粉煤灰与生石灰加固软土的室内试验研究

粉煤灰是一种工业废弃物,与生石灰一样均可用来加固软土地基。笔者进行了粉煤灰与生石灰加固土的室内配方试验,分别将水泥或生石灰与粉煤灰按照不同的比例干拌均匀后,再与不同含水量的软土人工拌和均匀,测定了不同龄期的无侧限抗压强度;分析了石灰加固土强度与生石灰掺入比和龄期的关系及其压缩系数、压缩模量等的变化。并进一步分析了粉煤灰的加固机理,旨在为其进一步的研究和工程应用提供参考。     

Evaluation of Strength Characteristics of Tropical Black Clay Treated with Locust Bean Waste Ash

An expansive tropical black clay (also known as black cotton soil because the cotton plant thrives well on it) was treated with up to 15 % locust bean waste ash (LBWA) to assess its soil improvement potential. Samples were subjected to index, compaction using three energy levels (British Standard light, BSL, West African Standard, WAS or ‘Intermediate’ and British Standard heavy, BSH), shear strength (unconfined compressive strength, UCS), California bearing ratio, CBR and durability tests. Results obtained show that the natural soil is not suitable for road construction. The maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) decreased and increased, respectively. Regardless of the compactive effort and curing period, strength and durability properties increased with higher LBWA content with the BSL effort recording the best improvement. However, based on durability results, the optimal 12.5 % LBWA treatment of black cotton soil did not satisfy criteria for its use in road construction as a stand alone additive. Also, significant improvement in soil properties was obtained using the BSL compactive effort, which is easily achieved in the field. The benefits of the application include reduction in the cost of soil improvement and the adverse environmental impact of locust bean waste.     

Geotechnical properties of a chemically stabilized soil from Malaysia with rice husk ash as an additive

Summary The stabilization of Malaysian soil by mixing with rice husk ash, a locally available waste material, to improve its engineering properties is described. Stabilizing agents, i.e. cement and lime, were added to produce the reaction products which are responsible for the enhancement of the engineering properties. Based on the strength development, it seems that lime is the more effective stabilizing agent. However, the cheap waste material can be used as partial replacement for the more expensive cement in the cement-treatment of the soil. A durability study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of this stabilization method.     

Effect of Strain Rate on the Strength Characteristics of Soil–Lime Mixture

The effects of rate of strain on strength and deformation characteristics of soil–lime were investigated. Five strain rates (0.1, 0.8, 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 %/min), five lime contents (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %) by dry soil weight and three cell pressures (100, 200 and 340 kN/m²) were carried. Triaxial tests, under unconsolidated condition, were used to study the effect of strain rate on strength and initial modulus of elasticity of soil and soil–lime mixture after two curing periods 7 and 21 days, respectively. A total of 405 triaxial specimens have been tested, where 225 specimens have been tested with first curing period (7 days). The testing program includes nine specimens for each strain rate, and each lime content was carried out, including natural soil with zero lime content. Another set of triaxial tests with a total of 180 specimens for the second curing period (21 days) was prepared at optimum moisture content, and the corresponding maximum dry density was also tested. The effects of strain rate and curing period on each of stress–strain behavior, type of failure, deviator stress at failure, cohesion and angle of internal friction and initial modulus of elasticity were studied thoroughly for the natural soil as well as soil–lime mixtures. For natural soil, the test results showed that the undrained shear strength, the initial modulus of elasticity and the cohesion increase significantly as the strain rate increase, while for soil–lime mixture at different curing periods, the undrained shear strength, initial modulus of elasticity and the cohesion increases to a maximum and then decreases as the strain rate and lime content increase. Also, the same variables and angle of internal friction increase with increasing curing period.     

花岗岩风化料弃土快速堆填过程中不排水抗剪强度评估

沿海沿江城市地下开挖产生的工程渣土含泥量大、含水率高且较松散,主要运往渣土场进行堆填处置。由于产量巨大而处置场地有限,许多渣土场在运营过程中存在堆填速度快、缺乏排水设施、超高超库容堆填等问题,容易引发堆填体失稳事故。目前对于非饱和工程渣土堆体在快速堆填过程中的失稳机制认识尚不清晰,尤其是对这一过程中的高饱和度工程渣土强度增长规律缺乏足够的认识。以深圳红坳渣土场填料——花岗岩风化料(CDG)填土为研究对象,对不同初始饱和度土样进行三轴不排水不排气等向压缩和剪切试验,结果表明:非饱和CDG填土不排水抗剪强度随围压增大呈非线性增长,增长速率与试样初始饱和度密切相关;当土样压缩后的饱和度超过0.7,不排水强度随围压的增长速率显著降低。基于有效固结应力法的原理,结合Hilf孔压公式和修正剑桥模型,提出了一种工程渣土不排水抗剪强度估算方法,并通过与试验结果对比验证了该方法对初始饱和度高于0.6的CDG填土的适用性。利用该方法确定的不排水强度cu与正应力σn的关系可应用于高饱和度工程渣土快速堆填中的稳定性分析。     

Shear strength characteristics of Irbid clayey soil mixed with iron filling and iron filling–cement mixture

Iron filling and iron filling–cement mixture were used to improve the shear strength characteristics of Irbid clayey soil. For this purpose, five types of Irbid clay soils were obtained and mixed with iron filling and iron filling–cement mixture at different percentages. Two sets of prepared samples were mixed with the admixture. The first set was prepared by mixing the soil samples with iron filling alone at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10% by dry weight of the soil. The second set was prepared by mixing with iron filling–cement mixture at equal ratio of the same percentages of the first set. An unconfined compression test was performed in this study to measure the shear strength properties of the soils. The test results showed that the increase in the percentages of the iron filling and iron filling–cement mixture up to 10% will result in increasing the maximum dry density of the soil and increase the unconfined compressive strength and the secant of modulus of elasticity of the clayey soil. Also, the addition of iron filling–cement mixture increased the unconfined compressive strength and secant modulus of elasticity of the clayey soil higher than the addition of iron filling alone.     

粉煤灰加固软土地基的室内配方试验研究

粉煤灰是一种强度较高的工业废弃物,可用来加固软土地基。本文进行了粉煤灰加固土的室内配方试验,分别将生石灰或水泥与粉煤灰按照不同的比例干拌均匀后,再与不同含水量的软土人工拌和均匀,测定了4个龄期的无侧限抗压强度,并进一步分析了其加固机理,旨在为其进一步的研究和工程应用提供参考。     

Cement-Stabilization of Sabkha Soils from Al-Auzayba,Sultanate of Oman

Sabkha soils are salt-bearing formations that are formed in arid regions. In their in situ states the sabkha soils have high compressibility and low shear strength. These soils are also heterogeneous and their properties depend on the type and amount of salt present. Thus, these soils are not suitable for support of infrastructures without the risk of high settlement and/or bearing capacity failure. This paper investigates the possibility of using cement to improve the shear strength of sabkha soils for possible use as a foundation-bearing soil. The sabkha soil used in this study is a sandy sabkha obtained from the coastal plains at Al-Auzayba, Sultanate of Oman. Cement was added in percentages of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%, by dry weight of soil. The soil-stabilizer mixers were allowed to cure for 7, 14 and 28 days. Laboratory tests such as compaction, unconfined compression, consolidated undrained triaxial and durability tests were performed to measure the engineering characteristics of the stabilized material. The results showed substantial improvements in the shear strength of the sabkha–cement mixtures and the mixtures are also durable with small weight loss after 12 wetting/drying cycles. Thus, cement can be used to improve the shear strength of sabkha soils. Furthermore, the effective stress path and the tress-strain relation of the sabkha–cement mixtures follow trends similar to those of cemented calcareous soils.     

微生物灌浆加固土体研究进展

水泥和化学浆材是土体加固中最为常用的胶凝材料,但由于存在着高能耗、高污染排放和高成本等缺点而限制了它们的应用。微生物灌浆加固技术是最近发展起来的一种新型的土体加固方法,通过向松散砂土中灌注菌液以及营养盐,利用微生物矿化作用在砂颗粒间快速析出方解石凝胶,改善土体的物理力学性质。系统总结了国内外关于微生物灌浆加固土体的室内及现场试验研究,同时对固化土体的工程特性、原位无损测试方法以及灌浆效果的影响因素等进行了论述。研究表明,微生物灌浆技术具有施工扰动小、灌浆压力低、环境友好等优势,并可显著提高土体的强度、刚度及抗液化性能,在土体加固领域有着非常广阔的应用前景,但关于微生物固化土体的耐久性以及灌浆的经济性等问题仍需进行深入的探讨与研究。     

Effect of Cement Type on the Mechanical Behavior of a Gravely Sand

The behavior of a cemented gravely sand was studied using triaxial compression tests. Gypsum, Portland cement and lime were used as the cementing agents in sample preparation. The samples with different cement types were compared in equal cement contents. Three cement contents of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% were selected for sample preparation. Drained and undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted in a range of confining pressures from 25 kPa to 500 kPa. Failure modes, shear strength, stress–strain behavior, volume and pore pressure changes were considered. The gypsum cement induced the highest brittleness in soil among three cement types while the Portland cement was found to be the most ductile cementing agent. In lower cement contents and lower confining pressures the soil cemented with Portland cement showed the highest shear strength. However, in the same range of cement content, the soil cemented with gypsum showed highest shear strength for highest tested confining stress. For higher cement contents the shear strength of soil cemented with Portland cement is higher than that for the two other cement types for the range of confining pressures tested in the present study. The samples cemented with lime had the least peak and ultimate shear strength and the highest pore pressure generation in undrained tests. Contrary to the soil cemented with lime, the brittleness of soil cemented with gypsum and Portland cement reduces in undrained condition. Finally it was found that the effect of cement type on the shear strength of cemented soils is more profound in drained condition compared to undrained state.     

稻壳灰加筋土力学性能研究

稻壳灰与土体混合应用,一方面废弃资源再利用,环保,又可增强土体强度。通过三轴试验,研究不同比例稻壳灰混合黏土及其加筋土应力?应变性能、强度特性以及不同应变水平下模量、偏应力及加筋强度比等土体变化特征。试验结果表明,随稻壳灰比例增加,混合土最大干密度显著减小,最优含水率显著增加。添加不同比例稻壳灰对加筋土抗剪强度有较大影响,10%～15%稻壳灰比例下,加筋稻壳灰混合土初始切线模量和应力峰值达到最大,抗剪强度较优。与土工织物加筋稻壳灰混合土相比,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土偏应力及抗剪强度更大,土工格栅层数对土体抗剪强度增大效果更明显,对应的应力?应变曲线拐点也更突出。试样弹性模量与稻壳灰比例及筋材种类、层数有关,加入稻壳灰后,土体弹性模量增长显著,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土较优比例下可增加1.5倍多,稻壳灰及筋材均能有效提高土体强度。随加筋层数增加,稻壳灰混合土加筋强度比明显增大,与围压关系较小。     

人工制备结构性土力学特性试验研究

通过对结构性土的研究可以掌握天然土受荷过程中的变形破损过程, 从而为考虑土结构性的结构物设计、地基加固等提供依据。本文尝试了一种简单可行的结构性土样的人工制备方法, 通过在原状土料中加入少量水泥和盐粒以形成颗粒间的胶结作用和大孔隙组构以模拟天然黏土的结构性。然后进行了室内压缩试验和不同胶结强度土样在排水和不排水条件下的三轴剪切试验,分析结构性土样的力学特性,以探讨结构性土的破损过程和变形机理。     

不同龄期下粉煤灰水泥土的UU抗剪强度试验研究

针对不同养护龄期对于粉煤灰水泥土抗剪强度影响的问题,采用不固结不排水三轴剪切试验从宏观力学的角度分析养护龄期对粉煤灰水泥土的影响,结合SEM试验和XRD试验从微观角度分析试样内部结构与物质成分。试验结果表明:从宏观角度分析,粉煤灰水泥土的应力-应变曲线呈现应变软化型,试样的抗剪强度随养护龄期的增加逐渐增大且28 d的抗剪强度最大,同时,由于试样内部各物质之间的反应随养护龄期的增加而持续进行,龄期越长试样内部各物质之间的胶结作用越强,致使试样的内摩擦角和黏聚力随养护龄期逐渐增大;从微观角度分析,试样内部生成的结晶物质(钙矾石)与胶凝物质(C-S-H凝胶)等填充试样内部的大孔隙且相互黏结,导致试样愈加密实,抗剪强度增大。本文旨在为粉煤灰等材料固化黄土的抗剪强度提供试验依据,为粉煤灰等工业副产品在工程中的应用提供参考,对粉煤灰的利用和环境保护具有参考意义。     

软土深层搅拌桩的水泥土抗腐蚀性室内试验

结合深港西部通道填海区深层搅拌桩在滨海地下水环境中施工的需要,对水泥土在自来水、地下水、海水及Na2SO4溶液环境下的抗腐蚀性进行了室内研究,研究表明以纯水泥为固化剂的水泥土在腐蚀性地下水环境中的抗腐蚀性能较差,增加矿渣、粉煤灰的含量,能增强水泥土抗腐蚀性;分析了固化剂中矿渣、粉煤灰掺入量对水泥土抗压强度及抗腐蚀性的影响规律,即固化剂掺入比不变的情况下,用矿渣、粉煤灰替代部分水泥能大幅度提高水泥土的抗压强度,同时改善其抗腐蚀性;得出了抗腐蚀性能良好的水泥土配方,即矿渣、粉煤灰的质量占固化剂的40%～60%,可供同类工程借鉴.     

Stress–Strain Behaviour of Flowable Fill

Flowable fill is a self-levelling and self-compacting, cementitious material which is primarily used as a backfill. It is a mixture of fine aggregates, small amount of cement, water and a by-product material. In this present experimental study, three industrial by-products namely fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry dust were used as constituent materials in flowable fill. Mix proportions were developed for different combination of these industrial by-products, in addition to small amount of cement content. The main objective of the present investigation is to study the stress–strain behaviour of these mixes, namely unconfined compressive strength (UCS), strain corresponding to peak stress, strain corresponding to fracture and modulus of elasticity. In addition, several mixes were tested for few other properties such as flowability, density, water-absorption and volume changes. The range of strengths, strains and moduli of elasticity obtained for these flowable fill mixtures represents different types of clay soils ranging from soft clays to very stiff clays. Thus, industrial by-products such as fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry dust can be beneficially added in flowable fill that offers comparable strengths to soils used for conventional fills and many other low-strength applications.     

硫酸盐侵蚀环境下水泥土的力学行为研究

针对含硫酸盐介质的环境水服役条件,通过室内模拟试验手段,研究了不同配合比参数和不同条件下水泥土的无侧限强度、弹性模量以及应力-应变的变化规律,分析了硫酸盐侵蚀环境下水泥土力学性能的劣化机理。结果表明,配合比参数以及环境条件对水泥土的无侧限抗压强度、弹性模量、应力-应变曲线有显著的影响;硫酸盐溶液中的水、硫酸根离子与水泥土之间的复杂物理、化学作用,影响水泥土内部微细观结构,从而对水泥土的力学性能存在显著劣化作用;且这种侵蚀作用在90d龄期内最为显著。     

大掺量粉煤灰淤泥固化土的强度与耐久性研究

基于传统水泥和石灰固化处理方法,提出了利用大掺量低钙粉煤灰、水泥和石灰固化剂进行淤泥固化处理的方法,以期改善淤泥的强度和耐久性,达到淤泥和粉煤灰双重资源化利用的目的。通过一系列室内试验,探讨了该方法处理后固化淤泥的击实特征、强度特性、水稳性和耐久性。试验结果表明：淤泥固化后最优含水率有所降低、最大干密度则略有增加;弹性模量、无侧限抗压强度和抗拉强度均有不同程度的增加,水泥掺量越大,养护时间越长,强度和弹性模量越大;固化后淤泥水稳性得到明显改善;浸水软化和冻融循环导致固化土抗压强度显著劣化,冻胀融缩导致设计混合料的无侧限抗压强度减小约22%。     

Deformation Modulus of Fly Ash Modified with Lime and Gypsum

Deformation modulus of fly ash is one of the most important mechanical properties generally used in different design problems and also as an input parameter to sophisticated numerical techniques employed to assess the response of different structures resting on fly ash fill or embankment made of fly ash. Deformation modulus is usually expressed in terms of compressive strength. This paper presents the deformation modulus of fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum at different strain levels. The values of deformation modulus obtained from both unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained triaxial test results are presented herein. The specimens for unconfined compression test and for undrained triaxial tests were cured up to 90 and 28 days, respectively. The effects of addition of lime (4–10%) and gypsum (0.5 and 1.0%) on the deformation modulus of class F fly ash are highlighted. With addition of lime and gypsum, the class F fly ash achieved the deformation modulus in the range of 190 MPa in UCS test and up to 300 MPa in triaxial test specimens tested under all round pressure of 0.4 MPa. Based on the present test results empirical relationships are developed to estimate deformation modulus of modified fly ash from unconfined compressive strength and relationships between initial tangent modulus and secant modulus at different strain levels are also developed.     

固化盐渍土核磁共振微观特征

采用核磁共振技术,对不同配比的水玻璃、石灰+粉煤灰及石灰+粉煤灰+水玻璃的固化盐渍土的微观特征进行检测,结合无侧限抗压强度试验,分析了各固化方案的盐渍土固化效果,讨论了强度成因的微观特征机制。结果表明,不同固化土的孔隙特征有较大差异。石灰+粉煤灰固化盐渍土大孔隙减少;石灰+粉煤灰+水玻璃固化盐渍土孔隙总体积减少,但同时有大孔隙生成;水玻璃固化盐渍土孔隙总体增多,但随水玻璃浓度增大,孔隙体积有所减小。石灰+粉煤灰+水玻璃固化盐渍土抗压强度远大于其他固化方案,但是其孔隙结构并不是最优,说明颗粒间的胶结情况对固化效果的影响远大于孔隙特征。     

黄河三角洲粉土循环剪切特性的试验研究

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,对黄河三角洲埕北海域原状粉土试样进行了循环三轴和循环扭剪试验,以此探讨了原状海底粉土的动力变形与强度特性,确定了最大动剪切模量及动力变形参数随剪应变的变化规律。基于循环三轴试验结果,建立了残余孔隙水压力发展变化规律的双曲线经验模式,对动强度关于循环次数的依赖性提出了经验关系,确定了有关试验参数及其关于固结应力比的依赖性。与循环三轴试验结果相对比,认为在土工抗震设计中采用循环三轴试验结果稍偏于保守。