台风“山竹”（2018）远距离暴雨的成因分析

热带气旋远距离暴雨（TRP）往往成为高影响天气,是业务预报难点。本文用地面、探空观测资料、雷达遥感资料以及NCEP一日四次0.5°×0.5°再分析资料,对2018年第22号台风“山竹”登陆广东期间在长江三角洲（简称长三角）地区引起的远距离暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:（1）这是一次发生在副热带高压（简称副高）控制范围内的热带气旋远距离暴雨,低层受台风倒槽影响。（2）这次过程第一阶段暴雨主要是在强的对流不稳定条件下,由对流层低层“山竹”倒槽中的辐合线触发对流产生,同时对流层高层“山竹”的极向流出汇入加大了中纬度西风风速,在长三角地区上空产生辐散,有利于上升运动的维持。第二阶段,对流不稳定条件有所减弱,但前一阶段强回波产生的低层偏北外出气流与东南风形成辐合线,辐合线上还有中γ尺度的涡旋产生,又促进了对流发展。850 hPa台风倒槽北端形成一个低涡,500 hPa副高边缘发展出一个短波槽,暴雨的动力条件更为有利。（3）长三角的3个强降水中心分别在长江口、杭州湾北岸的嘉兴沿海及宁波沿海,都是在水陆边界附近。（4）远距离暴雨区的涡度收支诊断发现:暴雨的初始扰动主要由近地层水平辐合辐散项提供,850 hPa的水平辐合辐散项和扭曲项共同作用形成和加强低涡,并通过垂直运动上传使中层700～500 hPa附近涡度增长,进而发展出500 hPa短波槽。850 hPa涡度来自于台风倒槽和副高边缘的偏南急流。（5）在这次远距离暴雨过程中,台风“山竹”与海上西太平洋副高之间形成偏南低空急流,向长三角输送水汽,这与典型TRP事件相似。不同之处在于:典型TRP中暴雨的初始扰动一般由西风槽提供,而这次过程主要由低空台风倒槽和偏南急流提供,涡度上传形成高空短波槽,是不同于典型TRP事件的一个物理过程。     

热带扰动与远距离暴雨关系的统计分析与数值试验

对2006—2011年5—9月90~150°E、0°~50°N范围内远距离暴雨进行统计与合成分析,并选取典型个例进行诊断分析与数值试验,研究结果表明:1)在有利的大气背景下,强度较低的热带扰动也可以与中纬度系统共同作用引发远距离暴雨,对统计得出的21例依据水汽通道的类型分为3类:S型水汽通道、双水汽通道和西北向型水汽通道,其中S型水汽通道发生次数最多。2)低空急流合成分析表明,不论扰动强弱,热带扰动东侧的偏南低空急流是形成远距离暴雨的关键,是联系中低纬度系统的纽带和桥梁,对S型的个例进行诊断分析与数值试验也进一步显示,热带扰动东侧低空急流是中纬度暴雨区水汽输送的主要通道,偏南低空急流的强弱是影响远距离暴雨强度的主要因子之一。3)敏感性试验结果表明,热带扰动也可以引起Rossby波能量向东北方向传播,其强度与扰动强度成正比,从而改变远距离降水分布;去除热带扰动则无法形成波列,不利于能量的传播与远距离降水发展。     

热带风暴“海高斯”诱发清远市暴雨过程分析

对0817号热带风暴"海高斯"造成的暴雨进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明,热带气旋右侧生成的低空急流,将低层高能暖湿空气向暴雨区不断地输送,加上低层辐合,为此次暴雨的产生提供了充沛的水汽输送和层结不稳定条件。同时,来自中纬度西风槽后部的弱冷空气,在对流层低层与暖湿空气相互作用,对暖湿空气具有明显的抬升作用,促使了热带低压的对流发展和暴雨的产生。     

经向型持续性特大暴雨的合成分析

本文考察了10次经向型持续性特大暴雨,发现它们是由发生在能量锋前的中尺度强雨暴系统产生的。合成分析结果表明,在暴雨区北方和东方各有一阻塞高压,二者同时出现所构成的稳定大形势,是形成经向型特大暴雨的基本环流背景;和这二者相联系的高空副热带急流和低空偏南风急流,是产生暴雨的直接动力条件。它们既提供了形成暴雨所必需的能源,又造成了释放不稳定能量的启动条件;形势的稳定少变,又能使暴雨在同一地区数日维持。合成分析还说明,各种有利条件的组合必然使暴雨局限在一中尺度区域,以外的地区则不会同时具备发生暴雨的各个条件。     

Easterly wave regimes and associated convection over West Africa and tropical Atlantic: results from the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses

 NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF daily reanalyses are used to investigate the synoptic variability of easterly waves over West Africa and tropical Atlantic at 700 hPa in northern summer between 1979–1995 (1979–1993 for ECMWF). Spectral analysis of the meridional wind component at 700 hPa highlighted two main periodicity bands, between 3 and 5 days, and 6 and 9 days. The 3–5-day easterly wave regime has already been widely investigated, but only on shorter datasets. These waves grow both north and south of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). The two main tracks, noted over West Africa at 5 °N and 15 °N, converge over the Atlantic on latitude 17.5 °N. These waves are more active in August–September than in June–July. Their average wavelength/phase speed varies from about 3000 km/8 m s^-1 north of the jet to 5000 km/12 m s^-1 south of the jet. Rainfall, convection and monsoon flux are significantly modulated by these waves, convection in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) being enhanced in the trough and ahead of it, with a wide meridional extension. Compared to the 3–5-day waves, the 6–9-day regime is intermittent and the corresponding wind field pattern has both similar and contrasting characteristics. The only main track is located north of the AEJ along 17.5 °N both over West Africa and the Atlantic. The mean wavelength is higher, about 5000 km long, and the average phase speed is about 7 m s^-1. Then the wind field perturbation is mostly evident at the AEJ latitude and north of it. The perturbation structure is similar to that of 3–5-days in the north except that the more developed circulation centers, moving more to the north, lead to a large modulation of the jet zonal wind component. South of the AEJ, the wind field perturbation is weaker and quite different. The zonal wind core of the jet appears to be an almost symmetric axis in the 6–9-day wind field pattern, a clockwise circulation north of the AEJ being associated with a counter-clockwise circulation south of the jet, and vice versa. These 6–9-day easterly waves also affect significantly rainfall, convection and monsoon flux but in a different way, inducing large zonal convective bands in the ITCZ, mostly in the trough and behind it. As opposed to the 3–5-day wave regime, these rainfall anomalies are associated with anomalies of opposite sign over the Guinea coast and the Sahelian regions. Over the continent, these waves are more active in June–July, and in August–September over the ocean. GATE phase I gave an example of such an active 6–9-day wave pattern. Considered as a sequence of weak easterly wave activity, this phase was also a sequence of high 6–9-day easterly wave activity. We suggest that the 6–9-day regime results from an interaction between the 3–5-day easterly wave regime (maintained by the barotropic/baroclinic instability of the AEJ), and the development of strong anticyclonic circulations, north of the jet over West Africa, and both north and south of the jet over the Atlantic, significantly affecting the jet zonal wind component. The permanent subtropical anticyclones (Azores, Libya, St Helena) could help initiation and maintenance of such regime over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. Based on an a priori period-band criterion, our synoptic classification has enabled us to point out two statistical and meteorological easterly wave regimes over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses are in good agreement, the main difference being a more developed easterly wave activity in the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, especially for the 3–5-day regime over the Atlantic. Received: 28 May 1998 / Accepted: 2 May 1999     

A severe autumn storm over the middle-east: synoptic and mesoscale convection analysis

Summary  At times, a pronounced trough of low barometric pressure extends from equatorial Africa northward, over the Red Sea and the eastern Mediterranean countries, i.e., the Red Sea Trough. The associated weather is usually hot and dry, and consequently the atmosphere becomes conditionally unstable. In cases in which additional moisture is supplied and dynamic conditions become supportive, as the case analyzed here, intense thunderstorms occur, with extreme rain rates, hail and floods. The storm herein analyzed caused extensive damage both in casualties and property and evolved in two main consecutive phases: In the first a Mesoscale Convective System that moved from Sinai northward over Israel dominated, and in the second deep convection was organized mainly along a cold front. Data analysis indicates several synoptic-scale factors that had a supportive effect on the storm formation and intensification: Conditional instability established by the Red Sea trough, mid-level moisture transport from Northern Africa, and upper-level divergence imparted by both polar and subtropical jet streams over the Middle-East. Mesoscale features were further investigated by means of a hydro-meteorological observational analysis with high spatio-temporal resolution using raingauge and radar data, and satellite imagery. It is shown that local factors, particularly topographic effects, play a major role in the evolution, intensity and spatial organization of the convective activity. Our findings support results of a numerical study of another autumn rainstorm associated with the Red Sea trough. In the present case we identify an additional contributing factor, i.e., a mid-latitude upper-level trough that further intensified the storm as it was approaching the Middle-East. Received July 4, 2000 Revised January 16, 2001     

甘肃中东部初夏一次暴雨天气过程的动力诊断

利用Micaps常规和ECWMF资料,对造成2004年5月28～29日甘肃省中东部初夏区域性暴雨过程的高、低空急流及锋区等天气系统进行分析,结果表明:(1)500hPa西风带急流轴(≥20m.s-1)从乌拉尔山中底部向巴尔喀什湖移动,其分裂的短波槽和冷空气沿急流底部向甘肃河西至青海省中部发展,为这次大降水的形成和维持提供了能量;(2)在副热带高压快速南压东退中,高压边缘的西南暖湿气流为此次降水过程提供了充沛的水汽来源;(3)垂直速度、水汽通量、水汽通量散度等物理量对此次大(暴)雨有很好的指示意义。从能量场上,总温度平流和差动平流场对这次降水过程也有重要的贡献。     

大连两次台风暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象资料、加密气象自动观测站资料及NCEP再分析资料对2017年8月3日和2012年8月3日发生在大连地区的“海棠”(1710)和“达维”(1210)两次台风暴雨过程进行对比诊断分析。通过对台风路径、环流形势、双台风相互作用等方面进行对比分析。结果表明:这两次台风暴雨过程的降水系统为典型的双台风降水模型,在两个台风的北部都有不同强度的冷空卷入,触发对流不稳定,有利于中尺度暴雨云团的发展。低层850hPa上均有不同程度的切变辐合,高空有急流的建立;两次过程主要降水时段内强降水中心从低层到高层均出现了强烈的上升运动,暴雨中心上空维持着高层辐散、低层辐合。日本海南部存在台风迫使副热带高压转为径向型或形成阻塞高压,双台风或三台风与副热带高压之间形成的低空急流为暴雨的生成和维持提供了有利的动力条件和水汽条件。台风“海棠”残余环流与高空槽相结合,高空槽带来的冷空气更加强烈,锋生效果更加明显,这种情况更有利于强对流的发生发展。台风“苏拉”与影响大连的台风“达维”相互作用导致强降水阶段暖湿气流更加旺盛,降水持续时间更长,范围更广。     

山东半岛两次秋季台风远距离大暴雨的特征分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR FNL资料对“狮子山”（1006）和“天兔”（1319）两个台风造成山东半岛秋季远距离大暴雨的特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明：1）造成两次大暴雨的天气形势和物理量特征有相似,也有差异。2）两个台风的生成源地、移动路径以及强度差别均很大,大暴雨发生在台风登陆后从广东移到广西的过程中,高空北支冷槽、台风倒槽和850 hPa切变线是造成山东半岛大暴雨的主要天气系统。3）台风东侧和副热带高压之间850 hPa偏强东南气流将东海、黄海的水汽源源不断输送到山东半岛并在此辐合;低层辐合、高层辐散和垂直上升运动均利于大暴雨的发生;大暴雨发生前大气处于不稳定大气层结;台风和中纬度系统相互作用形成两层或三层锋区的斜压性特殊结构及高空急流的增强是山东半岛秋季台风远距离大暴雨的重要特征。4）两次大暴雨过程中低空急流特征、锋区斜压性结构特征、不稳定大气层结特征存在较大差异。     

闽西北两次致洪暴雨成因对比分析

利用天气图资料、地面加密自动站资料和多普勒天气雷达探测资料等,对2010年6月18日和7月7日发生在闽西北山区的两场大暴雨至特大暴雨天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明:两场暴雨过程均是在高空槽东移引导冷空气南下和西南急流在福建省中北面的强风速辐合的相互作用下,有充分的水汽,较强的上升运动、不稳定的大气层结条件下产生的。副热带高压的位置、西南急流的水平宽度及前倾槽是影响大暴雨时间长短及范围大小的重要因素;暴雨的强度与低层辐合和高层辐散的抽吸效应、垂直上升运动等成正相关;暴雨区上空的水汽通量和水汽通量散度的最大中心比特大暴雨发生时间早,分析预报点上空的水汽变化特征对灾害天气的预报预警有指导作用;两次暴雨雷达回波均呈带状,且该强中心的长轴与移动方向基本一致,是两次暴雨的重要特征。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘两次极端暴雨的气流模型与水汽输送特征

采用区域自动站逐小时降水观测数据、GPS/MET大气可降水量观测数据和NCEP/NCAR提供的FNL0.25°×0.25°分析数据，通过对比塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘和田地区2次落区接近、强度不同暴雨过程的环流和水汽特征，分析了影响极端暴雨产生的急流和水汽因子特征，结果表明：沙漠南缘暴雨时环流配置符合“三支气流”模型，高空急流、中层偏南风、低层辐合切变的强度与降水量正相关，当高层有极涡直接南伸至中亚发展而成的副热带大槽、中层有气旋前部的强偏南或西南气流、低层有偏东风急流明显西伸与西风急流形成强辐合时有利于出现极端暴雨。沙漠南缘暴雨的水汽源地、输送路径、水汽含量、饱和层厚度与降水量相关，暴雨的水汽源地一般为欧洲和北冰洋，降水区水汽输入以中低层为主，低层比湿大于6 g?kg-1，饱和层位于700 hPa以上；当中高层有来自阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾的由偏南风输送水汽的加入，低层比湿达8 g?kg-1以上、饱和层扩展至750 hPa以下时，可出现极端暴雨。     

Dynamical effects of environmental vertical wind shear on tropical cyclone motion, structure, and intensity

Summary A series of numerical experiments on an f plane are conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, version 3 (MM5) to investigate how environmental vertical wind shear affects the motion, structure, and intensity of a tropical cyclone. The results show that a tropical cyclone has a motion component perpendicular to the vertical shear vector, first to the right of the shear and then to the left. An initially axisymmetric, upright tropical cyclone vortex develops a downshear tilt and wavenumber-one asymmetry when embedded in environmental vertical wind shear. In both small-moderate shears, a storm weakens slightly compared to that in a quiescent environment. The circulation centers between 300 hPa and the surface varies from 20 km to over 80 km. The secondary circulation becomes quite asymmetric about the surface cyclone center. As a result, convection on the upshear-right quadrant diminishes, limiting the upward heat transport in the eyewall and thus lowering the warm core and leading to a weakening of the storm. In strong vertical shear (above 12 m s⁻¹), the vertical tilt exceeds 160 km in 48 h of simulation and the secondary circulation on the upshear side is completely destroyed with low-level outflow. The axisymmetric component of eyewall convection weakens remarkably and becomes much less penetrative. As a result, the warm core becomes weak and appears at lower levels and the storm weakens rapidly accordingly. This up-down weakening mechanism discussed in this study is different from those previously discussed. It emphasizes the penetrative role of eyewall convection in transporting heat from the ocean to the mid-upper troposphere, maintaining the warm core structure of the tropical cyclone. The vertical shear is found negative to eyewall penetrative convection.     

Mesoscale Convective System over the Yellow Sea – A Numerical Case Study

Summary  A mesoscale convective system (MCS) case that developed over the Yellow Sea (12–13 July 1993) is studied by using a 23-level, 30 km-mesh Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5. This MCS was generated in northern China, south of the Changma front, in a convectively unstable environment, under the influence of a short-wave trough accompanied by a marked cold vortex aloft. The model with all model physics (refereed to as CNTL) captured the major features of this MCS. A mesoscale low-level jet (mLLJ), with a horizontal scale of a few hundred km, developed within the MCS. Available wind data support the realism of this mLLJ. This mLLJ not only transports convectively unstable air directly toward the MCS but is also responsible for a strong low-level convergence in the MCS. At 200 hPa, an anticyclonic northwesterly flow with a relatively high wind speed core on the east of MCS was simulated. This relatively high-speed flow can be regarded as a mesoscale upper level jet (mULJ), acted as an upper outflow over the MCS. Low-level convergence on the left-front of the mLLJ and upper divergence in the right-rear of the mULJ creates a strong upward motion (≅ 40 cm s⁻¹) in the MCS. Heavy precipitation up to 45 mm between 1800–2100 UTC was observed after this MCS landed on the southern Korean Peninsula. The CNTL run captured this heavy rainfall event. A maximum rainfall of 50 mm 3 h⁻¹ was simulated. In another experiment, with surface sensible and moisture fluxes withheld (NOSF), the 3-h simulated rainfall was decreased to 30 mm. Less latent heat released in the NOSF led to a weaker MCS and mLLJ. The concurrent surface fluxes sustained a high low-level moisture field over the Yellow Sea, which helped the development of the MCS and enhanced its precipitation in this case. Received January 8, 1999     

2018年登陆热带气旋“温比亚”影响中国黄淮中部强降雨分析

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所热带气旋最佳路径数据、MICAPS常规资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和FY-2G相当黑体亮温资料,分析2018年8月17日02时至19日14时因登陆热带气旋“温比亚”影响中国黄淮中部连续2 d多的暴雨成因。结果表明：中国黄淮中部短时强降雨站次多、强度大,除了对流云的前或后边界、“列车效应”、核心区与它们之间的合并能导致短时强降雨之外,非对流云也可导致强降雨。17日黄淮中部及以南,暴雨偏在“温比亚”移动路径右侧,中层倒槽偏在低层倒槽西侧有利于触发黄淮中部强降雨。18日暴雨主要中尺度影响系统为“温比亚”北侧中、低层倒槽和偏东风急流,以及热带气旋本体环流和弱冷空气。水汽925 hPa辐合、400 hPa辐散加大,中低层温湿能量增加,是黄淮中部暴雨增幅的原因,风的垂直切变加大对强降雨具有较好的指示作用。18日20时开始渤海北岸西南风高空急流形成,低层倒槽东侧偏南气流加强北上,高、低空环流耦合导致山东北部等地暴雨发展,黄淮中部降雨则明显减弱。     

三门峡市2005-08-17暴雨天气过程分析

利用"9210"实时资料,欧洲ECMWF和T213格点资料、物理量分析场,分析了2005-08-17三门峡市暴雨过程中500 hPa、700 hPa、地面天气形势及流场、水汽通量、总温度平流、散度,结果表明:副高东退,随着短波槽的东移加深,850 hPa和700 hPa槽前形成了≥6 m/s的偏南气流,打开了水汽通道,为暴雨形成提供了充足的水汽来源;中高层低槽后部冷空气的斜压作用以及地面西路冷锋的触发抬升,加之散度场上低层强烈辐合、中层上升、高层辐散的耦合机制,为暴雨形成提供了充足的动力条件。     

鄂东南一次大暴雨过程成因分析与潜势预报

采用天气图资料和AREM中尺度数值模式逐时预报产品,用天气学方法对2006年5月8日发生在湖北省东南部的大暴雨过程进行天气背景、动力、热力特征及潜势预报分析。分析表明:200～500hPa上贝加尔湖至四川盆地深厚的西风带低槽以及配合低槽东移的南支槽系统、脊线稳定在19°N附近的西太平洋副热带高压和850hPa上新生的低涡是本次大暴雨过程的主要影响系统。200hPa上高空急流右后方强烈辐散,其抽吸作用加剧了中低层的上升运动,700hPa上西南急流的稳定维持为本次过程提供了丰富的水汽。大暴雨发生在se高能舌、对流稳定度指数负值中心以及700hPa、850hPa比湿之和的湿舌的左前方。对流有效位能CAPE、风暴相对螺旋度SRH等对流参数对强降水的发生、发展有较好的潜势预报指示意义。     

“7.28” 渭河区域性大暴雨天气过程分析

应用常规气象观测资料、FY-2D气象卫星资料、雷达资料,对2011年7月28—29日发生在陕西渭河流域的强降水天气进行分析,结果表明：副热带高压加强北抬,高原低槽东移,副热带高压外围暖湿气流与高原槽前西南气流合并,为暴雨形成提供了有利的条件;低层切变线、低涡、低空急流是暴雨产生的主要影响系统;卫星云图上在低槽云系中有暴雨云团特征;雷达反射率因子强回波与液态含水量大值区总是与大降水对应。     

“7.28” 渭河区域性大暴雨天气过程分析

应用常规气象观测资料、FY-2D气象卫星资料、雷达资料,对2011年7月28—29日发生在陕西渭河流域的强降水天气进行分析,结果表明：副热带高压加强北抬,高原低槽东移,副热带高压外围暖湿气流与高原槽前西南气流合并,为暴雨形成提供了有利的条件;低层切变线、低涡、低空急流是暴雨产生的主要影响系统;卫星云图上在低槽云系中有暴雨云团特征;雷达反射率因子强回波与液态含水量大值区总是与大降水对应,     

“21.7”郑州极端暴雨的形成过程及致灾机理分析

2021年7月19—21日,郑州地区出现了罕见的极端暴雨天气,过程累计降水量达到了732 mm,引发了严重的城市内涝,造成了巨大的人员和财产损失。利用国家级自动观测站逐小时降水数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析资料(ERA-5)分析了郑州地区"21.7"极端降水过程的降水特征以及其影响系统。结果表明:此次降水过程降水量大,持续时间长,强降水范围集中在郑州及周边地区,强降水时段集中在20日14时以后,其中郑州站20日17时小时降水量达到了201.9 mm·h^-1,超过了历史极值。降水过程中南亚高压东移,郑州位于200 hPa高空槽前,500 hPa副高加强西伸,与大陆高压对峙,郑州位于低压区形成低空辐合高空辐散的高低空配置。郑州低空850 hPa有东南急流发展,产生东风切变线同时伴随着地面辐合线影响郑州地区,东南急流也将西太平洋上的水汽输送至暴雨区,并在地形阻挡作用下在郑州地区汇集。低空急流与强降水在时间上有明显同步,急流在地形作用下产生的辐合抬升也在暴雨区形成强烈的垂直上升运动,对此次极端暴雨的产生和维持有明显的影响。     

湖北梅雨期３次大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,选取1991年7月9日、1998年7月21日、2010年7月8日湖北省梅雨期的三次大暴雨过程,对影响三次暴雨天气背景以及暴雨发生所需的动力、水汽、热力条件进行诊断分析。试图总结这类区域性暴雨的预报着眼点。结果表明：三次过程的高、低空急流的位置,水汽输送路径有一定相似性;影响三次过程的中尺度系统为西南涡-切变线。850 hPa正涡度中心、水汽通量散度中心与暴雨落区有较好对应,反映了中低层风的辐合和垂直上升运动有利于降水的维持。三次过程暴雨区域700 hPa湿正压项和斜压项绝对值之和均在0.5～0.6 PVU之间,柱状的水汽饱和区均延伸至500 hPa以上;此类暴雨的预报着眼点为：西南涡-切变线以及低空急流的位置是暴雨落区预报的重点,低层的涡度、水汽通量散度、假相当位温高能舌,以及大气运动的垂直结构对暴雨落区预报有较好的参考价值。