地球系统演化原因研究的回顾与展望

简略回顾了地球系统的研究历史,指出人类数千年来关于地球系统的研究可分为古代、大分化和大融合 3个阶段,提出"地球系统学"在今后相当一段时间内将是地学研究的主流。第二部分探索地球系统演化的原因,指出："热"是影响地球系统的途径,但地表面受热的准周期性变化不应是整个地球系统演化的主要原因;对于各种引力的准周期性变化对气候变化的影响,归纳出这样一条可能的途径：天体引力→地核环流变化→通过地幔热柱影响软流圈波动变化→通过地热影响气候变化;宇宙磁场通过"变压器效应"调制地核中的Lorenz力,使地核环流变化,进而影响地球系统演化。第三部分提出"外核环流是主导地表系统演化的总枢纽"假说。最后指出：一定要从宇地相互作用中寻求地球系统演化的原因;宇地之间相互联系的热、力和电磁三种物理过程中,"磁"是最值得予以关注的;核幔边界层很可能是推动地核环流和地幔对流的能源区。     

Role of radiogenic heat generation in surface heat flow formation

Heat generation due to decay of long-lived radioactive isotopes is considered in the Earth’s crust of the Archean–Proterozoic and Paleozoic provinces of Eurasia and North America. The heat flow that forms in the mantle is calculated as the difference between the heat flow observed at the boundary of the solid Earth and radiogenic heat flow produced in the crust. The heat regime in regions with anomalously high radiogenic heat generation is discussed. The relationship between various heat flow components in the Precambrian and Phanerozoic provinces has been comparatively analyzed, and the role of erosion of the surfaceheat- generating layer has been estimated.     

全球大地热流研究进展

大地热流是表征地球热状态的重要地球物理参数,它记录了发生在地球深部各种作用过程和能量平衡的信息。大地热流的测量与汇编是固体地球物理学领域的基础性工作。本文对最近20年来全球大地热流研究的相关进展进行了综述,包括介绍近年来全球大地热流数据库建立和汇编情况,据此阐述了全球大地热流的分布规律及主控因素。继而重点对大陆和大洋热流研究中的若干重要概念或关键问题（如热流省、热流-生热率关系、壳幔热流配分系数、大洋岩石圈热演化模型和地下水循环等）、全球热量收支及其时空变化等方面进行了分析。最后,就全球热流汇编研究中需注意的问题以及今后的研究方向做了一些讨论。     

统一构造理论初探

以地球系统科学为指导思想,提出统一构造理论的新观点和理论基础,初步建立了理论体系框架。提出统一引力场表示理论,用Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ位算子将地球内、外扰动引力场统一。通过对地球不同圈层水平速度矢量场的对比分析,提出不同圈层的水平运动速度矢量场具有高度的相似性和统一性,且与地球自转密切相关的认识。根据观测数据,探讨板块的统一动力源。研究了幔柱构造特征,提出地幔热柱构造的动力学模型。利用积分关系法求出地表热流与岩石圈厚度的关系,提出大陆岩石圈的统一热模式和大陆地表热流经验关系式。     

Plate tectonics,flood basalts and the evolution of Earth’s oceans

The chemical composition of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) indicates that the present‐day thermal budget of Earth is likely to be characterized by a significant excess of surface heat loss over internal heat generation, indicating an important role of secular cooling in Earth’s history. When combined with petrological constraints on the degree of secular cooling, this thermal budget places a tight constraint on permissible heat‐flow scaling for mantle convection, along with implications for the operation of plate tectonics on Earth, the history of mantle plumes and flood basalt magmatism, and the origin and evolution of Earth’s oceans. In the presence of plate tectonics, hotter mantle may have convected more slowly because it generates thicker dehydrated lithosphere, which could slow down subduction. The intervals of globally synchronous orogenies are consistent with the predicted variation of plate velocity for the last 3.6 Gyr. Hotter mantle also produces thicker, buoyant basaltic crust, and the subductability of oceanic lithosphere is a critical factor regarding the emergence of plate tectonics before the Proterozoic. Moreover, sluggish convection in the past is equivalent to reduced secular cooling, thus suggesting a more minor role of mantle plumes in the early Earth. Finally, deeper ocean basins are possible with slower plate motion in the past, and Earth’s oceans in the Archean is suggested to have had about twice as much water as today, and the mantle may have started as dry and have been gradually hydrated by subduction. The global water cycle may thus be dominated by regassing, rather than degassing, pointing towards the impact origin of Earth’s oceans, which is shown to be supported by the revised composition of the BSE.     

Conjectures on the thermal and tectonic evolution of the Earth

The tectonic modes operating at any given time in the Earth are intimately related to the thermal evolution, since tectonics is driven by heat removal from the Earth's interior. Conversely, the viability of a proposed tectonic mode depends on its ability to remove heat from the interior as well as on its inferred consistency with geological evidence. On this basis it seems that plate tectonics may have been dominant only in the later part of Earth history, and that proposed earlier modes involving only a subcrustal thermal boundary layer may never have been dominant unless the effects of the basalt-eclogite transition or of latent heat removal were able to enhance their heat transport efficiency. More generally, the tectonic mode driven by the cool thermal boundary layer at the top of the mantle may have depended very sensitively on the effects of composition and latent heat on density.

Calculations indicate that plumes could have operated through most of Earth history at about the present level of activity, unless heat conduction from the core into the mantle has been inhibited in later times, in which case they would have been hotter and more active in earlier times. Plumes could not have substituted for plate tectonics because plumes and plates are driven by different thermal boundary layers that operate largely independently.     

地幔过渡带和下地幔组成与深部热源研究进展

受时空不可及性的制约,地质学家在探究地球深部物质组成方面仍显得很被动,尤其是在探究地幔物质组成方面显得更加艰难.目前,科学家们探测地幔物质主要依靠地球物理学和实验矿物学、岩石学方法相结合的手段来进行.结果表明,地幔过渡带主要的矿物组成有瓦士利石、林伍德石、超硅石榴子石以及少量的CaSiO3.下地幔主要矿物组成有钙钛矿(Pv)、后钙钛矿(PPv)和镁方铁矿(Mw).在讨论过渡带和下地幔物质组成的基础上,归纳总结了地球内部热源的三种来源,分别是放射性元素的衰变热和初始熔融硅酸盐地球长期冷却放出的热、核幔边界在地磁场和高电导率物质的作用下产生的热以及来自地核的热.这些结论对研究地球深部动力学和热力学过程有重要意义.     

Heat flow structure in the Paleozoides of the Central Asian Fold Belt

Heat generation produced by radioactive decay of long-lived isotopes in the Earth’s crust (radiogenic heat flow) within the Paleozoic provinces of the Central Asian Fold Belt is considered. Heat flow from the mantle is calculated as the difference between the observed heat flow and the radiogenic flow. The major cause of this heat flow is the transition of potential energy of gravity differentiation into heat; in this respect, mantle heat flow is called gravigenic. Calculation shows that the fractions of radiogenic and gravigenic heat flows in the Paleozoides studied are nearly equal.     

Method for deep temperature estimation with regard to the paleoclimate influence on heat flow

New results of the study of the distorting effect of paleoclimate on the formation of the thermal field of the Earth’s uppermost crust inthe South Urals are presented. We discuss some consequences of taking into account the paleoclimate influence on estimates of deep heat flow and possible applications of these data. The dependence of the heat flow density on the studied depth of boreholes is considered, and deep heat loss and deep temperatures are estimated. A new method for deep temperature estimation is proposed, which takes into account the paleoclimate influence on the heat flow. The method is tested on the available high-quality temperature data for deep boreholes. Deep temperatures to a depth of –10,000 m are estimated for the platform part of the Republic of Bashkortostan using the proposed method. Isotherm schemes are constructed for elevations of –5000 and –10,000 m below sea level.The necessity of using heat flow values corrected for the paleoclimate influence to estimate the Earth’s thermal state is justified. Some examples illustrate that underestimation of heat flow values measured in shallow boreholes might lead to underestimation of deep temperatures and global heat losses.     

ALB上焦耳热场的形态分布特征及环境意义探讨

利用地磁场MAGSAT（1980）模型计算了软流圈-岩石圈边界（ALB）上的焦耳热场，分析了它的形态分布特征，并探讨了其环境意义。发现ALB上焦耳热高值中心的分布与全球地热带和火山的分布有较好的一致性，焦耳热的水平尺度与地热涡的水平尺度、我国大陆上多雨带的间距及降水量和气温的高相关带的间距相当。低纬地带ALB上焦耳热中心的分布与全球平均年最大降水量中心的分布特征有很好的对应。另外，ALB上全球最大焦耳热中心位于我国青藏高原东南部的热点上。最后，讨论了地磁与气候的可能联系。     

Influence of groundwater flow on the estimation of subsurface thermal parameters

International Journal of Earth Sciences - We investigated the influence of groundwater flow on the thermal tests performed in borehole heat exchangers to infer the underground thermal properties....     

Anomalous heat flow belt along the continental margin of Brazil

International Journal of Earth Sciences - A comprehensive analysis of thermal gradient and heat flow data was carried out for sedimentary basins situated in the continental margin of Brazil (CMB)....     

Conjugacy Problem for Stationary Heat Fields

Doklady Earth Sciences - An analytical solution for the stationary problem of thermal conjugation is obtained for the model of inhomogeneous layered media. The heat flux components for the crust...     

The Asymmetric Distribution of Heat Flow along Mid-Oceanic Ridges

Doklady Earth Sciences - Observations of heat flow along nine geotraverses across mid-oceanic ridges in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans are analyzed statistically. It is found that there...     

Heat Islands of Small Towns and Villages in Moscow Region

Doklady Earth Sciences - Surface urban heat island, which are thermal anomalies in the field of surface temperatures, have been studied for the first time for different towns and villages of Moscow...     

Geothermal asymmetry in transform faults of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Doklady Earth Sciences - Statistical analysis of heat flow values measured in transform faults of the equatorial part of the Atlantic Ocean has been performed. Owing to the calculation using the...     

Geomagmatism, pulsations of the Earth, and Phanerozoic minerageny

Discontinuity and periodicity of tectonic processes, eustatic fluctuations of the ocean level, volcanic and metallogenic activity, and some other global processes in the Earth’s history are indicative of the pulsatory nature of the Earth’s evolution. Correlation of geomagnetic field variations with global geological processes shows the geomagnetic field polarity to be an indicator of pulsations. The phases of the Earth’s expansion correspond to normal (present-day) polarity, and the planet’s contraction to epochs of reversed polarity. In terms of the concept of geopulsations, the diversity of basic geodynamic regimes of continents is determined by the combination of three factors: the phases of the Earth’s evolution (contraction-expansion), the effects of deep fluid and heat flows (plumes), and the state of the asthenosphere (its depth, thickness, and degree of heating). The general evolution of Phanerozoic ore deposition and the specific metallogenic features of tectonomagmatic cycles may be considered in a new light in view of the Earth’s pulsatory history.     

Heat Generation Due to Friction in Shear Zones of the Crust as a Factor of Metamorphism and Anatexis: Results of Computer Modeling

Doklady Earth Sciences - The effect of heat generation due to friction in faults under the conditions of shear and thrust was evaluated by computer modeling, and 3D and 2D thermomechanical...     

An Urban Heat Island in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and the Concentration of Pollutants Over the City of Ufa in 2021

Doklady Earth Sciences - The urban heat island and the level of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Ufa are investigated by analyzing the diurnal data from nine stationary stations of the...     

The Role of Eddies in Global Oceanic Meridional Heat Transport

Doklady Earth Sciences - Eddy meridional heat transport (EMHT) in the World Ocean is calculated using the eddy-resolving model. Its distribution is related to intense eddies and forms several...