干旱区新垦绿洲人工防护林土壤物理特性及其生态意义

结合灌溉量和树种特征,分析了新垦绿洲克拉玛依农业开发区3个不同树种人工防护林带下土壤容重、总孔隙度、饱和含水量和含水量变化。结果表明,各树种防护林带下土壤物理性质存在垂直变异,其中土壤容重基本呈随着土层深度增加而逐渐增加的趋势,树种种类对土壤容重的影响不大;饱和含水量随着土层深度增加基本呈逐渐降低的趋势,树种种类对土壤饱和含水量影响不大;土壤总孔隙度在不同土层间均存在显著差异。俄罗斯杨和胡杨林带下土壤含水量均呈现出随土层深度增加而增加的趋势。在灌溉量相等且灌溉后经过相同时间的条件下,不同树种林带下在同一土层的土壤含水量存在差异,而在同一树种林带下,灌溉量大小对土壤含水量有影响。从改良土壤结构的角度来说,在选择构建绿洲防护林体系树种时,俄罗斯杨、榆树、胡杨林这3个树种具有同样的优势;从节约用水的角度来说,在防护林树种选择中胡杨比俄罗斯杨的优势大。     

TRIME-T3用于盐碱地土壤含水量测定的试验研究

以陕西省富平县卤泊滩盐碱地改良区为例,在其上游地段选取两块农田为研究对象,布置典型观测断面并埋设测管,运用TRIME-T3法和烘干法对观测断面土壤剖面含水量进行测定,并同步测定土壤含盐量。对两种方法测得的土壤含水量进行对比分析,研究土壤盐分对TRIME-T3法测定的土壤含水量影响以及该方法在盐碱地农田土壤剖面含水量测试中的应用。研究结果显示：（1）TRIME-T3法测量值较烘干法值偏大,但两者之间有较高的相关性,回归分析结果表明可以用y=0.866 3x+0.754 5的线性函数进行校正,校正后的TRIME-T3测量值中将有94.4%的值接近土壤含水量真实值。（2）通过对校正函数进行实例验证,结果表明TRIME-T3标定曲线值与烘干法测定值非常接近,绝对误差<1 cm³·cm^-3,相对误差在5%以下,表明TRIME-T3法通过一定的校正后可以很好地表达该盐碱地农田土壤剖面含水量信息。（3）通过对TRIME-T3测定的含水量与相应含盐量进行分析,发现两者之间的相关性并不显著,表明该方法可适用于盐碱地农田土壤剖面含水量测定。该研究结果可为类似地区盐碱地土壤剖面水分测定技术（TRIME-T3）的应用提供科学依据和理论参考。     

Nano-mechanical Properties and Pore-Scale Characterization of Different Rank Coals

Characterization of coal micro-structure and the associated rock mechanical properties are of key importance for coal seam exploration, coal bed methane development, enhanced coal bed methane production and CO₂ storage in deep coal seams. Considerable knowledge exists about coal chemical properties, but less is known about the nanoscale to the micro-scale structure of coals and how they change with coal strength across coal ranks. Thus, in this study, 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography (with a voxel size of 3.43 µm) and nano-indentation tests were conducted on coal samples of different ranks from peat to anthracite. The micro-structure of peats showed a well-developed pore system with meso- and micro-pores. The meso-pores essentially disappear with increasing rank, whereas the micro-pores persist and then increase past the bituminous rank. The micro-fracture system develops past the peat stage and by sub-bituminous ranks and changes into larger and mature fracture systems at higher ranks. The nano-indentation modulus showed the increasing trend from low- to high-rank coal with a perfect linear relationship with vitrinite reflectance and is highly correlated with carbon content as expected.

     

Quantitative Analysis of Micro-structural Changes in a Bituminous Coal After Exposure to Supercritical CO2 and Water

Natural Resources Research - High-volatile bituminous coal samples were reacted in deionized water with supercritical CO2 (ScCO2–water) under simulated in situ pressure and temperature...     

外掺Cl对磷酸镁水泥离子溶出和孔结构的影响

通过测试不同Cl-(NaCl)掺量磷酸镁水泥(MPC)浸取液中离子浓度及MPC硬化体的孔结构和吸水率,研究了Cl-掺量和浸取时间对MPC硬化体平均孔径、孔隙率、孔径分布、孔体积分布、吸水率、MPC浸取液中Cl-、Na+、OH-、Mg2+、PO43-和K+浓度的影响,结果表明外掺Cl-对MPC孔结构、离子溶出及吸水率有显...     

低干密度盐渍细砂土低温特性试验研究

利用2015年9月采自青海北霍布逊湖区的原土样,自行配比进行了室内盐渍细砂土冻胀试验,研究了低干密度盐渍细砂土的低温特性变化规律,探讨了盐渍细砂土的冻胀机理,集中分析了土的冻缩特性。研究发现低干密度盐渍细砂土在不同含水率条件下土的冻胀规律差异很大。低含水率条件下会有冻缩现象,高含水率条件下只会有冻胀现象,临界含水率（含水率14%）条件下细砂土先出现冻缩,之后随着温度的降低又出现冻胀,且由于温度引起的体积变化均在-28℃～-30℃时达到稳定;土的冻缩随着含盐量增加先呈递增趋势,后又呈递减趋势,在中间含盐量10%达到最大;除临界含水率条件下,盐渍细砂土的冻胀、冻缩均与温度呈三次多项式关系,与含水率呈线性关系。研究结果能够为盐渍土地区的工程建设提供有价值的理论依据。     

长安少陵塬黄土含水条件与控制因素研究

 根据长安少陵塬杨湾黄土剖面含水层的调查、含水量、孔隙度测定和粒度分析,研究了黄土含水层与隔水层的分布、含水条件及其与第四纪气候变化的关系。结果表明,长安杨湾剖面黄土地层含水量变化代表了与以往研究不同的变化类型,含水量峰值出现在黄土层中,低值出现在红色古土壤层中；从上向下含水量与孔隙度呈波动变化规律；在所研究的剖面中出现的5个含水层均由黄土层构成,隔水层由红色古土壤构成。研究剖面中含水层与隔水层的水理性质主要是它们形成时的气候不同决定的。红色古土壤的隔水性是由于温湿气候条件下的粘土化作用产生的，黄土层的含水空间发育好主要是当时相对冷干的气候条件下的较弱的成壤作用造成的。含水空间发育较好的黄土层和粘化强的红色古土壤隔水层的存在是该黄土剖面中地下水富集的两个基本条件。     

Spatial Distribution of Fractures in the Asmari Formation of Iran in Subsurface Environment: Effect of Lithology and Petrophysical Properties

The distribution of fractures and its dependence on lithology and petrophysical properties of rock in the Asmari Formation were examined using three wells data of one of the largest oil fields of southwestern Iran. Fractures were measured on cut cores. Mineral content and petrophysical data were obtained through thin section study and core plug measurement respectively. Influence of mineral composition and petrophysical property of rocks on fracture density was explored statistically. Increasing quartz (sand) and anhydrite content of rocks decrease and dolomite increases the threshold of fracture densities, however no significant relation was observed between calcite content of rock and fracture density. Increasing porosity and permeability of rock decrease the threshold of fracture density in some of the defined lithology groups. There are significant differences between the lithology groups in terms of fracture density, although the results in the three wells are not the same. In whole data, the highest fracture density can be observed in dolostone. Limestone and impure carbonates hold broader spaced fractures and sandstones display the least fracture density. The average fracture densities in the wells are strictly different. These differences are the result of the structural position of the wells and also the trend of the well and fractures. The distribution of fractures in most lithology groups can be explained by the function: , where F is relative frequency, D is fracture density and a, b, and c are constants.     

土壤水分含量对虉草幼苗保护酶与渗透调节物质的影响

以虉草幼苗为试材,通过为期50 d的室内盆栽控水试验,按照土壤水分含量设置7个水分梯度：（10±0.5）%、（15±0.5）%、（20±0.5）%、（25±0.5）%、（30±0.5）%、（40±0.5）%（土壤水分饱和）和51%（淹水2 cm）,研究了不同土壤水分含量对植物的抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤水分含量在20%~35%之间时SOD （超氧化物歧化酶）活性较高,低于20%和高于35%时,SOD活性下降,且在不同土壤水分含量下试验50 d的SOD活性均大于试验25 d的。（2） CAT（过氧化氢酶）与POD （过氧化物酶）活性达极显著相关p<0.01,均随土壤水分含量的增加呈先大幅下降后平稳再小幅上升的趋势。（3） MDA （丙二醛）含量与SOD活性趋势相反,随土壤水分含量的增加不断下降,在试验25 d时淹水组略有上升。（4）可溶性蛋白在20%~40%之间时含量较高,植株生长状况较好,在干旱和淹水胁迫条件下可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势。由此可见：当虉草幼苗受到干旱等胁迫时,虉草幼苗会开启抗氧化酶系统以保护植株组织,可长时间的胁迫或者胁迫超过其耐受范围（土壤水分含量小于20%或处于土壤水分过饱和淹水条件）就会不同程度的破坏植物的防御系统从而影响其生长发育。     

松嫩平原苏打盐渍土土壤水分特征研究

以苏打盐化草甸土和苏打碱土2 种土壤类型为研究对象,研究苏打盐渍土土壤水分特征,并对土壤水分特征曲线进行模拟。结果表明,0~40 cm土壤层,盐化草甸土总孔隙度大于50%,毛管孔隙中以0.1~1.2 mm当量孔径的粗孔隙为主,苏打碱土总孔隙度低,主要以小于0.1 mm当量孔径的细孔隙为主;0~40 cm土壤层在相同水势作用下,盐化草甸土土壤含水率明显高于苏打碱土,说明苏打碱土土壤持水能力较低。通过模型模拟,获得不同土壤层的水分特征曲线参数,模拟值与实测值相关系数均在0.9 以上,模型具有可靠性。     

黑河流域土壤退化研究

在黑河流域干旱土纲中采集5个典型土壤剖面以研究该地区干旱土壤的演化。同时，为了了解土壤养分含量、土壤干旱化和土壤盐化的变化趋势，测定了高台县西北盐池地区主要盐土类型各剖面中的盐分含量和流域内主要土类中水分含量的分布。结果表明，干旱区内陆河流域土壤的退化主要表现为干旱化、盐渍化和土壤肥力的退化。在流域内干旱化随流域上中下游降水量和干燥度的变化而变化，土壤随距河流的距离及地下水位的高低而变化。流域内土壤从潜育土向雏形十、干旱雏形土和干旱土的方向变化。盐渍化与土壤水分含量和地下水位有关，并与水分的蒸发有密切的关系。在一定范围内，距水源越远，盐分含量一般越高。土壤肥力的退化表现为土壤有机质含量降低，阳离子代换量降低等理化性质的退化，这一退化过程是其它过程的综合反映。质地的退化虽受风沙化的影响，但与土壤的形成母质有一定的关系。     

柴达木盆地中部高Mg/Li盐湖卤水富镁物源探讨

为了查清那棱格勒河尾闾盐湖—一里坪、西台、东台和察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段高Mg/Li卤水富镁的主控因素及成因,系统采集了柴达木盆地那棱格勒河水、流域围岩和尾闾盐湖卤水样品,进行水样、岩样元素含量及矿物组合分析。结果表明,河水阴阳离子含量特征为Na~+>Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)和Cl~->HCO~-_3>SO■;与河水相比,卤水Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3含量降低,Na~+、K~+、Cl~-和SO■明显富集,二者具有相似的Mg~(2+)离子含量所占阳离子总量的百分比(～25%);与南海海水和青海湖湖水蒸发曲线对比,卤水的镁含量落在曲线上,说明卤水富镁是由河水输入、蒸发浓缩控制的,而非盆地古湖自西向东浓缩迁移的结果;通过那陵格勒河流域围岩矿物和镁含量分析,发现河水流经的围岩中沉积有含镁矿物(白云石、含镁方解石和阳起石),且镁含量高达0.6%～11.5%,说明高镁的岩石风化溶滤是引起尾闾盐湖卤水富镁的主因。     

基于电磁感应数据的膜下滴灌土壤水分动态变化研究

快速、无损监测农田土壤水分含量,是智慧农业的重要研究内容.以新疆南疆阿拉尔国家农业科技园区膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,运用EM38-MK2大地电导率仪快速、高效的获取了4组不同时期的棉田土壤表观电导率数据,并同步采集表层土壤(0～20 cm)样品,通过构建表观电导率数据与室内测定含水量数据间的反演模型获取了测点的含水量数据...     

不同耕作措施对旱地农田土壤水分保持及入渗性能的影响研究

通过定西市安定区的中长期保护性耕作试验,对连续6 a不同耕作措施后0～30 cm土层土壤的水分特征曲线、土壤容重、孔隙度、土壤饱和导水率进行了测定。结果表明,两种轮作序列下,不同耕作措施0～30 cm土壤水分特征曲线在水吸力为5 bar和15 bar时几近重合,在3 bar、1 bar和0.5 bar时出现差异;Gardner模型拟合的结果显示在0.5~15 bar吸力范围内,其水吸力与含水量之间的关系符合幂函数式S=Aθ-B这一关系式,且相关系数均达极显著水平。免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕地膜覆盖的两个处理较传统耕作改善了土壤持水性能;传统耕作秸秆还田和免耕秸秆覆盖处理较传统耕作处理显著降低了0～5 cm土层容重,增加了土壤总孔度;免耕秸秆覆盖可以显著提高土壤饱和导水率。     

Evaluation of Engineered Geothermal Systems as a Heat Source for Oil Sands Production in Northern Alberta

This paper evaluates the application of geothermal energy by numerically modeling the heat extraction that would result from the injection of cold water into an artificially fractured hot dry rock (HDR). The HDR that would be utilized in Alberta is expected to be granite with a network of pre-existing natural fractures. However, to ensure a continued flow of injected water from the reservoir to the production wells, creation of additional fractures is required. Thus, the properties of these fractures are of prime importance to the efficiency of geothermal energy production. The fracture networks for the simulations were created using a numerical code and were converted into a grid format to be used in a commercial thermal simulator. A new approach to embed a complex fracture system into the numerical model was applied. Various properties of the fractures such as aperture, length, and spacing were changed and their absolute and relative effects on energy production were quantified and the results are presented in this paper. This modeling technique was also verified by comparison with the conventional dual porosity model and by performing a history match with real field data obtained from literature. The applicability of this approach to provide heat for oil sands extraction was investigated using the volumes of water currently needed in northern Alberta. Based on these constraints, numerical simulations were run to evaluate the optimum well spacing that would be required using a three-well configuration. In this simulation, the fracture parameters (density and aperture) were kept fixed assuming that they are not affected by cold water injection. The results of this study suggest that geothermal energy has a potential to be a sustainable form of thermal energy for oil sands extraction in northern Alberta.     

Thermal Properties of a Supraglacial Debris Layer with Respect to Lithology and Grain Size

This paper focuses on the impacts of debris cover on ice melt with regards to lithology and grain size. Ten test plots were established with different debris grain sizes and debris thicknesses consisting of different natural material. For each plot, values of thermal conductivity were determined. The observations revealed a clear dependence of the sub‐debris ice melt on the layer thickness, grain size, porosity and moisture content. For the sand fraction the moisture content played a dominant role. These test fields were water saturated most of the time, resulting in an increased thermal conductivity. Highly porous volcanic material protected the ice much more effectively from melting than similar layer thicknesses of the local mica schist. However, the analysis of thermal diffusivities demonstrated that the vertical moisture distribution of the debris cover must be taken into consideration, with the diffusivity values being significantly lower in deeper layers.     

水肥耦合对玉米田间土壤水分运移的影响

以干旱区绿洲农田玉米水肥耦合试验为基础。利用含有根系吸水项的一维土壤水动力学模型,模拟了不同水肥条件下玉米蒸散、根系吸水、土体贮水量变化以及田间土壤水量平衡。结果表明：在玉米生长初期以棵间蒸发为主,其后则是以植株蒸腾为主;玉米在30-40cm土层吸水速率达到最大值;玉米灌水量为田间持水量的70％与85％对土壤0～80cm土层贮水量的贡献是相等的,并且高肥力在一定程度上可增强根系的吸水能力,高灌水可增强玉米根系对养分的吸收利用,但对于提高水肥利用率来说,理想的处理为中肥中水。     

基于土壤理化性质估计土壤水分特征曲线Van Genuchten模型参数

在东北黑土区采集了不同侵蚀强度黑土土样,测定其土壤水分、机械组成、有机质和容重等指标,利用Rosetta模型估计了Van Genuchten模型的参数,并将估算土壤水分与实测土壤水分对比,评价了选择不同土壤理化性质指标的模拟精度,及该方法对东北黑土的适宜性。结果表明：选择4个或6个土壤性质指标,尺度参数（α）和形状参数（n）的差异较大,采用6指标时,α增大,n减小。修正VG模型参数m与n的关系后,模型拟合精度明显提高,其中6指标的计算结果好于4指标,但拟合值偏大,需进一步较正。Rosetta模型适用于砂粒含量小于46%,粘粒含量大于28%的东北黑土。     

How freezing and thawing processes affect black-soil aggregate stability in northeastern China

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing processes on wet aggregate stability （WAS） of black soil. Wet aggregate stability was determined by different aggregate size groups, different water contents, various freeze-thaw cycles, and various freezing temperatures. The results showed that, when at suitable water content, aggregate stability was enhanced, aggregate sta-bility will be disrupted when moisture content is too high or too low, especially higher water content. Temperature also had a significant ef-fect, but moisture content determined the suitable freezing temperatures for a given soil. Water-stable aggregate （WSA〉0.5）, the total aggre-gate content, and mean weight diameter decreasing with the freeze-thaw cycles increase, reached to 5 percent significance level. The reason for crumbing aggregates is the water and air conflict, thus raising the hypothesis that water content affects the aggregate stability in the process of freezing and thawing.