OBER DIE PALAEOZOISCHE FLORA DER PROVINZ SUIYUAN~1

Die palaeozoischen Pflanzen der Provinz Suiyuan sind bisher sehr wenig bekannt. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit beschriebenen Pflanzen stammen aus dem sogenannten "Tachingshan Range" namentlich aus den Localitaten Tungshengmao und Kumenyintien. Die Fundorte liegen also etwa an der Grenze     

DAS KALZITGEFÜGE DER SPARITISCHEN KALKE DES PLASSEN (TITHONIUM, NÖRDLICHE KALKALPEN, OBERÖSTERREICH)

The sparitic Plassen Limestone (Tithonian, N.K.A., Upper Austria) The sparitic Plassen Limestone (Tithonian, N.K.A., Upper Austria) shows various types of calcite-fabric. We distinguish fibrous, fibrous-drusy, and drusy cavity fillings. While the fibrous fabric can be interpreted as submarine precipitation soon after sedimentation, an explanation of the drusy calcites as submarine or subaerial precipitation remains an open question. There are, however, indications of subaerial influences. For the origin of the dismicrites an interpretation as shrinkage structures may be considered.     

基于ArcGIS的DEM流域划分

从数字高程模型DEM(Digit Elevation Models)直接提取河网及流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础.本文利用ArcGIS中的水文分析工具从DEM中提取了流域水文特征.主要包括:DEM的预处理、水流方向的确定、水流累积量提取、河网的提取、集水区的提取和流域的划分.本文探讨了两种不同划分流域的方法...     

青藏高原DEM的生成与应用

数字高程模型（DEM）不仅可以实现三维地形可视化，而且还能由其进一步获得与高程有关的地形要素。针对青藏高原DEM生成和应用过程中碰到的数据量大、区域广阔、应用难度大等问题，本文给出了相应的解决方案，提出一套DEM制作和应用流程：以1：25万地形图矢量等高线数据内插方式生成青藏高原DEM数据，在此基础上，运用Mask处理后相交分析思想与多级金字塔、DEM水淹分析、高程分带等处理技术实现了青藏高原三维地形可视化、三维遥感影像制作、及其它生态地质环境因素的变化分析。基于此方法生成的青藏高原DEM数据，不仅精度高，三维地形可视化效果好，而且解决了海量DEM数据与其它资料综合分析的问题。     

DEM在公路设计中的应用

根据公路部门的实际工作,利用数字高程模型这一新的数字地理信息产品,采用空间分析的一些方法,应用AMI语言,对公路设计和施工中断面图的绘制、挖、填方量的计算等一些实际问题进行探讨和实践,并在此基础上构建了<宣芜高速公路设计应用示范系统>.     

数字高程模型在流域水文模型应用中的若干问题

数字高程模型(DEM)在流域水文模型中得到了广泛应用,主要是因为DEM能够自动提取流域水文模型所需要的确定流域排水结构的水文信息。回顾并讨论了DEM在流域水文模型应用中的几个问题,主要包括河网自动提取的方法、DEM中排水方向的确定以及封闭洼地的处理,同时还包括在流域水文模型中应用时DEM的结构类型及尺度问题。由于由DEM生成的模拟河网与流域实际河网间存在一定的差别,最后还讨论了如何对模拟河网进行矫正的问题。     

DEM空间分辨率的初步分析

分布式模型的输入及其参数具有时空变异性,模型的校正也依赖于网格单元的大小,因此需要确定适当的空间分辨率来描述和控制空间变化。随着分辨率的不同, DEM的精度以及由此提取的流域特征值（如高程、坡度、地形指数、河网长度）在统计特性上也会随之变化。对50 m分辨率的DEM平均取样获得150~950 m的9组DEM,对不同分辨率下提取的流域特征值进行了统计分析,并采用信息熵度量不同分辨率的信息量。     

机载InSAR数据自动生成DEM技术及其在内蒙古丰镇地区的应用

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术是传统的合成孔径雷达技术和射电天文学中的干涉测量技术相结合而发展起来的一项新的遥感技术,这一新技术以其在大范围地表高程测量和地表变形测量方面所具有的独特优势和巨大潜力,而成为对地测量和地学科学研究的一个重要的工具。同星载InSAR相比,机载InSAR在高分辨率区域测图方面具有较大的优势,而且数据采集的时间安排及飞行方位选取方面相对较灵活。而且SAR是一种主动微波遥感技术,具有全天时全天候的工作特征,这一技术也正在成为中国西部困难地区测图的一个非常有效的工具。在详细分析应用机载InSAR数据测量地表高程的基本原理的基础上,提出了机载InSAR自动生成DEM的技术流程,并以内蒙古丰镇地区的机载InSAR数据为基础进行了试验研究,取得了较好的效果,为这一新技术的进一步实际应用奠定了基础。     

Differentiating tower karst (fenglin) and cockpit karst (fengcong) using DEM contour,slope, and centroid

The complex geometry of tropical karst landforms poses particular challenges for morphometric analysis, morphological classification and evolutionary assessment. Detailed geomorphological studies of the two most spectacular forms—tower karst (fenglin) and cockpit karst (fengcong)—have employed time consuming and labor intensive field surveys, which have yielded inconclusive and ambiguous results. This paper tests a novel discriminatory approach utilizing contour, slope and centroid derived from the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model to differentiate between cockpit and tower karst in the Guilin area of southern China. Morphological indices are calculated to compare and contrast geomorphic variations using Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA). The results suggest that the method provides a feasible means of differentiating between tower and cockpit landforms, and that OBIA offers a fast and semi-automatic way to extract morphological parameters.     

运用历史航照及地形图建置数值地形资料并探讨1941年草岭山崩之地形演育(英文)

<正>In tectonically active mountain belts such as the Taiwan(Fig.1a),frequent landslides affect the stability of mountain slopes,and landslides favour river erosion of disrupted masses.In the climatic and geodynamic context of Taiwan with heavy rainfall,approximate typhoon frequency of 3 -5 per year,rapid uplift of～5-10 mm yr~(-1) and strong denudation rate.Landslides are among the most common earthquake induced secondary effects and are causing huge damage to     

Quantifying geological structures of the Nigde province in central Anatolia,Turkey using SRTM DEM data

A digital terrain model and a 3D fly-through model of the Nigde province in central Anatolia, Turkey were generated and quantitatively analyzed employing the shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). Besides, stream drainage patterns, lineaments and structural–geological features were extracted and analyzed. In the process of analyzing and interpreting the DEM for landforms, criteria such as color and color tones (attributes of heights), topography (shaded DEM and 3D fly-through model) and stream drainage patterns were employed to acquire geo-information about the land, such as hydrologic, geomorphologic, topographic and tectonic structures. In this study, the SRTM DEM data of the study region were experimentally used for both DEM classification and quantitative analysis of the digital terrain model. The results of the DEM classification are: (1) low plain including the plains of Bor and Altunhisar (20.7%); (2) high plain including the Misli (Konakli) plain (28.8%); (3) plateau plain including the Melendiz (Ciftlik) plateau plain (1.0%); (4) mountain including the Nigde massif (33.3%); and (5) high mountain (16.2%). High mountain areas include a caldera complex of Mt Melendiz, Mt Hasan and Mt Pozanti apart from the Ala mountains called Aladaglar and the Bolkar mountains called Bolkarlar in the study region (7,312 km²). Analysis of both the stream drainage patterns and the lineaments revealed that the Nigde province has a valley zone called Karasu valley zone (KVZ) or Nigde valley zone (NVZ), where settlements and agricultural plains, particularly the Bor plain in addition to settlements of the Bor town and the central city of Nigde have the most flooding risk when a heavy raining occurs. The study revealed that the NVZ diagonally divides the study region roughly into two equal parts, heading from northeast to southwest. According to the map created in this study, the right side of the NVZ has more mountainous area, where the Aladaglar is a wildlife national park consisting of many species of fauna and flora whereas the left side of the NVZ has more agricultural plain, with exception of a caldera complex of Mt Melendiz and volcanic Mt Hasan. The south of the study region includes the Bolkarlar. In addition, the Ecemis fault zone (EFZ) lying along the Ecemis rivulet, running from north to south at the west side of the Aladaglar, forms the most important and sensitive location in the region in terms of the tectonics.     

基于离散元方法的落石碰撞破碎研究

落石是山区公路边坡常见的地质灾害。落石撞击破碎是落石灾害中常见的现象,落石破碎致使运动轨迹改变往往会增大落石的危害性,但其通常未被考虑到落石的防护设计中。因此,落石破碎机理的研究对落石防护措施设计有重要的指导意义。本文运用离散元方法（离散元开源软件Esys-Particle）模拟落石铅直撞击地面的过程。在模型中,落石由大量的颗粒组成,并且相邻的颗粒由可断裂的黏结材料黏接;地面由一层固定的颗粒组成,从而模拟地面的摩擦、弹性变形性质。模型模拟出落石反弹、破碎和粉碎等过程,分析黏结材料的杨氏模量、颗粒间凝聚力和内摩擦角对落石撞击地面过程的影响,得出落石撞击过程中破坏率和动能的变化过程。研究发现：当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值较小时,落石将会发生反弹;当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值增大到一定程度时,落石将会破碎成不同大小的块体;当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值超过一定限度时,落石将会破碎成非常细小的块体;内摩擦角的变化对撞击过程影响非常小。     

基于DEM的活动构造研究

地形地貌参数指标是分析区域活动构造的有力工具。本文以渭河上游流域的活动构造研究为例,通过提取地貌的参数指标,如面积-高程积分(Hi)、流域盆地不对称度(AF)、山前曲折度(Smf)以及谷底宽度与谷肩高度的比值(Vf)、盆地形状指数(Bs)等,然后对地貌参数指标等级进行算术平均化(S/n),可得到区域的相对构造活动程度(Iat),分为:低、中等、高、较高四类等级。研究认为渭河上游流域的构造活动程度相对高(Iat=1.50),这种方法对探讨整个区域活动构造的差异性具有很好的效果和意义。     

Web Service for extracting stream networks from DEM data

This paper describes the implementation of a morphology based algorithm for extracting stream networks from data as a Web Service within the framework of GeoBrain, an open, interoperable, distributed, standard-compliant, multi-tier web-based geospatial information services and knowledge building system. Unlike standard out-of-the-box GIS software, which uses the flow direction based algorithm and often produces streams that are spatially uniform, streams extracted with this Web Service correctly reflect spatial variability in dissection patterns. In addition, this Web Service is free and can be accessed from anywhere provided that there is an Internet connection and a standard Web browser.     

DEM simulations of sandstone under true triaxial compressive tests

Numerically simulated true triaxial compression tests (σ ₁ ≥ σ ₂ ≥ σ ₃) are conducted in this study to elucidate the failure mechanism of sandstone using 3D discrete element method (DEM), in particular the effect of the intermediate principal stress (σ ₂). Eight series of tests (σ ₃ = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, and 100 MPa) are conducted. Within each series, σ ₂ is varied from σ ₂ = σ ₃ to σ ₂ = σ ₁ from test to test. For each test, σ ₁ is raised monotonically to failure while keeping σ ₂ and σ ₃ constant. The DEM simulations reveal the effect of σ ₂ on the variations of peak stress, Young’s modulus, failure plane angles, the brittle–ductile transition, and the evolution of failure modes, the effect beyond the well-understood effect of σ ₃. The simulation is in qualitative agreement with the results obtained experimentally. Detailed analyses performed on the particle-scale responses further the understanding of the microscopic mechanisms. The distribution of contact force becomes more homogeneous with the increase of σ ₃, which leads to the resulting damage being more localized rather than diffused. The interaction between contact force distribution and coalescence of cracks determines the processes and patterns of fracturing in the sample scale. σ ₂ is found to affect the microscopic stress distribution as well as structure evolution, and this effect weakens with the increase of σ ₃.     

Granular soils: from DEM simulation to constitutive modeling

Acta Geotechnica - In this study, the distinct element method (DEM) was employed to numerically explore the mechanical responses of granular soils and to extract key components for an elastoplastic...     

金江滑坡成因离散元模拟

在对金江巨型滑坡的工程环境条件及现今坡体物质组成、自身结构及变形破坏特征等方面调查研究的基础上,宏观判断滑坡为整体式滑移-弯曲破坏模式。为直观反映滑坡变形破坏的过程,根据对滑坡区基岩结构特征的分析,采用离散元软件2D_Block对滑坡成因机制进行模拟。根据滑坡普遍发育的地形地貌特征,恢复滑坡区原始斜坡地形,根据岩体结构划分模型计算单元,将地震效应考虑进2D_Block模型参数中。通过计算,展现了滑坡的发展演化过程,并将其分为三个阶段,即轻微隆起阶段、强烈隆起阶段、滑面贯通剪出阶段。     

Investigating the micro mechanics of cemented sand using DEM

The discrete element method has been used to investigate the micro mechanics of cemented sand. High‐pressure drained triaxial tests are modelled in 3D using a flexible membrane that allows the correct deformation to develop. Simulations with up to 12 MPa confining pressure are presented, which are compared with laboratory experiments on a sand with a range of cement contents. Cementation is modelled using ‘parallel bonds’, and various parameters and strength distributions are investigated. Varying levels of cementation are successfully modelled, with the correct qualitative behaviour observed and the separate effects of cementation and confining pressures demonstrated. The triaxial behaviour is found to be highly influenced by the distribution of bond strengths. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.