地面沉降对上海黄浦江防汛工程的影响分析

地面沉降导致上海地面高程损失,并降低防汛工程设防能力。1921~2007年地面平均沉降1.973 m,最大沉降3.035 m,市区普遍低于江河高潮位。地面沉降在中心城区外滩黄浦江防汛墙四次加高改建中分别占增高幅度的98.0%,62.6%,30.1%,7.8%,目前防汛墙仍受到地面沉降的持续影响,1994~2006年区域地面沉降占防汛墙总体沉降量的71.9%。地面沉降的长期危害是影响上海城市防汛安全的重要因素,加强地面沉降监测与防治是上海城市灾害防御的重要内容。     

地面沉降对天津滨海地区风暴潮灾危险性影响评价

通过定性分析天津滨海地区风暴潮灾和地面沉降两种灾害,得出地面沉降对风暴潮灾有明显的扩大效应。在此基础上,对1966-2005年海河闸验潮站的年极值潮水位及验潮站地面沉降速率进行定量分析和空间叠加,完成天津滨海地区风暴潮位与地面沉降关系谱图。以沿海防潮堤坝为研究对象,对比可知同等潮水位情况下,考虑地面沉降后,沿海地区风暴潮漫堤高度上升,风暴潮灾加重趋势明显。     

天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害风险评估与区划

文章对1985~2006年累计地面沉降量及近几年地面沉降速率进行分析和叠加评价,完成天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害危险性分区图;以人口密度和单位面积GDP为指标进行易损性分析;从每km²水准测量km数和地下水压采量占开采量百分比两方面考虑防灾减灾能力;在此基础上,借助GIS空间分析方法,将危险性分区图、易损性分区图和防灾减灾能力分区图进行叠加分析,完成天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害风险区划图,分为低风险区、较低风险区、中等风险区、较高风险区、高风险区5等。     

采煤塌陷地水域淹没范围模拟分析

采煤塌陷改变了矿区周边的地形地貌特征,使大量的耕地、园地变成水域。选择山东省龙口采煤塌陷区为研究对象,运用ArcGIS软件采集五期1:1万等高线和离散高程点数据,生成1×1 m2正方形网格的数字地面模型(DEM),以地表没有发生塌陷前的1978年DEM为标准高程数据,与其他各期DEM数据进行差值运算处理,得到不同时期采煤塌陷区面积。然后根据水利部门48年来的观测数据,计算出采煤塌陷区不同频率年份丰水期水文特征值,采用"无源淹没"分析法,计算给定水位条件下的采煤塌陷区水域淹没范围。     

SAR-based Subsidence Monitoring and Assessment of the Factors Involved in the Occurrence of Subsidence,Lahore City

The judicious use and management of natural resources is vital to achieve sustainable development. Land and water are prime natural resources, and their depletion and degradation can lead to serious threats like land subsidence. Land subsidence is a phenomenon of the alteration of elevation at a point on the earth through the sinking of the surface. It occurs when the earth’s surface loses its support. The major causes of land subsidence include groundwater extraction, mining, construction overload, and other similar factors that increase pressure on the surface and eventually subsidize the land. Urban centers with excessive groundwater extraction and infrastructure development are at a high risk of subsidence. Lahore, the second-largest city in Pakistan, is undergoing an enormous increase in population density, uncontrolled urbanization with very large-scale construction projects, and intensive groundwater extraction which are responsible for subsidence directly or indirectly. Therefore, studies on groundwater status and unplanned urban appraisals have seriously urged monitoring of the subsidence in Lahore. Herein, we used freely available Sentinel-1 data for one year (from August 2018 to August 2019), with a high spatial and temporal resolution, to monitor subsidence in Lahore. The data were processed using the SNAP/StaMPS approach for Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI) analysis, which is an advanced InSAR technique. The displacement velocity map from InSAR processing shows a significant land deformation in the area with values ranging from -114 to 15 mm yr^-1. Along with the Sentinel-1 data, we also used supplementary data obtained from various government agencies of Pakistan to study the land cover map, transportation network and waterways of Lahore, soil types, population density, and field points for assessing the results and understanding the roles of various factors in the occurrence of uplift or subsidence. A strong correlation was established between subsidence and various parameters such as groundwater extraction and lowering of the water table, soil type variations, land cover changes, surface water channels, and population density. The deformation map confirms the greatest subsidence in the central part of Lahore, while the uplift is observed in the less populated and rural areas situated near Ravi River. The land subsidence and uplift could be attributed to groundwater extraction and recharge through the canal system and the river, respectively.     

LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE LOS BANOS–KETTLEMAN CITY AREA,CALIFORNIA: PAST AND FUTURE OCCURRENCE

Land subsidence in the western San Joaquin Valley has been studied and monitored for almost six decades. Especially in the 1950s and 1960s, land subsidence had tremendous negative environmental and socioeconomic implications. The rate of land subsidence in the Los Banos–Kettleman City area, however, has decreased during the last three decades as a result of a decrease in groundwater withdrawal, following the importation of surface water to the Valley in late 1960s. The land subsidence in the Valley potentially could be a serious issue if the existing surface water supplies cannot meet increasing water demands during future critical drought periods. In this respect, this paper proposes a preliminary analysis to predict magnitudes of subsidence for the period 2000 to 2040, based on historical occurrences. In this study, extrapolation from earlier subsidence is based on: (1) knowledge of recent post-drought records at extensometers, (2) assumption of a single time porosity scenario, and (3) the premise that pumpage from the confined aquifer gradually will decrease as a result of progressive water quality degradation. Predicted magnitudes of land subsidence in the Los Banos–Kettleman City area are expected to be in the range 0.5 to 4.0 m for the next 4 to 5 decades under the scenario considered in this paper. [Key words: subsidence, groundwater extraction, aquitard, inelastic compaction, active porosity, Los Banos-Kettleman City, California.]     

徐州煤矿区土地利用格局演变分析

利用徐州东矿区1979年、1987年、2001年三个年份的遥感影像分析了矿区景观要素及其景观格局的变化规律。从1979年到1987年,沉陷积水面积增加299.35%,农用地减少7.83%,建设用地增加48.4%。从1987年到2001年,东矿区农用地减少了13.04%,建设用地增加了37.62%,而沉陷积水区增加了137.26%;农用地的9.55%转变为建设用地,5.15%转变为沉陷积水区;建设用地的5.25%转变为农用地,主要集中于报废矿井工业广场附近,是由于部分地方小煤矿关闭后,一些废弃物堆场得到了复垦,3.21%转变为沉陷积水区,主要也是分布在各矿工业广场附近;有14.86%的沉陷积水区转变为农用地,主要位于原沉陷积水区的边缘部分,有10.88%转变为建设用地,主要集中在韩桥矿和权台矿的工业广场范围内。因此,应该加强对沉陷积水区的复垦和综合治理,因地制宜发展生态农业、养殖业、林业、牧业及其加工业,最大限度地利用土地资源。     

Prediction of land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Hanoi, Vietnam, using multifactorial correlation analysis

Multifactorial correlation analysis is a new method used to predict the land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation. This article introduces and applies the method to establish the function of t...     

Land subsidence and caprock dolines caused by subsurface gypsum dissolution and the effect of subsidence on the fluvial system in the Upper Tigris Basin (between Bismil–Batman, Turkey)

Karstification-based land subsidence was found in the Upper Tigris Basin with dimensions not seen anywhere else in Turkey. The area of land subsidence, where there are secondary and tertiary subsidence developments, reaches 140 km². Subsidence depth ranges between 40 and 70 m. The subsidence was formed as a result of subsurface gypsum dissolution in Lower Miocene formation. Although there are limestones together with gypsum and Eocene limestone below them in the area, a subsidence with such a large area is indicative of karstification in the gypsum. The stratigraphical cross-sections taken from the wells and the water analyses also verify this fact. The Lower Miocene gypsum, which shows confined aquifer features, was completely dissolved by the aggressive waters injected from the top and discharged through by Zellek Fault. This resulted in the development of subsidence and formation of caprock dolines on loosely textured Upper Miocene–Pliocene cover formations. The Tigris River runs through the subsidence area between Batman and Bismil. There are four terrace levels as T1 (40 m), T2 (30 m), T3 (10 m) and T4 (4–5 m) in the Tigris River valley. It was also found that there were some movements of the levels of the terraces in the valley by subsidence. The subsidence developed gradually throughout the Quaternary; however no terrace was formed purely because of subsidence.     

Land subsidence pattern controlled by old alpine basement faults in the Kashmar Valley, northeast Iran: results from InSAR and levelling

Fluid storage systems, such as oil, gas, magma or water reservoirs, are often controlled by the host rock structure and faulted terrain. In sedimentary basins, where no direct information about underlying structure is available, the pattern of ground deformation may allow us to assess the buried fault arrangement. We provide an example in the semi-arid area of Iran, in the Kashmar Valley, a region subject to land subsidence due to water overexploitation. Geodetically determined subsidence rates in the Kashmar Valley exceed 15–30 cm yr⁻¹. The pattern of surface deformation is strongly non-uniform and displays NE–SW elongated bowls of subsidence. The trend resembles old Cretaceous-to-Tertiary faults that evolved during early alpine tectonic deformation. Although these early alpine structures are considered tectonically inactive in the present day, the observed land subsidence pattern indicates significant structural control on the geometry of the aquifer basin and its deformation during reservoir drainage.     

采煤沉陷湖人工湿地对周边土地价格的溢出效应研究——以徐州市九里湖湿地为例

采煤沉陷湖由采煤地表沉陷经常年积水而形成,把采煤沉陷湖改造为人工湿地是近年来中国尝试的一种生态修复途径。由于采煤沉陷湖人工湿地对区域微观环境改良作用明显,从而对周边土地价格产生溢出效应。以平原高潜水位地区采煤沉陷湖人工湿地——九里湖湿地为研究案例,以商业和住宅用地为研究对象,分别采集九里湖湿地生态修复前后相同评估基准日的区域地价样点数据,通过Kriging空间插值生成价格曲面,以地统计和GIS栅格计算的方法测度了九里湖湿地对周边土地价格的溢出效应。研究表明,越接近九里湖湿地,土地价格涨幅越高,且明显高于九里湖湿地所在区域土地价格的平均涨幅,显示出九里湖湿地对周边土地价格产生了明显的溢出效应。经进一步测算得出,九里湖湿地对周边商业、住宅用地价格的溢出效应影响范围分别为21.07 km²和20.76 km²,影响强度分别为135.76元/m²、182.39元/m²。把溢出效应影响范围和城市规划用地进行套合,通过栅格计算得出,研究期间九里湖湿地对周边商业、住宅用地价格的溢出效应价值分别为20 225.64万元、20 507.09万元,其溢出效应的价值总量（ΔSE）为40 732.73万元。     

中国矿山迹地的生态恢复（英文）

矿业开发活动产生了大量的废弃地,本文综述了我国露天煤矿排土场、采煤沉陷地和煤矸石山等矿山迹地生态恢复的理论与技术进展,并对今后研究的重点问题进行了展望。采矿迹地生态恢复涉及到很多学科,需要借鉴多学科的理论,同时介绍了采矿迹地生态恢复的实用技术和示范基地建设情况,未来应重点关注矿山迹地生态系统演替过程与机理、采矿废弃地复垦利用的结构优化和采矿迹地生态恢复新技术等问题。     

Resolving the contributing factors to Mississippi Delta subsidence: Past and Present

To date, quantification of individual components that contribute to shallow and deep‐seated subsidence in passive margin deltas worldwide has proven problematic. A new, regional gridded chronostratigraphic dataset for the Lower Mississippi Delta region, derived from 80,928 well reports across the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), has bridged the disparity between geodetic mean rates measuring total land surface subsidence across annual‐to‐decadal timescales and the deep‐seated stratigraphic subsidence rates that record isostatic response over timescales of >10⁴ years. Through a quantitative assessment of gridded chronostratigraphic surfaces, sections, and subsidence rates extending from the Middle Pleistocene (0.58 Ma) to the Late Pliocene (3.85 Ma), we identify both temporal and spatial variability in deep‐seated subsidence across the northern GOM. Targeted deep‐seated subsidence data extracted across prior GOM Holocene sea‐level sample locations have revealed more than an order of magnitude greater rates of isostatic compensation in the Mississippi depocentre versus similar GOM sea‐level control sites in Florida and Alabama, casting doubt on efforts towards a representative Holocene sea‐level curve. Spatial variability in subsidence was also assessed locally in both the strike and dip directions to assess the contributions of growth faults. Fault throw displacement magnitude was discovered to decrease with depth, accounting for less than half of the total deep‐seated subsidence record of the Middle Pleistocene. Temporal subsidence complexities were also revealed including a direct, inverse logarithmic relationship between subsidence rate and time indicating variable subsidence component controls across different timescales. Despite the spatial and temporal complexities, this dataset serves as the first regional baseline for deep‐seated subsidence rates across the northern GOM.     

The early Cretaceous marine transgression and its significance for landscape interpretation

Significant elements of the Australian landscape date from Mesozoic or earlier times. Australia did not separate completely from other Gondwanan components until Early Tertiary times and these Mesozoic and older elements can therefore be regarded as Gondwanan. During the separation and northern drift of the continent and particularly in Late Jurassic and earlier Cretaceous times the sea invaded and spread across much of the erstwhile landmass. The associated sediments not only covered and preserved much of the pre‐existing land surface, but they also augmented the effects of thalassostatic loading of the basins, causing further subsidence. Hinge lines developed near the coastal zones of the times, so that subsidence of the basins caused adjacent land masses to rise. Many old land surfaces have been re‐exposed at the former oceanic margins, but epigene forms are preserved high in the relief on the uplifted blocks. They survive partly because, as Crickmay (1976) suggested, rivers effectively erode at and near their channels; the divides remain untouched. A reinforcement effect also operates because the valleys are wet sites, the interfluves dry. Hence weathering and erosion proceed apace in the former while the latter are stable, allowing palaeoforms to survive.     

太原盆地地下水资源模拟研究

山西省太原盆地由于地下水长期超采,引发了地下水降落漏斗、地面沉降等环境地质问题。通过GMS建立地下水水流三维数值模型,基于模型预测了现状开采条件下地下水水位的变化趋势,并提出合理利用地下水资源的措施,为地下水资源的优化管理提供科学依据。     

Self-weight consolidation and compaction of sediment in the Yellow River Delta,China

Extensive studies of land subsidence in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) have identified sediment consolidation and compaction as important contributors to geologic processes. Although previous studies were informed by detailed knowledge of subsurface getechnical properties and depositional history, geotechnical data that are sufficient for detailed modeling are still unavailable for much of the delta. To overcome this limitation, we use a modified Monte Carlo method to model the incremental sedimentation and compaction in the delta and identify the stratigraphic characteristics of all abandoned lobes in the delta on a short-term scale of decades. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the thickness of the delta plain is generated based on a contour map of the delta using Geographic Information Systems technology. Combining our simulation results and the DEM creates an overall view of the delta’s temporal and spatial land subsidence characteristics. Most data from the 152 boreholes show properties of soft soil, which is saturated and compressible. Our data confirm that the most rapidly compacting strata contain 100% soft soil. Research on settlement from soft soil compaction is particularly important because of the widespread distribution of soft soil in the YRD.     

徐州矿区土地利用变化遥感监测及塌陷地复垦利用研究

基于1987、1994和2000年三期TM遥感图像,将徐州矿区土地利用类型划分为建成区、耕地、林地、水体、塌陷地和其他土地等6类,编制了3个不同时段的土地利用结构变化图;提取并分析了土地利用结构转移变化的矩阵信息和土地利用结构的动态变化.研究表明:采煤塌陷土地面积在不断扩大,年均增加率为6.33%,塌陷地复垦速度仍赶不上塌陷速度.着眼于技术、规划、资金和管理等方面的综合视角,探明塌陷土地复垦的工程技术措施和对策,对于进一步加大土地复垦力度,促进矿区土地资源可持续利用,具有重要的现实意义和价值.     

海南岛东寨港红树林区岩芯地球化学特征及其古地震指示

地震对海岸带地貌与沉积有明显影响,1605年海南岛琼山地震造成东寨港地区发生严重陷落事件。对采自东寨港红树林区258 cm柱状岩芯YBL孔进行了粒度和元素地球化学分析,发现地球化学元素含量在125 cm附近有明显突变,对应于沉积相从陆向海的转变,125 cm以下岩芯沉积物为暗红棕色陆相沉积,125cm以上为灰色-橄榄灰色海相粉砂沉积。推测该沉积相突变是对海南岛东寨港地震陷落事件响应,结合采样点潮位高程推测1605年琼山地震导致东寨港区域沉陷幅度至少为1.6~1.8 m。     

黄河长江珠江三角洲近30年海平面上升趋势及2030年上升量预测

黄河、长江和珠江三角洲由于地面沉降等原因,过去30年的相对海平面上升率远大于全球或全国海平面上升率（约1.5mm/a）。下一世纪,根据IPCC的最佳估计,至2030年全球海平面将上升18cm。我国三大三角洲,根据目前地面沉降情况、发展趋势及政府的控制措施,估计2030年相对海平面上升量老黄河三角洲（天津地区）为60cm,现代黄河三角洲（山东省东营市地区）为30—35cm,长江三角洲（上海地区）为30—40cm,珠江三角洲20—25cm,以上估计数可供沿海有关决策部门制订今后长远发展规划及拟订政策时的参考。     

香港现代海平面变化及其影响

潮汐站资料分析表明香港地区海平面每年以１ｍｍ的速度上升。然而，在沿海填海地区，由于受长期地面沉陷的影响，下沉速度超过上升速度，导致海平面明显相对上升。受大规模地面沉陷的影响。填海区在台风暴潮期间极易受海水浸淹。为了有助于未来海岸的开发，建议利用现有技术水平的测量方法，包括卫星测高和激光测距方法等，对填海区进行长期连续的地面沉陷监测。对下沉问题提出预警，以便采取措施，如修筑海提，建抽水站等，以抵御海