基于灰色关联度的聚类分析方法

通过灰色系统理论与地质学中的聚类分析方法的结合，提出了一种基于灰色关联度的聚类分析新方法。该方法的实质是以灰色系统理论中的关联度作为样品（或指标）间的相似性统计量，并据此按传统的聚合归类原则来实现样品（或指标）的聚类。     

基于密度峰值聚类的中尺度涡轨迹自动追踪方法

中尺度涡信息的提取包括涡旋的识别和轨迹追踪,其自动识别与追踪对于基于海量数据的中尺度涡分析十分重要。传统涡旋轨迹自动追踪方法一般需要预先设定搜索半径的阈值,存在一定的主观性。针对传统中尺度涡轨迹追踪方法存在的问题,论文从聚类的角度出发,提出基于密度峰值聚类算法实现对涡旋轨迹的自动追踪,并以南海中尺度涡追踪为例,将基于聚类的追踪算法与传统的相似度追踪算法进行比较分析。结果表明:（1）基于密度峰值聚类算法,可实现对海洋中尺度涡的自动追踪,该算法涡旋追踪准确率优于传统相似度算法;（2）该涡旋追踪算法对资料的完整性依赖度较低,特别是对于存在部分缺损数据的情况仍能较准确追踪;（3）该追踪算法克服了传统涡旋追踪算法需要预先设定搜索半径阈值的问题,自适应性更强。     

流形上的空间密度聚类算法研究

研究流形上的聚类分析，针对基于密度的空间聚类引入了流形概念，提出1种基于流形的密度聚类算法，该方法将流形的概念与聚类相结合，可以适用于样本为复杂分布的聚类。文中通过实例证明此算法的有效性。     

模糊迭代自动聚类法及其在海洋沉积物分类上的初步应用

物以类聚,是自然界的一个基本法则。然而,在人为地对事物进行划分时,由于分类界限并非极其明确,也就是说,是模糊的,因而在对事物进行聚类时,模糊聚类分析更能反映事物类与类之间的这种特征。模糊聚类分析具有代表性的方法有两种。建立在普通系统聚类和模糊关系上的是模     

基于3种生物指数的三沙湾养殖活动底栖环境效应研究

为考察我国东海区最为典型养殖海湾三沙湾养殖活动的底栖环境效应,本研究根据2016年8月航次41个样品采集站位的数据,分析香农-威纳多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener index,H'）、海洋生物指数AMBI（AZTI's Marine Biotic Index）和多变量海洋生物指数M-AMBI（Multivariate-AMBI）在4种典型水域（网箱、海藻、鲍鱼养殖和无养殖水域）间的差异及其与沉积物环境因子（δ15N、δ13C、C/N比、总有机碳、总氮、总磷、硫化物、含水率和粉粒-黏粒比例）的相关性。结果表明,航次共采集74种大型底栖生物,H'介于0~3.51;物种多属环境敏感类型（AMBI方法中EGⅠ和EGⅡ生态组）,AMBI指数介于0~4.13,M-AMBI指数介于0.30~0.77。3种生物指数的分布水平表明此海域总体底栖生态质量良好,仅在局部水域存在显著扰动。Kruskal-Wallis检验显示仅H'在不同类型水域之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,后续配对检验（Pairwise comparision）显示大黄鱼养殖水域H'显著高于海藻养殖水域（P<0.01）。基于斯皮尔曼秩相关系数（Spearman correlation coefficient）的相关性分析表明仅H'和M-AMBI指数分别与总磷存在显著相关性（P<0.05）。聚类分析（Cluster analysis）结果显示不同类型站位在聚类图中随机分布,聚类结果未体现出采样水域的差异性。综上,基于3种生物指数的分析结果显示三沙湾内网箱等典型养殖活动未对区域底栖生境质量造成显著影响。     

30种海洋绿藻的脂肪酸分类与评价

以平方欧氏距离为相似性测度，类间距用离差平方和法，对11属30株海洋绿藻所含脂肪酸进行聚类分析，结果分为5类。类I含EPA和DHA最高；类Ⅳ含总(n-3)PUFAs最高。混合培养小球藻C95，C97与杜氏藻C33，C42，可能得到EPA，DHA和其它（n-3)PUFAs含量最丰的绿藻种群。系统聚类分析为海洋绿藻分类与量化评价提供了一种好方法。     

水团分析中的模糊数学方法

使用多年平均温盐资料,应用模糊数学的一系列方法,对渤、黄、东海整个海域逐月进行了水团划分与分析。用移动格域法和模糊积分法确定水团的聚类中心,依Fuzzy-F统计判定海区内水团的个数;用模糊ISODATA聚类法调整软划分矩阵,依模糊贴近度衡量水团之间的相近程度,用模糊熵讨论水团的不均匀程度,从而给出了在水团分析中系统地应用模糊数学方法的实例和计算流程。     

模糊ISODATA聚类算法在声速剖面自动分类中的应用

依据中国海浅海区30′按月历史统计声速剖面数据,通过归一化处理和Akima差值采样得到梯度剖面,建立起各方区按月归化后的声速剖面分层梯度样本集,并采用模糊ISODATA聚类算法对声速剖面进行聚类分析.通过对分类结果和类内总方差和的分析表明,聚类参数m值在1.1～2.1之间,并以最远邻系统聚类法结果为初始类中心的模糊分类效果较好.应用该方法对海洋中的声速剖面进行自动分类和区划对海洋环境的战术应用意义重大.     

用频率分布数字特征对中国近海水文气候区划的验证

利用国家海洋信息中心国内海洋文档资料（１９５３－１９８８）和日本气象厅《东中国海表层月平均水温３０年（１９５３－１９８２）报》等资料,将中国近海按１５３个统计区统计了水、气温频率分布的数字特征值,经主因子分析,求得累积贡献率达９５．２９％的３个主要因子,再用模糊聚类软划分方法将中国近海划分为３个气候带和１０个气候区,本方法所取特征值能完整地反映数列的频率分布特征,避免了选取气候特征值时的主观随意性     

条斑紫菜（Porphyra yezoensis）EST序列中微卫星位点的计算机筛查及相关分析

利用公共数据库中的条斑紫菜的表达序列标签（EST），进行简单重复序列（SSR）即微卫星标记的发掘和分析。该研究利用EST序列能够代表特定基因的特性以及SSR标记的多态性，当具有多态性的SSR与功能确定的基因相关联时，这种SSR就可作为遗传标记看待。对21954条EST序列的分析发现其中1162条EST含有微卫星序列，对这1162条EST序列进行聚类，其中984条可聚类为112条重叠群（contig），其余178条不与其他序列聚类，共计得到非冗余基因290条。在筛查到的所有微卫星类型中，GC／CG型和GA／TC型最为丰富。GC含量丰富的微卫星类型，在各种不同碱基长度的微卫星中都占多数。     

福建海区石首鱼类数值分类研究

以福建近海出现过的13属23种石首鱼（Sciaenidae）作为分类单元（operationalt axonomicunits）及其量化数据取值依据,选取39个特征指标,采用系统聚类分析法（hierarchical cluster）对其进行数值分类,得出了福建近海石首鱼类的聚类分类结果．结果表明：聚类分析法的分类结果与传统的形态分类结果基本吻合,可将福建近海出现过的石首鱼类分成13类（属）．证明了朱元鼎教授等对我国石首鱼类的分类是比较科学、合理的．研究结果支持把娩状黄姑鱼（Nibea．miichthioides）归到黄鳍牙馘属（Chrysochir）,这一点与传统的形态分类法观点不同．研究结果还支持了朱元鼎等的观点即认为石首鱼属（Sciaena）和叫姑鱼属（Johnius）均属较为原始型的石首鱼类．另外,本研究结果对大头白姑鱼（Argyrosomus macrocephalus）和勒氏短须石首鱼（Umbrina．russelli）的分类仍存有分歧,并提出了一些具有参考价值和值得重视的观点,有待将来进一步的探讨.     

APPLICATION OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS METHOD TO MODIFIED WATER-MASSES IN THE SHALLOW SEA

The statistical cluster analysis method is apulied to the modified water-masses in the shallow sea and a series of the experiments are carried out. A simple and convenient method for defining the quantity and boundary of water-masses and mixing zone from the hierarchicaltree is given by an improved hierarchical clustering methods. Two cluster methods of gradual examination are proposed and compared with the hierarchical clustering method.     

Using McDaniel's model to represent non-Rayleigh reverberation

Reverberation in low-frequency active sonar systems operating in shallow water has often been observed to follow non-Rayleigh statistical distributions. McDaniel's model, generalized to allow noninteger valued parameters, has shown promise as being capable of accurately representing real data with a minimal parameterization. This paper first derives an exact analytical expression for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the generalized McDaniel model and then compares it with numerical inversion of the characteristic function. Both methods are seen to provide adequate and equivalent precision; however the characteristic function inversion method is significantly faster. The latter CDF evaluation technique is then applied to the analysis of simulated and real data to show that, when minimal data are available, McDaniel's model can more accurately represent a wide variety of non-Rayleigh reverberation than the K or Rayleigh mixture models. This result arises from the generality of McDaniel's model with respect to the K-distribution (i.e., the K-distribution P_fa estimate can be dominated by model mismatch error) and to its compact parameterization with respect to the Rayleigh mixture (i.e., the Rayleigh mixture model P_fa estimate is usually dominated by parameter estimation error)     

The low frequency oscillations of the sea surface temperature in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific and El Nino formation

-In this paper the variations of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific are analysed. The results show that there are two peaks in the spectrum. One is the low frequency oscillation with a period of 3 - 5 years, and the other is the quasi-biennial oscillation. The former shows a westward migration in the warm episode of SSTA and the latter has the opposite trend. The El Nino events will be formed while the two frquency bands are in phase in the warming stage of SSTA in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific     

Gmax of Reclaimed Ground on the Western Coast of Korea Using Various Field and Laboratory Measurements

The maximum shear modulus of soil is a principal parameter for the design of earth structures under static and dynamic loads. In this study, the statistical data of the maximum shear moduli of reclaimed ground in the Songdo area on the western coast of Korea were evaluated using various field and laboratory tests, including the standard penetration test (SPT), piezocone penetration test (CPTu), self-boring pressure meter test (SBPT), down-hole seismic test (DHT), seismic piezocone penetration test (SCPTu) and resonant column test (RCT). Soils were classified variously by using a conventional unified soil classification system and classification charts for CPTu data. For the soils containing mostly sand and silt, the soil classifications using the classification charts for CPTu data show good agreement with the unified soil classification. Based on the statistical analysis on various maximum shear moduli, new site-specific empirical correlations between the shear moduli and SPT and CPTu values were proposed. Predictions of the maximum shear moduli using the proposed correlations were compared with the data obtained from the DHT, which is comparatively exact in evaluating the maximum stiffness of soils. The good agreement confirmed that the proposed correlations reasonably predicted the maximum shear moduli of soils in western coastal area of Korea.     

Evaluation of image-based multibeam sonar backscatter classification for benthic habitat discrimination and mapping at Stanton Banks,UK

In recent years, efforts have increased to develop quantitative, computer-directed methods for segmentation of multibeam (MBES) backscatter data. This study utilises MBES backscatter data acquired at Stanton Banks (UK) and subsequently processed through the QTC-Multiview software environment in a bid to evaluate the program's ability to perform unsupervised classification. Statistical comparison with ground-truth data (grab, stills and video) enabled cross validation of acoustic segmentation and biological assemblages observed at the site. 132 unspecified variables were extracted from user-specified rectangular patches of the backscatter image, reduced to three vectors by PCA, then clustered and classified by the software. Multivariate analyses of ground-truth data were conducted on 75 stills images and 51 grab samples. Video footage coincident with the stills was divided into 30 s segments and coded by dominant substrate and species. Cross tabulation determined the interrelationship between software classifications, multivariate analysis of the biological assemblages and coded video segments. Multiview optimally identified 19 classes using the automated clustering engine. These were revised to 6 habitats a posteriori, using combined analysis of ground-truth data and Multiview data products. These habitats broadly correspond to major physiographic provinces within the region. Multivariate statistical analysis reveals low levels of assemblage similarity (<35%) for samples occurring within Multiview classes, irrespective of the mode of acquisition. Coded video data is more spatially appropriate than the other methods of ground-truthing investigated, although it is less well suited to the extraction of truly quantitative data. Multivariate analysis indicates assemblages within physiographically distinct Multiview classes have a low degree of biological similarity, supporting the notion that abiotic proxies may be contraindicative of benthic assemblage variations. QTC-Multiview performs well as a mechanism for computer-assisted segmentation of MBES backscatter imagery into acoustic provinces; however a degree of caution is required prior to ascribing ecological significance to these classifications.     

A novel framework for regional collision risk identification based on AIS data

Identification of regional collision risk in water area is of significance for the safety of navigation. However, traditional risk identification models are subject to the limitations in accuracy, short-term identification and traffic characteristics. Herein, a framework was put forward to identify regional collision risk instantaneously based on AIS data. The vessels were clustered by using the spatial clustering method. Afterwards, the framework was divided into two steps. Firstly, collision risk of each cluster was obtained by collision risk and contribution of the vessels within the cluster. An analytical method was adopted to identify collision risk of each vessel from the perspective of vessel pairs. Contribution of each vessel was determined by using improved Shapley value method in game theory. Secondly, regional collision risk was obtained by collision risk and contribution of each cluster. Case studies were carried out based on the AIS data of Northern Yellow Sea in China to validate the validity of the proposed framework. The results show that the proposed framework can effectively identify collision risk in water area, presenting the potential for collision risk monitoring and collision risk analysis of water area.     

大型多元统计软件PRIMER的方法原理及其在底栖群落生态学中的应用

本文阐述大型多元统计分析软件 PRIMER的原理及其在底栖生态学中的应用。PRIMER是处理生态和环境多元数据的重要数值分析工具 ,本文从实用的角度对其中包括的技术方法和相应的子程序如 :等级聚类 (CLUSTER)、非度量多维标度 (MDS)、主分量分析 (PCA)、相似性分析检验(ANOSIM)、相似性百分比分析 (SIMPER)、生物 -环境连接的逐步分析和相关检验 (BIOENV/BVSTEP)等作了较为系统的介绍。     

Application of VOF in Calculating Wave Energy Loss due to Spilling Breaker

- A large amount of experimental analysis and systematical theoretical calculation has been done by the authors to solve the problem of wave transformation and breaking, considering the effect of both current and topography, but only the wave energy loss due to spilling breaker in the surf zone has been discussed in this paper. Based on test result analysis and calculation with the Stream Function Wave Theory, the wave velocity field at breaking points has been obtained, and it is used to calculate the wave heights after breaking by the VOF (Volume of Fluid) method, in which the governing equations are continuity equation and Navier-Stokes Equation for imcompressible fluids. In the present paper, the improved VOF technique is used to calculate the wave heights of stable regular waves after breaking. Results fit the test data well, which shows that the VOF method is suitable to numerical simulation of regular waves after breaking. Besides, the breaker coefficient B of regular waves in the bore model is a