Seasonal variation in dust events and the causes of the variation in the Tarim Basin, China

We analyzed dust event occurrence and its seasonal distribution at 16 sites in the Tarim Basin,China.Although the overall frequency of dust events was the highest in spring in this region,its variation in other seasons could be classified into three patterns:(1) frequency of dust events in autumn > that in summer > that in winter(at the Kashi and Kuche sites);(2) frequency in summer > that in winter > that in autumn(at the Ruoqiang site);and(3) frequency in summer > that in autumn > that in winter(at all other areas of the Tarim Basin).The frequency of dust events and their seasonal variations in the Tarim Basin were mainly controlled by wind speed and locally available dust sources;the former was the key control when dust sources did not differ significantly.The seasonal variation in evaporation had a smaller,but still significant effect on the frequency of dust events.     

黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带固沙植被根区土壤含水量

土壤水分在很大程度上决定着荒漠固沙植被的生长状况和分布格局,不同植被对土壤水分的需求也不相同,研究植被根区土壤含水量的分布特征,可为合理调控固沙植被空间分布格局提供理论依据。以黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带上的固沙植被泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarp）、沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）为对象,于2014—2018年每年5月上旬（雨季前）和10月中旬（雨季后）钻取植被根区不同深度的土壤样品,研究不同植被根区垂直方向和水平方向上土壤含水量的分布特征及其变异性。结果表明：（1）土层越深,固沙植被根区土壤含水量越高;（2）除2017年外,其余年份两种固沙植被根区的土壤含水量均是雨季后大于雨季前;（3）水平方向上距离植被根区越远,土壤含水量越高;（4）两种植被根区土壤含水量的变异性在垂直方向上浅层大于深层,且垂直方向的变异性大于水平方向。     

“一带一路”沿线地区关键生物多样性区域生态变化特征（英文）

KBA (Key Biodiversity Areas)是由IUCN提出并被国际社会认可的生态保护优先区域,评估其生态变化特征对生物多样性保护与自然保护地建设至关重要。“一带一路”沿线地区生态系统类型丰富,生物多样性保护价值极高,而沿线KBA更应该成为生态保护的核心目标。本文利用土地覆盖、归一化植被指数（NDVI）和夜间灯光数据（NTL）,从植被覆盖度和人类活动方面分别对沿线KBA的生态状况及其时空变化特征进行分析,得到以下结论：（1）KBA内的土地覆盖长期保持稳定,林地、荒野和草地是主要的土地覆盖类型;（2）KBA内NDVI总体上呈现增加的趋势,表明植被覆盖度在不断提高,少数植被退化的KBA主要分布在中南半岛、青藏高原以及西亚地区;（3）KBA内NTL总体上处于很低的水平,表明人类活动对自然生态系统的干扰程度十分有限,极少数分布于中东欧、印度、中南半岛以及地中海附近国家的KBA具有较强的人类活动且呈现出增加的趋势。本研究结果强调在KBA生态保护中充分利用生物群落演替规律,同时限制人类活动对自然生态系统的干扰,以推动沿线地区生物多样性保护与自然保护地建设。     

中国收缩城市及其发展的负外部性

以中国地级市为研究对象,选取2003年和2014年2个时点,通过分析各地级市市辖区、非市辖区的人口变化及二者相对变化情况判断收缩及潜在收缩城市;基于城市发展的负外部性内涵,构建涵盖房地产、环境、交通、教育、医疗及就业等方面指标的评价体系,运用主成分分析法测度收缩及潜在收缩城市发展的负外部性,并分析其变化方向。研究结果表明：① 中国的城市发展仍然以增长为主,收缩城市及潜在收缩城市比例并不高,收缩城市主要分布于东北三省及西北地区,潜在收缩城市则集中分布于河南、湖南等中部人口大省及广西、贵州等省、自治区;② 收缩城市发展过程中其负外部性显著改善,尤其是处于稳定收缩阶段的绝对收缩城市最为明显,辐射式收缩城市次之,而处于收缩初始阶段的郊区化收缩城市则表现出两极分化特征;③ 大部分潜在收缩城市其负外部性有不同程度的加剧,且负外部性加剧的城市主要以湖南、河南的潜在收缩城市为主。     

Facets of the geography of population in the Midwest

"This paper explores four selected facets of the geography of population in the [U.S.] Midwest that are related to the movement of people: (1) the spread of occupance across the land; (2) the growth of the population of counties once they had been occupied; (3) the distribution of the foreign-born population; and (4) the distribution of retired people who have migrated after they have retired."     

我国沙漠化地区贫困县经济发展探讨

我国沙漠化地区涉及的212个县(旗市)中,有贫困县82个。82个贫困县经济基础薄弱,人民生活贫困,其原因为生产方式粗放,人口增长过快和素质低,自然生态条件差等。改变贫困面貌的途径在于依靠科技进步,整治生态环境,调整产业结构,开发资源,发展交通运输,扩大商品经济生产,控制人口数量和提高人口素质。本文还对不同地区的贫困县提出相应的经济发展意见。     

中国西北地区的干旱气候及水热资源的调节

本文用干燥度(K')和干燥率(D)表征西北干旱气候、干燥程度并进行了干旱气候区划,有助于了解西北干旱气候的的结构与分布。用月干燥度和湿润指数距平百分率(S%)分析年内干湿动态及干旱年变动的韵律性,有利于把握干旱动态的总趋势。为了合理利用西北干旱区水热资源,从调节水热资源的观点提出了计算合理蒸散(E_0.4)、合理灌溉深度(g_0.4)和合理灌溉定额(Q_0.4)的公式,并以西北干旱区为例作了计算与论证。     

Landscape planning in the Transcaucasia

We have developed the planning documents for model territories of a different dimension: the landscape program of Adzharia (Georgia), the landscape structure plan for the Lake Sevan watershed basin (Armenia), and the landscape plan for the Shirvan National Park (Azerbaijan). Variants of the solution of regional natural-ecological problems are proposed, and the measures for implementation of the target concepts are substantiated.     

Aurora morphology in the dayside

Day-side aurora phenomena are examined by using TV image data obtained at Ny-Alesund in Svalbard, Godhavn in Greenland and Zhongshan Station,Antarctica. Results are summarized as follows. During the quiet period, in the pre-and post-noon sectors. (1) Weak arc (Sun-aligned arc), (2) Corona aurora and (3) Band aurora are observed in these stations. During disturbed period,Corona aurora and Band aurora are also observed in the pre- and post-noon sectors. However. bright discrete aurora. instead of weak arc (Sun-aligned arc). develops from thc night side oval in the dawn and dusk sectors. Pre-noon corona and post-noon band aurora are observed in the lower latitude as compared with the location of those auroras during the quiet period.     

1980年以来中国农地利用变化的区域差异

依托1980~2002年的中国农产品成本收益资料与中国农业统计年鉴等基础数据,从集约度、播种面积与耕地撂荒变化三个方面,对中国1980年以来农地利用变化的区域差异进行了研究。结果表明：① 西部地区农地利用的集约度具有强劲的上升态势,而东、中部地区在1992~1993年时集约度下降显著,在1997年以后,集约度具有明显的持续下降趋势;② 东部地区农地利用的总播种面积显著下降,而西部地区却有相当稳定的扩大趋势;③ 东部、中部与西部地区三种粮食作物的播种面积变化均经历了一个“三缩二扩”的变化过程：“缩小 (1980~1985)-扩大 (1985~1991)-缩小 (1991~1994)-扩大 (1994~1999)-再缩小 (1999~ 2002)”;但在变化幅度与发展态势上,三个区域之间差异明显。东部地区的播种面积有显著的下降态势,而中部与西部地区在1999年以前,其总的态势是播种面积有所扩大,此后播种面积明显下降,但其下降幅度小于东部地区;④ 中部地区耕地撂荒案例最多,涉及地域最广,东部地区次之,西部地区相对较少;东部地区的耕地撂荒现象主要出现在1992~1995年,而中部地区高度集中在1998~2002年,西部地区耕地撂荒的时间分布较为均匀,没有高度集中出现的特点。     

黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址地层光释光测年研究

通过对黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址周围黄河第二级阶地广泛的野外考察,在官亭镇下喇家村段发现了典型的风成黄土土壤层。在地层剖面可见其齐家文化层古地面被数组地震裂隙分割。有一层团块状的、鲜艳的红色粘土质泥流层覆盖了遗址的古地面,并且填充了地震裂隙。经过详细观测和采集光释光样品,应用单片再生剂量法(SAR) 获得该剖面样品的光释光(OSL) 年龄值。在此基础上,结合大量¹⁴C年龄数据和地层对比方法,确定官亭盆地黄河第二级阶地形成在35.00 ka BP,其后风成黄土土壤剖面开始发育。同时断定全新世古土壤S₀中间所夹红色粘土泥流沉积层及其下的地震裂隙的形成年代为3.95 ka BP。结合磁化率和粒度成分等气候替代指标分析,表明在35.00~11.50 ka BP 晚更新世晚期,亦即末次冰期的晚期(MIS-2),气候寒冷干燥,沙尘暴活动旺盛,在官亭盆地第二级阶地上堆积了典型的马兰黄土层(L_1-1)。在11.50~8.50 ka BP全新世早期,沙尘暴活动堆积了具有过渡性质的黄土层(L_t),反映气候逐渐变暖。在8.50~3.10 ka BP 全新世中期大暖期,气候变得温暖湿润,降水量增多,沙尘暴活动减弱,风化成壤作用强烈,堆积形成了黑垆土类古土壤层(S_0下、S_0上)。     

Diurnal Variations in the Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity in the Great Lakes Region of the United States

Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning observations for the warm seasons (May-September) of 1989 and 1990 were analyzed for the Great Lakes region in order to assess the diurnal variations in the lightning characteristics. Several parameters, including flash rate, the spatial extent of lightning activity, first stroke peak current, and the percentage of positive flashes, varied markedly over the course of the day. In contrast, other parameters, such as the frequency of lightning periods and the multiplicity of both negative and positive CG flashes, displayed little diurnal variation. A large degree of intraseasonal (i.e., month-to-month) variation was observed in the diurnal patterns for several of the lightning parameters.     

Diurnal Variations in the Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity in the Great Lakes Region of the United States

Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning observations for the warm seasons (May-September) of 1989 and 1990 were analyzed for the Great Lakes region in order to assess the diurnal variations in the lightning characteristics. Several parameters, including flash rate, the spatial extent of lightning activity, first stroke peak current, and the percentage of positive flashes, varied markedly over the course of the day. In contrast, other parameters, such as the frequency of lightning periods and the multiplicity of both negative and positive CG flashes, displayed little diurnal variation. A large degree of intraseasonal (i.e., month-to-month) variation was observed in the diurnal patterns for several of the lightning parameters.     

Study of the properties of seismicity in the Mexico region

Summary. New statistics of seismic properties are investigated in space and time for the Mexico region. They are main events seismicity (number of earthquakes with aftershocks excluded), swarming property, average magnitude (another way to study the slope of the recurrence time law), maximum magnitude, average focal depth and comparative efficiency of earthquakes in surface and body waves generation, known as creepex .
Quite a number of anomalies of the spatial distributions of the statistics were found. Some of them have evident geophysical meaning, the explanation of others is rather controversial, and some others have no interpretation as yet. The most interesting phenomena are as follows: (1) The average focal depth distribution indicates a different trend for the Benioff zone west of approximately 96°W longitude, due north which fits the position of the Neovolcanic belt. (2) Creepex clearly distinguishes different tectonic areas, i.e. subduction zones (with low values), transform faults (medium) and ridges (high). (3) High swarming is related to places with young sedimentary geology.
The time pattern of those properties, in places of strong earthquakes, is quite consistent and includes a phase of concentration of stress indicated by quiescence in average and maximum magnitude and main events seismicity, and also more efficient body wave generation and anomalous swarming. This phase is followed by an apparent weakening of the material indicated by a igher efficiency in surface wave generation.     

黄河源玛曲段全新世风成黄土-古土壤序列风化成壤特征以及古气候演变

通过对青藏高原东北部黄河源开展广泛细致的野外考察,选择位于玛曲段黄河左岸第二级河流阶地（T2）之上,赋存典型风成黄土-古土壤序列的达尔琼东（DEQ-E）剖面进行系统采样。在室内对采集样品进行了磁化率、烧失量、吸湿水、粒度、土壤微形态、地球化学元素和光释光（OSL）测年等综合分析,结论表明：(1)黄河源玛曲段DEQ-E剖面地层序列由上至下依次为现代草甸土层（MS）-全新世中期古土壤层（S0）-全新世早期过渡性黄土层（Lt）-阶地漫滩相沉积层（T2-al）;(2)黄河源玛曲段DEQ-E剖面风成黄土-古土壤序列风化成壤强度呈现出全新世中期古土壤层（S0）>全新世早期过渡性黄土层（Lt）>现代草甸土层（MS）的变化特征;(3)黄河源全新世的古气候演变可分为3个阶段：全新世早期（11000 a BP—9000 a BP）,西风势力减弱,东亚夏季风逐步增强,气温趋于变暖,降水有所增加;全新世中期（9000 a BP—3100 a BP）,东亚夏季风作用强盛,气候整体温暖湿润;全新世晚期（3100 a BP以来）,东亚夏季风衰退,西风势力有所增强,导致气候转向干冷。该研究成果有助于理解青...     

中国云贵高原喀斯特地区春旱特征分析

利用1951~2004年54年88个站3~5月日降水量资料,计算云贵喀斯特地区春旱强度指数,对该区春旱强度指数时间序列进行小波分析,揭示云贵喀斯特地区春旱强度指数变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构。结果表明:全区范围内春旱强度指数序列变化具有明显的周期和突变点,春旱强度指数存在22年左右的周期特征。特重区、严重区13~15年的周期也很显著,并存在2~3年的主周期;中旱区和轻旱区还具有9~11年的周期,存在3~4年的主周期。根据主周期进行预测,特重区、严重区干旱程度将加重;轻旱区、中旱区干旱程度将减轻。同时还分析了春旱的分布特征、形成的环流场和物理因子。     

基于全球模式对中国极端气温指数模拟的评估

对IPCC 所提供的7 个全球海气耦合模式输出信息(年霜冻日数、生物生长季、温度 年较差、暖夜指数、热浪指数), 利用同期(1961-2000 年) 中国地区极端气温观测资料检测并 评价模式的预估效能。结果表明, 这些模式对中国地区的极端气温都具有一定的模拟能力, 但同时各个模式的模拟场都有各自的系统误差; 综合评价, 在7 个模式中GFDL-CM2.0 和 MIROC3.2 (hires) 两个模式对中国区域极端气温的模拟效果均为最佳。模拟所得的最优指数 为霜冻日数, 其后依次为: 暖夜指数、热浪指数、气温年较差和生物生长季; 而就空间分布 结构来看, 除暖夜指数的模拟效果较差之外, 其余指数均能较好地模拟出其空间分布特征。     

玉龙喀什河源区32年来冰川变化遥感监测

根据航空相片、地形图、遥感影像数据分析了玉龙喀什河源区的冰川变化,结果表明,1970~2001年本区冰川总体上以稳定冰川的数量占多数,但由于部分冰川的退缩使得整个研究区的冰川表现为萎缩的趋势。1970~1989年冰川规模有扩大的趋势,冰川面积、储量分别增加了1.4 km²、0.4781 km³,约占1970年研究区相应总量的0.12%、0.19%;而1989~2001年的冰川面积、储量分别比1970年减少了0.5%、0.4%,是西北干旱区冰川面积变化幅度最小的区域。分析认为该区域1970~1989年冰川扩大可能与该地区的冰川对20世纪60年代末温度降低、降水量增加有10~20年滞后响应有关;1989~2001年冰川退缩,主要受温度快速上升影响,而丰富的降水对冰川退缩起到缓冲的作用。     

Progress in watershed geography in the Yangtze River Basin and the affiliated ecological security perspective in the past 20 years,China

Bibliometrics was used to statistically analyze key zones within the Yangtze River Basin(YRB) funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC) and national ministries over the past 20 years. This study determined that funds that derived from national ministries have mainly focused on issues related to environmental pollution, ecological security, technological water regulations, and river basin ecosystems, which offer a better understanding of the national requirements and the scientific knowledge of the YRB in combination with data from the NSFC. Under a background of bolstering the construction of green ecological corridors in the economic belt of the YRB, this study proposes future conceptual watershed research initiatives in this region as a study objective by reinforcing the implementation of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN) and by emphasizing the use of new technologies, new methods, and new concepts for the prospective design of frontier research under the perspective of geoscience and earth system science. This study promotes large-scale scientific field and research objectives based on big science and big data.     

Freshwater Ostracodes in Quaternary Permafrost Deposits in the Siberian Arctic

Ostracode analysis was carried out on samples from ice-rich permafrost deposits obtained on the Bykovsky Peninsula (Laptev Sea). A composite profile was investigated that covers most of a 38-m thick permafrost sequence and corresponds to the last ca. 60 kyr of the Late Quaternary. The ostracode assemblages are similar to those known from European Quaternary lake deposits during cold stages. The ostracode habitats were small, shallow, cold, oligotrophic pools located in low centred ice wedge polygons or in small thermokarst depressions. In total, 15 taxa, representing 7 genera, were identified from 65 samples. The studied section is subdivided into six ostracode zones that correspond to Late Quaternary climatic and environmental stadial-interstadial variations established by other paleoenvironmental proxies: (1) cold and dry Zyrianian stadial (58–53 kyr BP); (2) warm and dry Karginian interstadial (48–34 kyr BP); (3) transition from the Karginian interstadial to the cold and dry Sartanian stadial (34–21 kyr BP); (4) transition from the Sartanian stadial to the warm and dry Late Pleistocene period, the Allerød (21–14 kyr BP); (5) transition from the Allerød to the warm and wet Middle Holocene (14–7 kyr BP); and (6) cool and wet Late Holocene (ca. 3 kyr BP). The abundance and diversity of the ostracodes will be used as an additional bioindicator for paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the Siberian Arctic.