于最大球算法定量表征土体空间孔隙网络

孔隙网络控制着土体渗流、排水固结与基质吸力等重要工程性质。本文介绍了多孔介质孔隙网络最大球建模基本原理与算法。以显微CT扫描振捣干法生成的南京粉砂试样为例,采用最大球算法建立了试样三维重构模型表征单元体(REV)的空间孔隙网络球棍模型,计算得到了样品REV尺度的孔隙网络参数,统计发现,孔隙半径、喉道半径、孔隙配位数、孔隙截面形状因子、喉道截面形状因子与喉道长度等孔隙参数均近似服从正态分布,孔隙体积近似服从衰减型指数分布。孔隙与喉道半径分别分布在100μm与65μm以内,两者数学期望分别为40. 0μm与18. 0μm;配位数分布在25以内,数学期望为5. 1;孔隙与喉道截面形状因子分别分布在0. 01~0. 04与0. 01~0. 05的区间内,两者数学期望分别为0. 019与0. 033;喉道长度分布在100~800μm以内,数学期望为292. 22μm。同时发现,样品中体积小于1. 5×10^7μm^3的小孔隙数量超过90%。本方法可应用于土体细观孔隙结构的定量表征。     

考虑不同尺度孔隙压缩敏感性的砂岩渗透特性研究

以往的研究多是从宏观层面建立孔隙压缩敏感性与渗透率之间的关系,缺乏砂岩不同尺度孔隙结构改变对渗透率演化规律的认识。从细观孔隙层面来看,不同尺度孔隙在应力作用下闭合程度差异明显,考虑不同尺度下孔隙压缩敏感性对准确预测渗透率演化至关重要。因此,利用多场耦合核磁共振试验平台开展了砂岩渗流-应力耦合试验,获得了不同应力作用下砂岩渗透率以及孔径分布曲线的变化规律,将孔径分成大孔(>1μm)、中孔(0.1～lμm)、小孔(<0.1μm)3类,计算了砂岩不同尺度孔隙压缩系数及其转化因子,提出了考虑不同尺度孔隙压缩敏感性的砂岩渗透率计算公式。结果发现:砂岩不同尺度孔隙的压缩性差异明显,大尺度孔隙的压缩敏感性更强;考虑不同尺度孔隙压缩敏感性的渗透率公式与试验值具有较好的一致性。     

Comparison of laser grain size analysis with pipette and sieve analysis: a solution for the underestimation of the clay fraction

Classically, the grain size of soil and sediment samples is determined by the sieve method for the coarse fractions and by the pipette method, based on the ‘Stokes’ sedimentation rates, for the fine fractions. Results from the two methods are compared with results from laser diffraction size analysis, which is based on the forward scattering of monochromatic coherent light. From a point of view of laboratory efficiency, the laser sizing technique is far superior. Accuracy and reproducibility are shown by measurements on certified materials. It appears that laser grain size measurements of certified materials correspond very well with the certificated measurements. Tests were also done on a set of randomly selected sediments of fluvial, aeolian and lacustrine origin. Except for the (<2 μm) clay fraction, there is a coarsening of the mean diameter of one to two size classes (0.25 ?), caused by the non-sphericity of the particles. The platy form of the clay particles induces considerable differences (eight size classes) between pipette and laser measurements: the <2 μm grain size, defined by the pipette method corresponds with a grain size of 8 μm defined by the Laser Particle Sizer for the studied sediments. Using a higher grain size level for the clay fraction, when laser analysis is applied, enables workers in the geological and environmental field to compare classical pipette analysis with a laser sizing technique.     

激光辐照煤岩的热效应数值模拟分析

探究激光辐照煤岩的热效应,有助于理解激光作用于煤岩的成孔机制,从而为激光应用于煤层气水平钻进提供理论支持。基于传热学理论,建立了激光辐照煤岩的数学模型,通过多物理场仿真分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics对激光破岩过程中温度场分布情况进行数值计算,探讨了激光光束辐照在煤岩表面时激光功率、光斑半径及辐照时间等因素对激光作用于岩石的热效应影响。再考虑到煤岩在极高的升温速度下将发生相变,建立了其发生气体相变的数值仿真模型,对其气化后形成的烧灼孔进行模拟仿真。仿真结果分析表明,影响钻孔深度的主要因素是激光功率和辐照时间,影响孔口直径大小的主要因素是光斑直径,激光辐照煤岩的成孔机理主要是激光高温烧蚀成孔,如果用于实际钻进过程中将大幅减少固体岩屑,有助于降低排屑工艺的难度。      

基于分形理论研究土壤结构及其水分特征关系

为定量获得土壤结构对其水力性质的指示作用,室内实验选用华北平原子牙河流域原状土样为研究对象,用张力计法和激光粒度分析仪分别测定土壤水分特征曲线和样品粒度分布,基于分形理论计算土壤粒度分布的分形维数,采用实验测定与模型验证相结合的方法对水分特征曲线进行分析.结果表明,土壤颗粒粒度分布在[10 μm,50 μm]区间内的分段分维值是表征土壤粒度累积分布显著上升段特征的关键参数,与0~80 kPa吸力范围内的土壤水分特征曲线幂函数模型拟合参数(a、b)有极显著相关关系.研究区内土壤水分特征曲线以分形形式表达的幂函数模型为:θ=100.78×(3-D)S(D-3)/3,利用土壤结构分形特征能够有效指示其水力性质.      

A waveguide-based flexible CO2-laser heating system for diamond-anvil cell applications

Fiber-based laser heating systems offer high flexibility and are increasingly used in high-pressure/high-temperature research. Previous fiber-based laser heating systems were based on lasers delivering radiation with 1-μm wavelength that show unfavorable heating characteristics for many sample materials. We report on the development and first experiments of a waveguide (fiber)-based CO₂-laser heating system that can be used in a flexible manner for high-temperature research and for high-pressure/temperature experiments when combined with diamond-anvil cells. The waveguide-based CO₂-laser heating system allows convenient heating of optically transparent samples without the need for adding an additional laser absorber. In a pilot experiment, the flexible heating system has been installed on a Brillouin scattering system to measure high-temperature sound-wave velocities in single-crystal MgO. The waveguide-based CO₂-laser heating system offers perspectives for a variety of scientific applications, most importantly those that require the use of synchrotron facilities where space is limited and flexible solutions are required.     

遗迹化石Rhizocorallium中莓状黄铁矿对古环境古生态的指示--以豫西南上泥盆统为例

豫西南淅川上泥盆统王冠组地层中发育大量与层面平行且具有蹼纹的U形遗迹化石Rhizocorallium。利用环境扫描电镜对Rhizocorallium进行微观观察,发现在其边缘管和蹼纹内部发育大量不同形态的莓状黄铁矿及莓状铁氧化物（单晶为五角十二面体,八面体,立方体和近球形）,与之对应的围岩中仅见少量黄铁矿单晶颗粒。表面具有覆盖膜的莓状黄铁矿大多存在于潜穴内部,其中边缘管中莓状黄铁矿的单晶直径（0.672~1.603 μm,平均直径1.063 μm）较之蹼纹中部的（0.376~0.877 μm,平均直径0.5 μm）的大。上述特征显示出潜穴中莓状黄铁矿的存在可能与硫酸盐类还原菌有关。Rhizocorallium边缘管和蹼纹中高丰度莓状黄铁矿的发现表明:遗迹化石Rhizocorallium可能是造迹者精心构筑的觅食-花园。由于食物供应和氧化还原条件的不同,Rhizocorallium造迹者在其潜穴内部培植不同的微生物,形成一个互利共生的群落。     

LA-ICP-MS锆石微区U-Pb定年方法及不同束斑直径对年龄结果的影响作用探讨

利用自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室新引进的GeoLas HD型193nm ArF准分子激光剥蚀系统和Agilent 7900型四极杆电感耦合等离子质谱仪,成功建立了LA-ICP-MS锆石微区U-Pb定年及微量元素分析测试方法。以标准锆石91500为外标,在32 μm束斑直径、5.0 J/cm2能量密度和5 Hz剥蚀频率等实验条件下,对Ple?ovice、Temora1和Qinghu锆石标样开展了U-Pb定年实验,所测年龄结果与各标样推荐值在误差范围允许的条件下一致,并且Ple?ovice年龄结果在不同时间段内保持稳定。同时对未知年龄样品11-5开展了不同实验室测年结果对比研究,所测结果与中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室所测年龄在误差允许范围内一致。以NIST SRM 610为外标,29Si为内标,分析测试了锆石91500和NIST SRM 612标准样品的微量元素含量,实验测试结果与推荐值一致。在此基础上探索总结了不同剥蚀斑束直径对U-Pb年龄结果的影响,认为在同样的能量密度和剥蚀频率条件下,16~44 μm的剥蚀直径可以获取可靠的锆石U-Pb年龄,但32~44 μm相比16~24 μm小斑束直径所测得的年龄更加精准。      

岩体节理表面形貌的各向异性研究

本文根据激光表面仪测量的节理表面形貌数据,通过将高度分布转化为斜率分布、并对斜率分布采用频谱分析的方法,研究了节理表面形貌的各向异性特征。一般的统计参数只能给出节理表面剖线某种性质的平均测度,很难捕捉节理表面的各向异性性质。而功率谱密度全面反映了节理表面形貌中大尺度上的起伏和小尺度上的涨落,具有一般统计参数不可比拟的优越性,通过定义累计功率谱密度指数psd*的方法,定量地表征了岩体节理表面的各向异性。      

Statistical analysis of some main geomechanical formulations evaluated with the Kaniadakis exponential law

The following paper reviews four well-known geomechanical equations, i.e. the elastic modulus of the rock mass as function of the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, the relation between Rock Quality Designation (RQD) and spacing distribution of the natural discontinuities in the rock mass, the distribution of the discontinuity spacing along a straight line for a rock mass and the intact rock strength in function of the specimen diameter by using a power-law flat tails equation based on the theory of Kaniadakis. The results show that by using novel formulations, the experimental data are better approximated by the power-law flat tails statistical approach, which shows a trend similar to ordinary exponential for a certain part of the interval of variability of x; the tails, however, follow the power law for extreme values of x. It was, therefore, possible to obtain new formulations able to better represent some fundamental aspects of geomechanics.     

Infrared emission and the destruction of dust in HII regions

The generation of infrared (IR) radiation and the observed IR-intensity distribution at wavelengths of 8, 24, and 100 µm in the ionized hydrogen region around a young, massive star is investigated. The evolution of the HII region is treated using a self-consistent chemical-dynamical model in which three dust populations are included—large silicate grains, small graphite grains, and polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A radiative transfer model taking into account stochastic heating of small grains and macromolecules is used to model the IR spectral energy distribution. The computational results are compared with Spitzer and Herschel observations of the RCW 120 nebula. The contributions of collisions with gas particles and the radiation field of the star to stochastic heating of small grains are investigated. It is shown that a model with a homogeneous PAH content cannot reproduce the ring-like IR-intensity distribution at 8 µm. A model in which PAHs are destroyed by ultraviolet radiation of the star, generating region HII, provides a means to explain this intensity distribution. This model is in agreement with observations for realistic characteristic destruction times for the PAHs.     

Internal Structure of Cambrian Fossil Embryo Markuelia Revealed in the Light of Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomographic Microscopy

In the light of Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomographic Microscopy (SRXTM), the internal structure of Markuelia hunanensis is revealed. In one example, vitrification and peeling show the annuli hidden under the chorion. Sectioning and 3-D reconstruction display an intact digestive tract from the inverted introvert to the terminal anus. The inverted introvert forms a rugby cavum. The following digestive tract is rope-like coiling, parallel to the body axis, about 650 μm in length, and uniform in diameter (~80 μm). An exquisitely preserved pipe-like structure is hidden in the middle of the rope-like structure, diameter 20–40 μm, with a length of ~120 μm. We interpret this pipe-like structure as the possible epidermis of the gut and its surroundings as the possible residue of musculature, similar to that in Priapulans. The two symmetrical rod-shape structures connecting the body wall and digestive tract are interpreted as the possible retractor muscles. After comparing the well preserved Left-form and Right-form Body of Markuelia, we suggest that they may represent a dimorphism. Counted directly, one sample of Markuelia hunanensis possesses 62 annulations and the other 68.     

Cuticles and Spores in Situ of Coniopteris hymenophylloides from the Middle Jurassic in Gansu,Northwestern China

Coniopteris was a ubiquitous plant of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and played an important role in the flora of the time. However, its anatomical structure is relatively poorly known. The specimens of Coniopteris hymenophylloides(Brongniart) Seward described here were collected from the Yaojie Formation in Gansu Province, northwestern China. The sterile fronds are characterized as being at least bipinnate with alternate arranged linear pinnae covered by thin cuticles. Fertile fronds are linear-lanceolate, with single sorus at the margin of each fertile pinnule. In situ spores are typically trilete, triangle to subcircular in polar view, cap-shaped in equatorial view, and 37 μm in average diameter. The trilete marking is straight and narrow, generally extends to 4/5 of the spore radius. The spore surface is smooth, and parts of the exine are granulated. The epidermal cells of cuticles are irregular in shape, approximately 40-60μm long and 10-20 μm wide. The elliptical stomatal complexes are paracytic,approximately 30 μm long and 19 μm wide,and irregularly distributed. On the basis of its epidermal structures and comparisons with extant ferns, we consider that Coniopteris displays combined features of the related extant genera.     

Packing and angle of repose of naturally sedimented fine silica solids immersed in natural aqueous electrolytes

Six grades of near uniformly sized silica solids (ranging in median size from 15 μm to 160 μm) were sedimented in various natural aqueous electrolytes. The influence of surface forces on these silica-electrolyte systems was then inferred from measurements of the packing coefficient, C, of each sediment. It was found that the packings were uninfluenced by surface chemical forces when the grade size was greater than about 100 μm. For smaller grades immersed in naturally concentrated aqueous electrolytes, C was found to decrease from an initial value of about 0·50, and this was explained by the onset of surface chemical attractive forces. For smaller grades immersed in pure water, C was found to increase to a maximum of 0·58. Three explanations for this phenomenon, namely a difference in shape with grade size, a decrease in intensity of deposition, and the onset of surface chemical repelling forces were examined and the latter explanation seemed the most probable. Measurements of the angle of repose for the sediments also showed the influence of surface chemical repelling as well as attractive forces in fine silica solids. The results may be used to aid interpretation of the fabric and stability of pre-lithified sedimentary units.     

广西宁明组植物化石中黄铁矿及其沉积意义

对化石中的黄铁矿进行研究,有助于明确生物的化石化过程以及期间的沉积微环境。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对广西宁明组植物化石中保存的黄铁矿进行了分析,发现离散型单晶和成群的莓状体共同保存。单晶绝大多数为无规则至球状体,晶棱不明显,表面可见凹点;少数为八面体,晶棱明显,表面光滑;单晶直径为0.79~1.58 μm;莓状体为圆球状,粒径为7.23~14.95 μm,S/Fe原子个数比的均值为1.54。莓状体的粒径大小和变化幅度均处于低值段,其S/Fe原子个数比值小于2,结果均说明当时植物体上、下表皮间为一种贫氧的水体环境,并在短时间内形成了莓状体。植物化石上、下表皮间由于未保存组织结构,而被大量的、近似层状分布的黄铁矿单晶和莓状体充填,结果支持了化石内莓状体形成与有机质降解之间存在着必然联系。     

Pore Size Distribution of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block,Ordos Basin,China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have suitable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities. The pore-throat structure parameters of the type 2 and 3 reservoirs have reasonable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities, indicating that the development of these types of reservoirs is affected by the pore size distribution. This study is of great significance for evaluating lacustrine tight sandstone reservoirs in China. The research results can provide guidance for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs in other regions based on pore size distribution.     

富钴结壳超细标准物质的加工制备

用气流磨制备了2个具有超细粒度的海山富钴结壳标准物质MCPt-1和MCPt-2。原样先经球磨成74μm(-200目),再用气流磨进行超细加工。样品粒度采用激光粒度仪检测,用粒度分布图和特征粒度来表达测量结果。两个样品的平均粒度分别为1.8μm和1.5μm(约2 000目),是目前粒度最小的标准物质。文章介绍了用于超细加工的流化床式气流磨原理与方法,展示了样品加工后的粒度分析结果,对比了国内外超细标准物质的概况。最后讨论了当前关注样品加工的重要性、超细加工的问题及超细样品分析研究的意义。     

Iron partitioning in pyrolitic lower mantle

The partitioning of iron between Mg-rich perovskite (Pv) and ferropericlase (Fp) was investigated for a pyrolitic bulk composition over a wide range of simulated lower-mantle pressures and temperatures from 28 to 114 GPa and from 1,900 to 2,300 K, in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (DAC). The recovered DAC samples are chemically homogeneous, indicating a relatively small temperature gradient during laser heating. The chemical compositions of coexisting Pv, Fp, and Ca-rich perovskite (CaPv) were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) using an EDS instrument attached to a transmission electron microscope. Our results demonstrate that at pressures above 90 GPa, Pv becomes more Fe-rich with increasing pressure, which is likely due to the effects of high-spin to low-spin crossover of Fe³⁺ in Pv. We highlight that such a change in Fe–Mg partitioning between Pv and Fp should have a strong influence on the physical properties of the deep lower mantle.     

An approach to the study of minerals using infrared photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy

Infrared (IR) spectra of minerals can be recorded by photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy with minimal sample preparation and even with no sample preparation at all. A modulated IR beam is focussed onto the sample, radiation selectively absorbed by the solid warms the solid and the air over it and brings about a refractive index gradient in the air, so that a laser beam grazing the solid's surface is deflected. Measurements of the deflections result in the IR photothermal absorption spectrum. Sample preparation steps can be avoided entirely, i.e., selected areas on the surface of a large specimed can be examined directly, provided that the laser probe beam can pass over the sample area. A minimal sample preparation, consisting of lightly grinding the sample by hand, increases sensitivity and avoids spectral reflection effects. Examples of application of the technique to carbonate and lead minerals are shown.     

Some breakage characteristics of ultra-fine wet grinding with a centrifugal mill

A centrifugal mill is a high-power intensity media mill that can be used for ultra-fine grinding, employing centrifugal forces generated by gyration of the axis of the mill tube in a circle. The mill charge motion is quite different depending on the ratio of the gyration diameter to the mill diameter (G / D ratio), varying from a motion similar to that of a conventional tumbling media mill to that of a vibration mill. In this study, a centrifugal mill was constructed with an arrangement where the gyration diameter could be readily adjusted. The batch grinding characteristics of three different minerals (limestone, talc and illite) in water with dispersing agent were investigated at various G / D ratios. It was found that the optimum G / D ratio in terms of the specific energy consumption to give a desired fineness of product was different for the three minerals. This was due to their different reactions to the breakage mechanisms provided by the mill charge motion at varying G / D ratios. The size distributions became progressively narrower at increased grinding times, and particles finer than about 0.1 μm were not detected even for prolonged grinding times. Measurement of specific surface areas indicated that this was not due to an artifact of the size measurements by laser diffractometry. This implies that there is a limitation in which particles finer than 0.1 μm are not produced under the conditions tested in this type of mill, but further investigation is needed for experimental verification of this limit of comminution.