北方地区气温偏高全国大部降水偏少

北方地区气温偏高全国大部降水偏少—１９９５年１１月—薛建军（中央气象台，北京１０００８１）１１月，南方大部地区气温略偏低，北方大部地区则明显偏高；除青藏高原、云南、海南大部降水偏多外，全国其余地区降水偏少５－９成，部分地区滴水未降；月内共有３个热带气...     

西伯利亚高压的年际和年代际异常特征及其对中国冬季气温的影响北大核心CSCD

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个气象站的气温资料,采用谐波分析、相关分析和奇异值分解等方法,研究了冬季西伯利亚高压(Siberian High,SH)的年际和年代际异常特征及其对中国冬季气温的影响。结果表明:(1)年代际尺度上SH在20世纪60年代末后减弱、收缩、东界西撤、南界北退,21世纪以来SH面积扩张。年际尺度上SH面积的年际方差最大。(2)SH强度、面积和东界经度的年际变率在21世纪以来都增大,SH特征量的年代际变率均在1975年前后由大转小。(3)中国冬季偏冷年的SH较为强大且东扩南伸,同期500 hPa高度类似遥相关欧亚型(EU)正位相的异常分布和增强的欧亚脊对SH发展起主要作用,反之亦然。年际尺度上当SH加强扩张并东扩南伸时,强度的影响最大,中国大部为冷冬,尤其是南方。年代际尺度上面积的影响最强,SH加强扩张(减弱收缩)并东伸(西撤)时,黄河以北气温偏低(高)。(4)年际尺度上当SH强度和面积的变率偏大(小),东界和南界的变率偏小(大)时,中国大部冬季气温的年际波动剧烈(平缓)。年代际尺度上当SH特征量的变率均偏大(小)时,华北和东北冬季气温的年代际波动加大(减小),而南方冬季气温的年代际波动减弱(增大)。     

西伯利亚高压的年际和年代际异常特征及其对中国冬季气温的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个气象站的气温资料,采用谐波分析、相关分析和奇异值分解等方法,研究了冬季西伯利亚高压(Siberian High,SH)的年际和年代际异常特征及其对中国冬季气温的影响。结果表明:(1)年代际尺度上SH在20世纪60年代末后减弱、收缩、东界西撤、南界北退,21世纪以来SH面积扩张。年际尺度上SH面积的年际方差最大。(2)SH强度、面积和东界经度的年际变率在21世纪以来都增大,SH特征量的年代际变率均在1975年前后由大转小。(3)中国冬季偏冷年的SH较为强大且东扩南伸,同期500 hPa高度类似遥相关欧亚型(EU)正位相的异常分布和增强的欧亚脊对SH发展起主要作用,反之亦然。年际尺度上当SH加强扩张并东扩南伸时,强度的影响最大,中国大部为冷冬,尤其是南方。年代际尺度上面积的影响最强,SH加强扩张(减弱收缩)并东伸(西撤)时,黄河以北气温偏低(高)。(4)年际尺度上当SH强度和面积的变率偏大(小),东界和南界的变率偏小(大)时,中国大部冬季气温的年际波动剧烈(平缓)。年代际尺度上当SH特征量的变率均偏大(小)时,华北和东北冬季气温的年代际波动加大(减小),而南方冬季气温的年代际波动减弱(增大)。     

全球变暖背景下青藏高原夏季气温在对流层上下反相变化及其与降水和环流的关系

本文利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料及中国596个测站月降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、经验正交函数分解(EOF)、相关分析、合成分析等方法,对青藏高原夏季对流层气温垂直变化及其与降水和环流的关系进行了分析。气温垂直变化特征分析表明:自1971年以来,青藏高原夏季对流层低层至对流层中上部气温呈现显著增暖趋势,对流层上部气温呈现显著变冷趋势,高原对流层低层至中上部气温及对流层上部气温在年际、年代际尺度上均呈较显著负相关,且均存在2~4 a及8~13 a的周期;夏季青藏高原地区沿27.5°N~40°N平均的气温距平垂直分布的EOF分解第一模态特征向量在对流层表现为"下降温上增温"的反相变化,其时间系数呈显著负趋势,且存在1978年及1994年的突变点。高原夏季气温在对流层的上下反相变化与我国夏季降水的关系在年际、年代际尺度上均显示:当高原对流层低层至对流层中上部升温而对流层上部降温时,我国夏季降水表现为南方型,其中以江南至华南地区降水显著偏多而我国东北地区降水显著偏少为主要分布特征;另外,长江流域的局部地区及我国西北的部分地区降水也明显偏少,而华北东部的局部地区、青藏高原中部及东部地区以及新疆西北部地区降水明显偏多;降水异常分布在年代际尺度上比年际尺度更显著。环流分析显示:当高原对流层低层至对流层中上部升温而对流层上部降温时东亚中高纬度地区为异常高压控制,中低纬度地区受异常低压影响。环流场与降水分布有较好的配置关系。     

基于MIROC/WRF嵌套模式的中国气候降尺度模拟

开展了基于嵌套的全球模式MIROC和区域气候模式WRF的动力降尺度模拟试验,检验该模式对中国气候的模拟性能,得到以下结论:全球气候模式MIROC和WRF都能较好地模拟出中国年平均地表气温(下文简称气温)分布。WRF模式对气温场的描述更为细致,模拟出了四川盆地高温和中国最北方区域的低温。两个模式总体上对南方降水模拟好于北方地区,东部地区好于西部地区。MIROC模式模拟的年平均和各季节降水与观测的 空间相关系数在0.79～0.83之间,表明它对降水的模拟较好。WRF模式模拟的降水空间分布好于MIROC模式。MIROC模式在青藏高原东南侧存在虚假降水中心,WRF能有效改进该地区降水的模拟。两个模式对年平均气温和降水年际变率的模拟能力均较差,WRF模式相对MIROC模式有一定改进。     

青藏高原未来气候变化预估:CMIP5模式结果

本文使用国际耦合模式比较计划第5阶段(CMIP5)中对青藏高原气候模拟较优的气候模式, 在RCP4.5中等偏低辐射强迫情景下对青藏高原未来气候变化进行了预估研究。结果表明, 青藏高原年均地表气温在2006~2100年的线性趋势平均为0.26℃/10a, 增暖幅度与海拔高度大体成正比;相比于1986~2005年参考时段, 2090年代平均升温2.7℃, 21世纪末期增温幅度明显高于早期和中期;在早、中和末期, 年均增温分别为0.8~1.3℃、1.6~2.5℃和2.1~3.1℃;各季节也均为变暖趋势, 其中冬季增温最大。对于年均降水来说, 未来百年将小幅增加, 集合平均趋势为1.15%/10a, 2090年代较参考时段增加10.4%;在早、中和末期的变化范围分别为-1.8%至15.2%、-0.9%至17.8%和1.4%至21.3%;季节降水也呈增加趋势, 夏季增幅明显高于其余三个季节且在21世纪末期较大, 青藏高原未来年均降水增加主要来自于夏季。需要指出的是, 上述预估结果在气候模式间存在着一定的差异, 未来气候变化的不确定性范围较大, 地表气温的可信度相对较高, 而降水的则偏低。     

基于贝叶斯模型的中国未来气温变化预估及不确定性分析

利用第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中35个全球气候模式历史模拟与RCP4.5预估结果,通过贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)对中国气温进行多模式集合研究,给出了中国未来气温变化预估及其不确定性的时空分布。结果表明,中国21世纪冬夏将持续升温,且升温具有冬季高于夏季,北方高于南方的特点。初期(2016—2035年)北方有很大可能(80%)升温超过0.7℃,南方升温相同幅度的概率则超过50%;中期(2046—2065年)北方和南方升温超过1.5℃的概率分别为80%和50%;末期(2081—2100年),北方(南方)有80%(50%)的可能的升温超过2℃。气温预估的不确定性研究发现,无论冬夏,21世纪不同时期升温相对较弱的塔里木盆地、青藏高原南侧和中国东南地区为不确定性低值区,基本低于0.6℃,对应可信度较高,如21世纪初期信噪比超过4;而不确定性的高值区则主要分布在新疆北部、东北平原北部和青藏高原东南侧等升温相对较大的地区,普遍高于1℃,对应可信度较低,如初期信噪比低于2.5。此外,基于信噪比对比发现除青藏高原东部外,其他区域夏季预估的可信度均高于冬季,21世纪末期高于初期,且空间分布特征一致。     

每月天气 大部地区降水偏多 冷空气活动频繁—2000年10月—

10月份,全国大部地区降水量偏多,海南等省的一些地区发生暴雨洪涝灾害;气温接近常年,月内气温起伏较大;南方连阴雨日数多,日照时数偏少。长时间的阴雨寡照给我国秋收、秋种带来不利影响。1　天气概况10月份,汉水流域、江淮中西部、江南大部、华南及贵州大部、云南西部等地月降水量(图1)为100～200mm,局部地区超过300mm;东北、西北地区大部、华北北部、青藏高原等地在50mm以下,其中,青藏高原西部和南疆基本无降水;全国其余大部地区为50～100mm。与常年同期相比,除青藏高原、吉林中南部、内蒙古大部、南疆、华南东部图1　2000年10月降水量距平…     

1996年我国天气气候特点

１９９６年，冬春全国大部降水偏少，北方干旱范围较大，夏季全国大部降水偏多，洪涝面积大，灾情重；秋季，全国大部降水偏少，但淮河流域异常多雨，局地秋涝较重。年平均气温，北方偏高，南方偏低；年日照对数，全国大部偏少，部分地区遭受雪灾，冻害或低温寡照危害，登陆台风个数与常年相同，但造成损失重，部分地区遭受风雹，龙卷风危害。     

暖季极端降水与温度的关系研究——以安徽省为例

围绕1998~2014年间安徽省极端降水事件,展开了不同时间尺度暖季极端降水与温度的关系研究。结果表明,从年际尺度上看,极端降水强度和极端降水频数与气温和温度日较差的相关关系呈现南负北正的反向特征,尤以北部的正相关最显著。定量结果表明,安徽省区域平均的暖季极端降水频数和极端降水量对升温的变化百分率分别为13.7%/°C和0.03%/°C。从日(小时)尺度上看,气温低于25°C时,随着气温的升高极端降水量增加,且基本遵循一倍(二倍)的Clausius-Clapeyron变率。但在气温高于25°C时,随着温度的升高,日和小时极端降水量出现不同程度的下降,尤以前者减少的最显著。进一步比较不同小时尺度极端降水与气温关系发现,随着时间尺度的增长,气温增长后极端降水量下降的关系变得尤为明显。这可能与单日内极端降水在偏高温时以短时降水为主有关。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.