数据挖掘技术在地矿信息系统中的应用探讨

介绍了数据挖掘技术及其模式，列举了几种常用类型，阐述了地矿信息系统数据挖掘技术的必要性和可行性，并对它在地矿信息系统中的应用进行了展望。     

Combining geographic information system, multicriteria evaluation techniques and fuzzy logic in siting MSW landfills

This study presents a methodology for siting municipal solid waste landfills, coupling geographic information systems (GIS), fuzzy logic, and multicriteria evaluation techniques. Both exclusionary and non-exclusionary criteria are used. Factors, i.e., non-exclusionary criteria, are divided in two distinct groups which do not have the same level of trade off. The first group comprises factors related to the physical environment, which cannot be expressed in terms of monetary cost and, therefore, they do not easily trade off. The second group includes those factors related to human activities, i.e., socioeconomic factors, which can be expressed as financial cost, thus showing a high level of trade off. GIS are used for geographic data acquisition and processing. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is the multicriteria evaluation technique used, enhanced with fuzzy factor standardization. Besides assigning weights to factors through the AHP, control over the level of risk and trade off in the siting process is achieved through a second set of weights, i.e., order weights, applied to factors in each factor group, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, thus taking into account the local site characteristics. The method has been applied to Evros prefecture (NE Greece), an area of approximately 4,000 km². The siting methodology results in two intermediate suitability maps, one related to environmental and the other to socioeconomic criteria. Combination of the two intermediate maps results in the final composite suitability map for landfill siting.     

Assessment of susceptibility to landslides through geographic information systems and the logistic regression model

Natural Hazards - The increase in the frequency of natural disasters in recent years and its consequent social, economic and environmental impacts make it possible to prioritize areas of risk as an...     

Applications and researches of geographic information system technologies in bibliometrics

Although the research and application of a geographic information system (GIS) in bibliometrics remains in its initial stage, several valuable attempts have been made in recent years. This paper provides our overview regarding this area. We first reviewed the spatial information mining derived from literature, including structured and unstructured data. The spatial display and the basic spatial operations for the geographic information derived from literature were then introduced, demonstrating that GIS can be directly used to construct digital libraries. Some literature database websites have begun to utilize WEBGIS to display the spatial distribution of an author’s location. Additionally, the spatial distribution information can be displayed in various modes with other specialized tools. Potential spatial analyses in bibliometrics were then discussed, introducing geostatistical and buffer analyses as case studies. Finally, several bibliometric indicators attached with research units were investigated. When the quantitative research index units are linked with the research spatial position, they can be displayed, queried and retrieved spatially. Future work to advance the application and research of GIS in bibliometrics is still warranted.     

基于Intranet的地热地理信息系统的设计与实现

通过建立Intranet网络及地热地理信息系统,为地热资源的可持续开发利用提供帮助.该系统具有数据存储、数据查询、数据更新功能,涉及资源管理、技术开发、开采监测等三个方面;具有空间查询及分析功能,图形信息与属性信息可以相互查询,也可以独立查询,空间分析功能包括资源量计算、资源开发评价等;自动制图功能,可自动绘制井身结构图、地层柱状图等多种标准图.     

Slope vulnerability to earthquakes at subregional scale, using probabilistic techniques and geographic information systems

The susceptibility of slopes to failure during earthquakes is calculated, in terms of critical horizontal acceleration, on a subregional scale for the upper part of the Serchio River basin (Tuscany, Italy). According to the working scale (1:10 000) and to the availability and accuracy of the input data, the infinite slope analysis was judged to be the most appropriate method, but particular attention was devoted to the error evaluation due to spatial variability of the geotechnic, geometric, and hydrologic parameters. A geologic, geomorphologic and hydrologic survey of the area was therefore performed, and the geotechnic parameters were collected at local administrations. All the data were stored in a GIS, used as a tool to build the spatial and attribute data base and to prepare the input data layers for the stability analysis. In order to assess the variability of geotechnic parameters, a statistical analysis was performed to assign the best-fitting probability distribution to cohesion, angle of internal friction and unit weight of the soil. As hydrogeologic data were not available for the area, only surface hydrology information could be used; a map of probability of spring occurrences was derived by a bayesian method, the Weight of Evidence Modelling, and was used as groundwater indicator. A Monte Carlo procedure and a first-order second-moment method were applied and compared as error estimators in assessing the slope susceptibility to failure. The differences between the two methods are discussed, and two maps showing, respectively, the critical horizontal acceleration and the probability of failure associated with each slope are presented, together with the curve plotting the reliability index against the probability of failure.     

三维地质建模与GIS的结合研究

三维地质建模与GIS应用目的不同,由此决定了它们研究重点不同,这二者的相互结合能促进双方的共同发展,但目前对此还缺乏较系统的研究。这里在对三维地质建模和GIS功能进行比较分析的基础上,指出了二者相结合的意义,提出了二者相结合的途径并分析了各自的优缺点,最后对二者相结合的发展趋势进行了展望。     

地测空间信息系统功能在地质勘探报告中的应用简介

地测空间信息系统(CGIS)在地质勘探部门、矿山地测部门实现了自动化处理地测图形,即钻孔柱状图、煤层结构综合柱状、煤岩层对比图、封孔结构图、地质实测剖面图、地质剖面图及各类等值线图等图件,并可自动形成各类报告、生产报表,改变以往手工绘制图件,可节省大量的人力、物力、财力。     

Application of MODFLOW and geographic information system to groundwater flow simulation in North China Plain, China

MODFLOW is a groundwater modeling program. It can be compiled and remedied according to the practical applications. Because of its structure and fixed data format, MODFLOW can be integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology for water resource management. The North China Plain (NCP), which is the politic, economic and cultural center of China, is facing with water resources shortage and water pollution. Groundwater is the main water resource for industrial, agricultural and domestic usage. It is necessary to evaluate the groundwater resources of the NCP as an entire aquifer system. With the development of computer and internet information technology it is also necessary to integrate the groundwater model with the GIS technology. Because the geological and hydrogeological data in the NCP was mainly in MAPGIS format, the powerful function of GIS of disposing of and analyzing spatial data and computer languages such as Visual C and Visual Basic were used to define the relationship between the original data and model data. After analyzing the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the NCP, the groundwater flow numerical simulation modeling was constructed with MODFLOW. On the basis of GIS, a dynamic evaluation system for groundwater resources under the internet circumstance was completed. During the process of constructing the groundwater model, a water budget was analyzed, which showed a negative budget in the NCP. The simulation period was from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2003. During this period, the total recharge of the groundwater system was 49,374 × 10⁶ m³ and the total discharge was 56,530 × 10⁶ m³ the budget deficit was −7,156 × 10⁶ m³. In this integrated system, the original data including graphs and attribution data could be stored in the database. When the process of evaluating and predicting groundwater flow was started, these data were transformed into files that the core program of MODFLOW could read. The calculated water level and drawdown could be displayed and reviewed online.     

A risk evaluation model for karst groundwater pollution based on geographic information system and artificial neural network applications

The risk analysis on karst groundwater pollution is a research hotspot in current international hydrogeological field as well as the premise of preventing and controlling groundwater pollution. According to the characteristics of groundwater pollution in the typical study area, the study selected main-control factors of risk evaluation on karst groundwater pollution in mountainous areas at first. Based on this, the research determines the method for quantifying the factors and established a risk evaluation index system for karst groundwater pollution. To overcome drawbacks of the method for determining weights of factors in traditional evaluation method, the study determines the structure of the artificial neural network model by combining the selected evaluation factors. And also, the weight coefficients of evaluation factors on each layer are calculated. On this basis, the model for evaluating the risk of karst groundwater pollution is established. Moreover, the risk zoning evaluation map of groundwater pollution in the typical study area is prepared after conducting the weighted stacking of various sub-layers using the geographic information system. The method applied in the study can comprehensively and objectively reflect that the groundwater pollution is controlled by multiple factors and reveal the nonlinear characteristic of the pollution process. Additionally, the evaluation result is institutive and visible, which can provide a certain basis and reference for relevant researches.     

A quantitative model to evaluate mine geological environment and a new information system for the mining area in Jilin province,mid-northeastern China

The reliability of mine geological environment quality assessment highly depends on a large amount of survey data, a comprehensive evaluation system and an effective evaluation model. Using computer technology to integrate large amount of data can help to ensure the valid management and the effective assessment. Compared with previous studies, this study has improved and enriched the evaluation system and optimized the traditional evaluation method. Moreover, combining geology with computer science, it has developed the evaluation function of mine geological environment and realized the intersection and innovation of the discipline. The specific research content has the following three parts. First, a new design for an evaluation system which can synthetically describe the mine geological environment is presented. Second, a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-support vector machine (SVM) model is established as an alternative to traditional approaches that avoid interference from artificial factors. Third, a new mine geological environmental information system (MGEIS) is presented to efficiently manage data. Then, PSO-SVM evaluation model is embedded in it, and the mine geological environment in Jilin province is assessed by using MGEIS. Decisions can be presented based on the evaluation results in this study to better support the recovery of the local mine geological environment.     

地下工程施工监控地质地理信息系统研究

主要设计与实现了地下工程施工监控地质地理信息系统（MGGIS）。首先分析了系统特点、结构、具有的功能以及采用的平台和相关技术,定义了数据的获取和存储格式。然后在此基础上进行了3个功能独立的子系统的详细设计与实现,分别为工程计划显示子系统、平面时空效应子系统和断面图显示子系统。首次提出在RIA技术支持下,实现B/S架构下的工程地质地理信息系统;提出了反映随施工进度变化地下工程及环境空间信息的显示平台技术方案,充分反应了地下工程施工中空间信息具有时空效应的特点,适合地下工程安全风险管理的需要。该系统与同类型地理信息系统平台相比具有使用简单、交互性强、速度快等优点,研究成果已经在北京轨道交通工程安全风险监控系统和南京地铁工程安全风险监控系统等相关项目中得以应用。     

矿区重力三维物性反演的参考模型构建方法及应用

矿区重力数据三维约束反演是摸清深部成矿环境的重要技术手段,其关键在于有效地引入先验信息。参考模型是一种简单有效的约束引入方法,可显著提升反演质量。本文探讨实际应用中参考模型的构建方法,将地质图、物性统计以及地层界面信息有效引入到反演中,获得符合地质认识的可靠结果。在张麻井矿区构建参考模型约束并进行重力三维反演,约束反演结果与地表露头信息相符,且与钻孔揭示的层位信息吻合,而无约束结果与实际差异较大。因此,构建参考模型约束有较高的实用价值,对改善重力三维反演结果具有重要作用,值得推广应用。     

Mapping potential areas for groundwater storage in Wadi Aurnah Basin, western Arabian Peninsula, using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques

Water shortage has become a problem in many arid regions where rainfall is low. Wadi Aurnah Basin, in Saudi Arabia (Arabian Peninsula), where the Holy Islamic cities are located, was selected for study, since it represents a water-scarce region. The potential for groundwater storage was investigated. This was achieved using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to cover the whole area (3,113 km²). Satellite images with high spatial resolution were processed to recognize terrain elements controlling the subsurface rock behavior. Landsat 7 ETM+, ASTER and SRTM satellite images were processed using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The influencing factors on groundwater storage were determined and digitally mapped as thematic layers. This included rainfall, lithology, rock fractures, slope, drainage and land cover/use. These factors were integrated in the GIS system (ArcView). A map was produced, indicating potential areas for groundwater storage. The map shows that 12–15% of Wadi Aurnah Basin has potential for groundwater storage, mainly in areas where intensive fracture systems exist.     

地理信息系统在建立1：20万自然重砂空间数据库中的应用

本文以突泉县幅图为例，在建立1：20万自然重砂空间数据的过程中，利用地理信息系统MAPGIS软件平台，来完成图元的录入编辑、图形的误差校正及属性连接，最终形成空间数据库。     

Visualization of geotechnical data by means of geographic information system: a case study in Eskisehir city (NW Turkey)

Recently, geographic information system Software’s are widely used in engineering geology applications. Such a study was performed in the Eskisehir urban area of about 30 km² via geo-engineering maps, cross-sections and panel-block diagrams, which are formed to predict the properties of foundation soil. In order to determine the engineering geology properties of the region, physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil profile were tested on 1,011 disturbed and 383 undisturbed samples from a total of 170 boreholes. Topographic, lithological and geotechnical data of the region were compiled as a database in computer. Five geological cross-sections were drawn to decipher specifically the alluvial deposits in detail in densely populated areas. Hence, geological characteristics of the area were evaluated in a three-dimensional mode. Five standard penetration test (SPT) cross-sections at the same directions and SPT, uniaxial compressive strength (qu) and soil class Zonation maps were produced at different depths and panel-block diagrams were also created to define the geo-engineering properties of the investigation area. In this respect, the sub-surface of the study area is fully visualized and useful predictor maps, cross-sections and panel-block diagrams are performed to be used in further studies.     

青藏高原矿山地质环境影响调查信息系统开发与应用

为实现青藏高原矿山地质环境影响调查项目从论证-设计-调查-成果4个阶段全过程的数据标准化、规范化录入、使用和管理,基于Microsoft Windows XP、Windows7操作系统开发了"青藏高原矿产资源开发地质环境影响调查信息系统",系统包括数据录入、数据集成、评价管理3个模块。数据录入模块实现了各阶段数据的规范录入,数据集成模块实现了将各个工作项目录入数据进行集成的功能,评价管理模块实现了对调查数据、测试数据进行自动评价并将调查矿山信息在GIS图上进行定位、查询及分析的功能,系统的研发和应用为矿山地质环境调查全流程实现信息化管理服务提供了平台。     

Utilizing fuzzy set theory to assure the quality of volunteered geographic information

This paper presents a fuzzy system to assure the quality of volunteered geographic information (VGI) collected for the purposes of species surveillances. The system uses trust as a proxy of quality. It defines the trust using both the provenance of user expertise and the fitness of geographic context and quantifies it using fuzzy set theory. The system was applied to a specific scenario—VGI-based crop pest surveillance—to demonstrate its usefulness in handling VGI quality. A case study was conducted in Jiangxi province of China, where location-based rice pest surveillance reports generated by the local farmers were collected. A field pest survey was conducted by the local pest management experts to verify the farmer-generated reports, and the survey results were used as ground truth data. The quality of the farmer-generated reports were also assessed through the fuzzy system and compared to the pest survey results. It was observed that the degree to which these two sets of results agreed to each other was satisfactory.