Consumption of Ecosystem Services in Laos

The exponential increase of ecosystem utilization has instigated a serious conflict between ecosystem services and residents’ needs. The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly influenced Laotian production and living, and the scientific assessment of the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos is important for exploring residents’ influence on the ecosystem. Based on data for the Laotian consumption of agricultural products, fruits and livestock products during 1961-2013, normalized by either harvest index or feed conversion ratio, this study draws three main conclusions. 1) Ecosystem service consumption in Laos is centered on the consumption of farmland, forestry and grassland ecosystem services, which account for over 80%, over 10% and under 2%, showing downward, upward and constant trends, respectively. The consumption of these ecosystem services shows a trend of increasing first, then fluctuating, and finally increasing. 2) The consumption of ecosystem services in Laos was characterized by the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” from 1961 to 2008, and the mode of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services” from 2008 to 2013, with a trend of transformation from the former into the latter. 3) The formation and change in the consumption mode of Laotian ecosystem services have been affected by both supply and trade. Laos developed agriculture mainly during the period from 1961 to 2008, forming the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services”. This development benefited from the enriched varieties of imports as well as the increased value of trade and import volume. However, the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos after 2008 changed from the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” to one of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services”. This study provides an empirical reference for research on the consumption of ecosystem services.     

安徽漳河河流生态系统服务价值评估

运用机会成本法、替代工程法、比例折算法等方法计算漳河生态系统的服务价值,包括水供给、休闲娱乐、水力发电、水产品的直接使用价值和储水、调蓄洪水、水质净化的间接使用价值。结果表明:2015年漳河南陵段生态服务价值中,直接生态服务价值为8.067亿元,间接生态服务价值约为12.491亿元。漳河生态系统价值评估中,储水价值最大,其次是调蓄洪水价值、水产品价值,说明漳河河流生态系统在调节洪水、减少和防御洪涝灾害、保护社会和经济发展等方面具有极其重要的作用。     

广东省鹤山市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

依据国家林业局发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008),以2009年为评估基准年份,对鹤山市的森林生态服务功能价值进行评估。结果表明:鹤山市森林生态系统服务功能年总价值为73.066亿元/a,其中涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、生物多样性保护和森林游憩价值分别为23.858、29.017、11.975、4.536、1.360、2.301和0.019亿元/a。鹤山市杉木、马尾松、湿地松、桉树、针叶树、阔叶树、针阔混交林等7种类型森林生态系统中,单位面积年均生态服务功能价值为16.073万元/(hm2·a),其中价值最高的是阔叶树,为19.568万元/(hm2·a),最低的是桉树,为14.405万元/(hm2·a)。最后从提高森林生态系统服务功能的角度,提出了鹤山市林分改造及林业布局结构调整的建议。     

蚌埠市三汊河湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价

根据实地调查和相关文献分析,对蚌埠市三汊河湿地的生态系统进行了分类。将湿地分为自然湿地和人工湿地两大类,永久性河流、季节性河流、芦苇沼泽、灌溉水渠、养殖池、稻田湿地6小类。对自然湿地和人工湿地的水文调节、固碳、水体净化、物质生产、旅游科研、提供生境等6项生态系统服务功能价值进行评价和估算。结果表明三汊河湿地的生态系统服务功能总价值为2157.23万元,自然湿地水文调节功能的价值最高,其次是固碳功能价值,水体净化功能的价值最低;人工湿地的物质生产功能的价值最高,水文调节功能的价值最低。由此推出,自然湿地的功能以生态服务为主,人工湿地的功能以生产服务为主。依据湿地生态系统服务功能的价值评价结果,对三汊河湿地的保护和利用提出建议,以期为湿地资源和功能的利用提供参考意见。     

华侨城湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

华侨城湿地是深圳湾滨海湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,其生态系统服务价值达68 228.52万元。其中旅游休闲、宜居环境和企业生态品牌的价值共为60 500.52万元,占总体价值的88.67%。华侨城湿地带动了周边经济,实现了湿地可持续发展和企业价值的一致。呼吁能有更多企业和社会组织参与到我国湿地的管理工作中来。     

洞庭湖生态系统最终服务价值评估

生态系统最终服务指生态系统直接提供给人类的,由人类直接享用、消费、使用的生态系统服务,目前生态系统服务评估多将最终服务与中间服务混淆,造成重复计算。以洞庭湖为例,建立洞庭湖生态系统最终产品与服务评估指标体系,并综合运用市场价值法、替代工程法和旅行费用法评估洞庭湖提供给人类的生态经济价值。结果表明:洞庭湖生态系统服务总价值为2 154.22×108元/a,其中洪水调蓄和气候调节占总价值的88.69%,是洞庭湖的主导生态系统服务。评价的10项生态系统最终服务按价值量排序,依次为调蓄洪水气候调节淡水产品水资源供给原材料生产释氧休闲旅游固碳水质净化内陆航运。评估结果比较全面地反映了洞庭湖对人类福祉的直接贡献,不仅能提高公众和管理部门对洞庭湖生态系统服务的认知,也为管理部门管理洞庭湖提供了重要方向。     

对生态系统服务研究的几点新认识

生态系统服务的研究因能更好地体现人与自然的相互作用关系而成为生态学研究热点之一。为了更准确的把握生态系统服务的未来工作重点,本文首先按照研究的时间和内容,依据代表性文章和大型国际研究计划,把生态系统服务的研究进展分为三个阶段,并指出了不同阶段的研究重点：{1}以基础理论研究为主的初步发展阶段;{2}以生态系统服务价值评估等实证研究为主的发展阶段;{3}以生态系统服务评估应用为主的蓬勃发展和自我完善阶段。其次,作者总结了目前研究过程中存在的亟待解决的若干问题,主要包括：对相关概念的正确理解和使用,对评价指标、评价尺度的选择,以及评价过程中的经济学问题、评价标准统一化问题等。最后,根据生态系统服务研究发展阶段以及当前实践工作中存在的问题,提出了生态系统服务研究的工作重点为：{1}引入模型,加强模拟研究;{2}确立统一评价标准,加强对比研究;{3}人类行为—生态系统服务—人类福利三者相互作用研究;(4)典型区的生态系统服务评价研究等。     

广州市生态系统服务价值空间异质性变化

基于广州市2004―2016年土地利用分类成果,通过CA-Markov模型模拟预测2020年土地利用状况,结合格网分析法构建广州市2004―2020年的生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Services Value,ESV）密度格网,并展开Getis-Ord热点区分析和圈层分析评估,分析广州市快速城市化进程土地利用变化对ESV变化过程和影响的空间异质性。结果表明：1）广州市快速城市化进程中,建设用地扩张占用了大量生态用地,建设用地面积从2004年的1 320 km2扩张到2016年约2 000 km2,预计2020年将达到2 263.63 km2,生态用地斑块日趋破碎化;2）2004―2016年间,广州市ESV总值累计减少了92.41亿元,年均减少约8.4亿元,预计2016―2020年其继续减少但减速会放缓;3）ESV高值区域的格网数量净减少近18%,低值区域的格网数量净增加约46%,局部区域生态系统服务功能的改善难以抵消快速城市化造成的ESV损失;4）广州市ESV变化呈现局部空间自相关现象,高冷区常年集聚分布在花都区和番禺―南沙一带,高热区从集聚分布于东北部逐渐变成为零星分布;5）ESV圈层格局从中心城区向外围区（核心区、近郊区、边缘区和外围区）呈“低―低―中―高”向“低―低―低―高”的结构特征演变,地处城市边缘的近郊区域和边缘区域逐渐形成空间异质性最突出的城乡交错带。     

湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估问题探讨

湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估能够将湿地各项服务功能价值货币化,提供直观的经济数字,是应用较为广泛的一种评估方式。其技术仍处在探索阶段,尚不完善,在应用中反映出许多问题。分析了湿地净化污染、调节大气、调蓄洪水、物质生产等几项代表性的服务功能,总结了评估应用中存在的一些问题,并提出相应的改进建议,为今后的工作提供参考。     

Policy Contestation over the Ecosystem Services Approach in Sweden

Ecosystem services (ES) is an important approach to biodiversity protection in political rhetoric and policy practice, but it is also highly contested. This paper analyzes the introduction of ES in Swedish environmental policy and how it is contested by key stakeholders and discusses its implications for biodiversity governance. The results show that although ES is widely accepted on an abstract and conceptual level, critical features and functions are highly contested. These primarily concern the valuation of nature, appropriateness of different policy instruments, and institutional structures. The paper concludes that while the controversy surrounding ES fills an important role by reinvigorating debate and stimulating reflections on biodiversity loss, it also illustrates how ES is used to further particular values and beliefs and to challenge traditional biodiversity-protecting strategies. Understanding these policy controversies is central to addressing the challenges of transforming the promises of ES into practical policies.     

云南大盈江河流湿地生态服务功能价值评价

大盈江是云南省河流湿地类型的典型代表,是云南六大水系尹洛瓦底江的一级支流,是重要的国际河流。大盈江流域中段的大盈江湿地是其重要的组成部分。通过对大盈江湿地生态现状、生物多样性、景观及民族文化的调查研究,分析了其湿地生态系统服务功能。结果表明:大盈江湿地具有不可替代的生态地位和民族文化保存、展示价值,分布有脊椎动物228种、维管植物623种。据估算,其生态系统服务功能价值超过1.72亿元/a。     

青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务价值评估

基于Constaza等提出的方法,在对青藏高原天然草地生态系统服务价值根据其生物量订正的基础上,逐项估算了各种草地类型的各项生态服务价值,得出青藏高原天然草地生态系统每年提供的生态服务价值为2571 78×108元,占全国草地生态系统每年服务价值的17 68%。受各类草地生物群落分布广度和单位面积生态服务功能强弱的综合影响,各类草地的生态服务价值贡献率有很大差异,其中,高寒草甸、山地草甸、高寒草原对草地生态系统总服务价值的贡献率分别为62 52%、14 14%、12 92%。根据高寒草地的地域分异特征分亚区进行的生态价值估算结果表明,亚区生态服务价值具有沿东南向西北迅速减小的趋势,这与青藏高原气候条件自东南向西北由温暖湿润转向寒冷干旱是一致的。说明生态系统的地域分布条件对生态服务价值的大小有直接的影响。对毁草种田所产生的生态价值损失估算表明,仅青海和西藏两省区的生态损失每年高达2 29×108元,占两省区GDP总值的0 9%。     

生态系统服务功能价值核算与地理学综合研究

综合性研究既是地理学研究的特点和难点,也是地理学未来发展的趋势。在过去关于地理学的综合研究中,主要存在以下不足:(1)综合性基础理论研究薄弱;(2)自然—人文研究之间的交叉和融合不足;(3)综合的途径和手段偏于定性和单调。因此,当前推进地理学综合研究的关键在于找到一个综合价值尺度,搭起自然系统与经济系统的桥梁。生态系统服务功能价值核算是一项横跨自然系统与社会经济系统的研究。加强生态系统服务功能价值核算研究能够有效地推进地理学的综合研究。最后,结合地理学综合研究的趋势,对生态系统服务功能核算研究进行了展望,提出应从完善生态价值核算的理论基础,改进核算的技术、加强实证研究、提高公众认知度,以及完善相关制度建设等方面推进生态系统服务功能价值核算的研究。     

宁波市城市化发展对区域生态系统服务价值的影响

采用城市化综合水平测度模型、生态系统服务价值评价模型及Pearson相关分析方法,在GIS技术支持下,以宁波市1991—2014年城市化相关数据和土地利用变更调查成果为基础数据,定量评价和分析区域城市化发展水平、生态系统服务价值以及二者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)宁波市各项城市化指数均呈逐渐递增趋势,城市化发展进程呈阶段化特征。快速城市化水平驱动区域经济高速发展,同时导致建设用地面积大幅度增加。(2)宁波市生态系统服务价值总体变化呈先增后减趋势,各县(市、区)生态系统服务价值空间分布差异显著,区域城市化水平越高其所贡献的生态系统服务价值越低。(3)当前城市化发展水平与生态系统服务价值演变之间呈显著负相关,经济城市化和土地城市化对生态系统服务功能产生的负面影响较为显著。快速城市化引起区域土地利用的剧烈变化,导致生态景观格局转变,城市人口集聚与工业化导致过度消耗资源与废物排放,对生态系统服务功能产生负面影响。建议提高宁波市城市化发展质量,注重与经济和社会的协同发展。     

Prediction of Shale Plugs between Wells in Heavy Oil Sands using Seismic Attributes

A fundamental geologic problem in the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) heavy oil developments in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta is to determine the location of shales in the reservoirs that may interfere with the steaming or recovery process. Petrophysical analysis shows that a key acoustic indicator of the presence of shale is bulk density. In theory, density can be derived from seismic data using Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) analysis of conventional or multicomponent seismic data, but this is not widely accepted in practice. However, with billions of dollars slated for SAGD developments in the upcoming years, this technology warrants further investigation. In addition, many attributes can be investigated using modern tools like neural networks; so, the density extracted from seismic using AVO can be compared and combined with more conventional attributes in solving this problem. Density AVO attributes are extracted and correlated with “density synthetics” created from the logs just as the seismic stack correlates to conventional synthetics. However, multiattribute tests show that more than density is required to best predict the volume proportion of shale (Vsh). Vsh estimates are generated by passing seismic attributes derived from conventional PP, and multicomponent PS seismic, AVO and inversion from an arbitrary line following the pilot SAGD wells through a neural network. This estimate shows good correlation to shale proportions estimated from core. The results have encouraged the application of the method to the entire 3D.     

Integrated Management of Forest Ecosystem Services: An Optimization Model Based on Multi-objective Analysis and Metaheuristic Approach

The goal of this research was to implement an optimization model that allows definition of best management strategies in the forest sector. The case study is depicted in a coniferous stand (silver fir—Abies alba Mill.) of Tuscany (central Italy). Four ecosystem services were quantified from biophysical (timber produced, carbon stored, ecosystem diversity, recreational function) and economic (total economic value of the above parameters) perspective. The indicators are aggregated through a multi-objective approach (compromise programming). In the framework of forest seen as complex adaptive systems, different management strategies can lead to emergent reaction of forest functions. Due to nonlinear and non-continuous interactions as well as to the presence of feedbacks and loops among environmental and socioeconomic forest components, results are optimized by means of differential evolution and particle swarm algorithm. The genetic algorithm was applied to minimize the distance from ideal point. The best value of the decision variable (rotation period) was defined for different scenarios based on compensatory level of criteria, constraints and presence/absence of forest thinning. Conflicting trends and trade-offs are highlighted when different criteria were optimized. Among outputs, thinning intervention seems to reduce the performance of several criteria in the study area. Strengths and weaknesses of the model as well as potential future improvements are finally discussed.

     

闽东滨海湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

以闽东滨海湿地为研究对象,在实地调查和查阅相关资料的基础上,将闽东滨海湿地生态系统划分为水域、潮间裸滩、农田、人工库塘和养殖场5个类型,确定物质生产、气候调节、水文调节、污染净化、生物栖息地、教育科研以及休闲旅游为闽东滨海湿地生态系统主导的服务功能,并采用市场价值法、造林成本法、影子工程法、费用替代法以及碳税法等方法来评估各项生态系统服务功能价值。结果表明:闽东滨海湿地生态系统的服务功能总价值量为1510262万元,其中物质生产功能的价值量最大,为856701万元,其次是污染净化的功能价值,为448844万元。     

Heavy Oil and Oil (Tar) Sands in North America: An Overview & Summary of Contributions

As conventional oil and gas reservoirs become depleted other unconventional energy sources have to be recovered and produced. Four of the major unconventional resources that are strategic for North American interests are heavy oil, oil sands, oil shales, and coal-bed methane. Recent interest and activity in Canada’s vast oil sands are progressing rapidly as soaring oil prices are fueling a ‘gold rush’ in oil sands development in Alberta. This interest is evident by the record-number of oil sands and heavy oil presentations at Energy Minerals Division (EMD)-sponsored sessions at the 2004 and 2005 Annual Conventions of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), held in Dallas, TX and Calgary, AB.     

Mechanisms for Realizing the Economic Values of Ecosystem Services

The fact that ecosystem services have values that can be quantified has been widely accepted in recent years. Part of the economic values of ecosystem services have been realized partly by ecological compensation of fiscal transfer payments at different levels, trade and consumption of leisure tourism and ecological products, and carbon sequestration forest funds sponsored by non-governmental capital. However, it remains difficult to realize the economic value of ecosystem services as industrial products and support the coordinated and sustainable development of nature, economy and society. To reveal the role of ecological compensation, consumption of biological products, leisure tourism and ecosystem services trading in realizing the economic values of ecosystem services, we analyzed the composition, transfer and consumption pattern of ecosystem services. In order to provide theoretical and technological support for inter-regional ecological compensation, ecosystem service industry development and ecosystem services trade, the concept of ecosystem services credit and key problems with ecosystem services trading are proposed.     

石羊河流域生态系统服务功能经济价值评估

分析和评估石羊河流域生态系统服务功能经济价值,培育和提升核心生态系统服务功能,为石羊河流域综合治理、确保生态安全提供理论依据。根据石羊河流域1999年和2006年土地利用情况,运用中国生态系统服务价值当量因子表,对该区域生态系统服务功能经济价值进行评估。1999年和2006年石羊河流域生态系统服务功能经济价值分别为1.1531×1010元和1.5650×1010元。2006年草地和森林生态系统对总价值的贡献率较高,分别为39.82%和25.96%;各项服务功能中土壤形成与保护功能经济价值最高。流域上游山区的水源涵养、气候调节和生物多样性保护等功能受到不同程度的破坏。