Hydrologic testing during drilling: application of the flowing fluid electrical conductivity (FFEC) logging method to drilling of a deep borehole

Drilling of a deep borehole does not normally allow for hydrologic testing during the drilling period. It is only done when drilling experiences a large loss (or high return) of drilling fluid due to penetration of a large-transmissivity zone. The paper proposes the possibility of conducting flowing fluid electrical conductivity (FFEC) logging during the drilling period, with negligible impact on the drilling schedule, yet providing important information on depth locations of both high- and low-transmissivity zones and their hydraulic properties. The information can be used to guide downhole fluid sampling and post-drilling detailed testing of the borehole. The method has been applied to the drilling of a 2,500-m borehole at Åre, central Sweden, firstly when the drilling reached 1,600 m, and then when the drilling reached the target depth of 2,500 m. Results unveil eight hydraulically active zones from 300 m down to borehole bottom, with depths determined to within the order of a meter. Further, the first set of data allows the estimation of hydraulic transmissivity values of the six hydraulically conductive zones found from 300 to 1,600 m, which are very low and range over one order of magnitude.     

深部钻探大钩位置检测装置的设计与应用

地表钻参仪在深孔岩心钻探中可以实时检测和监控钻进参数,优越性明显,其中大钩位置是钻参仪检测的难点。研究了一套大钩位置检测装置,在天车上安装双通道霍尔开关,接收定滑轮上磁钢的脉冲信号,经过数显表头的微处理系统转换,再通过RS232串口通信连接PC机,基于LabVIEW平台实现数据的采集、分析、显示和存储等工作。该检测装置可以直接测量机上余尺或者方钻杆余尺,计算大钩位置防止撞顶天车,计算二层台位置便于挂卸提引器。深钻现场试验表明,该装置安装简便,测试精度高,可用于检测立轴式钻机和转盘式钻机大钩位置。     

Light penetration into Clarens sandstone and implications for deterioration of San rock art

In respect to the weathering of cave art exposed to the sun, cognizance has yet to be taken of the modified thermal conditions and the potential for endolithic biotic activity where the art is located on a light‐transmissive lithology. Where light penetrates rock, the light‐to‐heat transfer is not solely at the surface, and this leads to a thermal gradient that is different from where the paintings are located (and all transfer is at the surface). Light values of up to 200 W/m² were recorded at 0.5 mm depth and up to 100 W/m² at 1mm depth in the dry sandstone; rock moisture data showed that at this site the rock remained dry irrespective of atmospheric conditions. The light penetration means that there can be rapid and large subsurface thermal fluctuations contemporaneous with those at the rock surface, and that the thermal gradient is not as steep (approximately 1°C/mm in the surficial part of the rock) as where light‐to‐heat transfer is solely at the surface. Further, the presence of subsurface photosynthetically active radiation can (potentially) facilitate colonization by endolithic organisms. Here, as part of a study of the weathering of San rock art on sandstone in southern Africa, a first attempt is made to monitor the extent of light penetration and the resulting thermal conditions in the outer few millimeters of the sandstone. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The use of pyrolysis and barium distributions to assess the areal extent of drilling fluids in surficial marine sediments

The influence of drilling fluid dispersion on the chemistry of surficial sediments was determined by an integrated study of organic and inorganic parameters. Pyrolysis characteristics and barium, organic carbon, and carbonate content were determined for sediments associated with six drilling sites in coastal Gulf of Mexico waters. The areal extent and magnitude of influence of dispersed fluids were related to water depth, prevailing currents, density of the dispersed material, history of the drill site and platform-induced biological activity. The potential use of pyrolysis techniques for defining the impact area and the various types of inputs derived from off-shore drilling operations was demonstrated.     

Authigenic uranium: Relationship to oxygen penetration depth and organic carbon rain

We have measured U in benthic incubation chambers, sediment pore waters, and in sediments along the California continental margin. Sedimentary U uptake rates, based on a combination of sediment pore water profiles and benthic incubation chambers, generally agree with those predicted from sediment accumulation rate data. This agreement supports the view that most of the continental margin sedimentary U is delivered by diffusion across the seawater-sediment boundary. The average rate of authigenic U accumulation for all the sites examined here is ∼−0.2 nmol cm^-2 y^-1, which is consistent with published global estimates of sedimentary U uptake. In addition, the accumulation rate of U in sediments exhibits a nonlinear relationship with the oxygen penetration depth and a linear relationship with the organic carbon rain rate. These relationships highlight the potential utility for the U accumulation rate as a proxy for these processes.     

深井钻机柴改电升级改造及其应用

针对柴油机驱动存在的可靠性低、钻井成本高、环境污染大等问题,提出将传统的柴油机驱动钻机改造为电驱动钻机的节能环保升级改造方案。直接利用工业电网作为动力源,对钻井的动力驱动系统进行优化,在地热井施工、石油钻井施工和其它深井钻井施工中得到广泛的应用。实践证明,柴改电升级改造在节能环保方面效果明显,提高了钻机运行的可靠性、先进性、经济性和安全性,达到了预期的目的。     

一种基于随钻VSP地震地质导向的钻井轨迹高效优化方法及其应用

塔里木盆地发现多个奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气田,随着开发的不断推进,中小型储集规模的缝洞体已经成为产能建设的主力目标.勘探开发过程中,由于受到复杂地层速度的影响,缝洞体系偏移成像、归位存在一定误差,常导致钻井的失利.笔者提出一种基于随钻VSP地震地质导向的钻井轨迹高效优化方法,首先应用VSP速度与基于三角网格的新构造模型高效率地校正原始地震偏移速度场,再联合修正后的各向异性参数场对地震数据进行快速偏移成像.其次,对新数据的全层系地层的构造特征再分析,预测优质储层的发育位置,确定最终靶点.最后,根据工程、地质情况,采用最为经济的优化设计钻井轨迹,钻进入靶.应用表明,该技术在大沙漠腹地塔中地区应用取得了较好的效果,地震资料成像品质得到提升.调整轨迹后的储层钻遇率和钻完井直投率分别提升16%和13.2%,有效地促进了油田实施低成本效益开发方案.     

The use of natural analogues to assess radionuclide transport

Predicting the long-term safety and performance of a repository for intermediate- to high-level radioactive wastes requires the evaluation of various scenarios which may influence the integrity of the repository system. One such scenario, radionuclide transport, is described, and some of the geochemical processes which serve to enhance or retard transport are illustrated with examples selected from natural analogue or natural system studies. These studies, as distinct from laboratory simulations, help considerably in understanding how near- and far-field radionuclide transport mechanisms work over geological timescales (thousands to hundreds of thousands of years), more in line with the anticipated lifespan of a repository.

Processes addressed include: stability of the spent fuel UO₂ matrix; bentonite backfill as a barrier to radionuclide diffusion; retention of radionuclides by absorption on fracture minerals; transport and diffusion of radionuclides controlled by interconnected bedrock porosity; geochemical influence and behaviour of repository construction materials on radionuclide transport.     

抛石挤淤深度的计算方法和模型试验

在含水率大、抗剪强度低的淤泥中采用抛石挤淤的办法加固地基或建造围埝,处理效果好且经济效益显著,因此得到了广泛地应用。抛石在软弱地基中下沉,直至其重力与地基承载力平衡为止。挤淤所形成截面的形状及抛石下沉深度的计算是此项研究的重点,基于抛石截面为倒梯形和矩形两种形状的假定,考虑淤泥表面隆起对承载力的影响,利用土体极限平衡理论,推导出抛石挤淤深度与抛石高度的关系。通过抛石挤淤的模型试验和现场挤淤的数据,分析比较两种假定下挤淤公式的准确性和适用性,试验结果与公式吻合性很好,该研究结果可为相关工程的设计和施工提供参考。     

无线电波坑道透视法在煤矿井下水力压裂效果评价中的应用

文中阐述了无线电波坑道透视法评价水力压裂效果的原理、方法,提出了面积法定量评价方法.并以重庆松藻煤矿3211S工作面水力压裂前后的无线电波坑道透视探测资料为例,深入开展了压裂前、压裂后的无线电波衰减系数等值线成果图对比分析研究,并采用面积法定量评价了3211S工作面水力压裂效果,经矿方提供的巷道揭露断层地质资料验证了面积法定量评价水压裂效果方法的可靠性、准确性.该评价方法能有效指导二次补充水力压裂孔的合理布置,能优化同煤层的顺层水力压裂施工设计方案,节约大量设计、施工成本,能产生较好的经济和社会效益.无线电波坑道透视法具有物探方法成熟、操作简单、仪器轻便、探测结果精度高等优点,该评价方法值得在煤矿井下回采工作面水力压裂施工中大力推广应用.     

The simulation of fabric development during plastic deformation and its application to quartzite: fabric transitions

Fabric transitions can arise in materials such as quartz in which more than one set of symmetrically equivalent glide systems must be considered. The external conditions, such as temperature and stress, affect the relative ability of different mechanisms to operate. Adopting the Taylor-Bishop-Hill analysis allows an approximation to the resulting effects in the choice of critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) values for glide on the different dislocation systems. Different CRSS values may be appropriate to simulating fabric development in different deformational environments.For any specific set of CRSS values, for a particular deformation, a set of reorientation trajectories can be defined for differently oriented crystals with respect to the instantaneous stretching axes. There is a basic number of pattern types, and deformation leads to c-axes populating specific end-orientations.The CRSS values on different glide systems can vary smoothly relative to one another, but abrupt changes result in the deformation fabrics at critical CRSS ratios. Quartz fabrics may thus be used to delineate regions subjected to particular conditions of temperature and strain-rate in deformed metamorphic terrains, provided that allowance can be made for other factors such as trace impurity content of quartz.     

The use of tracers to assess leakage from the sequestration of CO2 in a depleted oil reservoir,New Mexico,USA

Geological sequestration of CO₂ in depleted oil reservoirs is a potentially useful strategy for greenhouse gas management and can be combined with enhanced oil recovery. Development of methods to estimate CO₂ leakage rates is essential to assure that storage objectives are being met at sequestration facilities. Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) were added as three 12 h slugs at about one week intervals during the injection of 2090 tons of CO₂ into the West Pearl Queen (WPQ) depleted oil formation, sequestration pilot study site located in SE New Mexico. The CO₂ was injected into the Permian Queen Formation. Leakage was monitored in soil–gas using a matrix of 40 capillary adsorbent tubes (CATs) left in the soil for periods ranging from days to months. The tracers, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (PDCH), perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane (PTCH) and perfluorodimethylcyclobutane (PDCB), were analyzed using thermal desorption, and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Monitoring was designed to look for immediate leakage, such as at the injection well bore and at nearby wells, and to develop the technology to estimate overall CO₂ leak rates based on the use of PFTs. Tracers were detected in soil–gas at the monitoring sites 50 m from the injection well within days of injection. Tracers continued to escape over the following years. Leakage appears to have emanated from the vicinity of the injection well in a radial pattern to about 100 m and in directional patterns to 300 m. Leakage rates were estimated for the 3 tracers from each of the 4 sets of CATs in place following the start of CO₂ injection. Leakage was fairly uniform during this period. As a first approximation, the CO₂ leak rate was estimated at about 0.0085% of the total CO₂ sequestered per annum.     

广域电磁法在郑州地区深部地热资源勘查中的应用

应用广域电磁法对郑州地区深部寒武-奥陶系岩溶型热储进行探测研究,共布设了4条NNE向广域电磁测深剖面,获得了415个测深点。通过对广域电磁测深数据的处理、分析和反演,获得了研究区内4000 m以浅的二维电性结构模型。综合区域地质资料,地层由新到老依次划分为第四系-新近系、三叠系、二叠系-石炭系、奥陶系-寒武系、元古界。推断了新郑-太康断裂、大隗镇断裂、张庄断裂、推断断裂F4和李粮店断裂的位置、产状等信息。其中,新郑-太康断裂为新郑凸起与薛店-尉氏南次凹带的分界断裂,控制了三叠系沉积。基于地层和断裂分布特征,推断了7个深部寒武-奥陶系岩溶型热储的有利部位,认为位于新郑-太康断裂的DR1热储部位成热条件最好。     

实物地质资料二次开发利用在矿山深边部找矿中的作用

随着多年的开采,我国许多矿山成为危机矿山,外围及深部的找矿工作迫在眉睫。在前人研究的基础上,笔者总结了矿山二次利用实物地质资料进行找矿预测的方法,并将其归纳为成果及原始资料的重新分析、成矿预测方法的正确选择、实物地质资料的重新利用、找矿思路的重新确定、成矿规律的重新认识5个方面内容,以期望生产矿山加强实物地质资料二次开发力度,开辟深边部找矿的新局面。     

致密砂岩储层脆性测井评价方法研究及应用——以鄂尔多斯盆地渭北油田为例

致密砂岩储层具有非均质性强、物性差、勘探开发难度大等特点,为了寻找渭北油田致密砂岩储层的高脆性段进行储层的压裂改造,针对现有横波测井资料匮乏以及当前脆性预测方法在渭北油田致密砂岩储层是否适用等问题,提出了基于ANN(artificial neural network)模型的横波预测方法,预测值与实测值高度吻合,进而通过弹性参数法计算出研究区每口井的脆性指数。为了校正该方法预测脆性指数的准确性,通过对研究区较少井的X射线衍射全岩分析研究,明确了石英和碳酸盐类矿物为研究区延长组的主要脆性矿物,利用“(石英+碳酸盐)含量/矿物总量计算岩石脆性指数去校正弹性参数法预测的脆性指数,这种矿物组分法和弹性参数法相互制约而又相互依存的方法,不但提高了预测精度,而且弥补了阵列声波测井和全岩分析资料不足的问题。利用该方法对渭北油田WB2井区延长组致密砂岩储层进行了测井脆性评价,为WB52和WB49井高脆性有利压裂目的层段识别及增产方案设计提供了依据。所提出的方法和流程具有较强的应用价值和推广价值。     

综合找矿方法在大冶铁矿深部勘查中的应用

文章在大冶铁矿深部勘查项目中，将地质、物探和钻探工作充分结合。物探方法的选择上要以磁法为主，兼用可控源音频大地电磁测深（CSAMT），不同的物探方法要互相补充、互相验证。综合物探方法的工作程序是：航磁测量—地面高精度磁测—（钻孔验证）—井中磁测—钻孔验证。综合找矿方法在大冶铁矿获得了良好的找矿效果，值得在鄂东南地区推广。     

The use of 3H and 18O tracers to characterize water inflows in Alpine tunnels

Water inflows in 9 tunnels and galleries through the Alpine crystalline massifs have been analysed for their ³H activities and δ¹⁸O contents. Tritium provides information on water transit times and the dynamics of deep water circulation, whereas δ¹⁸O contributes to understanding the origin and flow paths of water in such mountainous regions. Owing to ambiguities arising from the irregularity of the historical ³H input function since 1945, a unequivocal and straightforward interpretation of water transit times in Alpine tunnels is not possible. Nevertheless, the ambiguity can be resolved by considering the ³H data in combination with (a) the generalized hydraulic conductivity of the massif obtained from discharge data, and (b) the Na and silica content of the water as an indication of the extent of rock-water interaction. When the data are resolved in this way, the waters that were sampled in the tunnels/galleries can be divided into 3 age groups, i.e. <15, 15–40 and >40 a. In general, water beneath a rock-cover thickness of <500 m is less than 15 a old, which confirms the active circulation of groundwater in a “decompressed zone” (i.e. a zone of unloading fractures that is expected to have a depth of this magnitude). Moreover, tunnel excavation can radically alter the hydrology, as is shown by the ³H content of a water inflow in the Gothard gallery. Oxygen-18 data primarily reflect the recharge altitude, which can be predicted a priori by considering the large-scale geological structures of each massif and the extent to which they control the subvertical paths followed by the groundwater. Anomalous δ¹⁸O data may reflect local or general departures from this interpretation. A general pattern is that downslope flow in the better jointed “decompressed zone”, which parallels the topography, may divert recharge from a higher to lower altitude before it follows the structural pathways into the tunnel. This results in a somewhat lower δ¹⁸O value than would be predicted from structure alone, but tends to confirm the existence and role of the “decompressed zone” indicated by the ³H. More local δ¹⁸O anomalies reflect recharge from rivers or lakes entering the tunnels, and are illustrated by examples in this paper. Results show that environmental isotopes contribute to a better understanding of the hydrogeology of mountain massifs and of the interactions between tunnels/galleries and groundwater. They provide information not given by other tracing methods and are thus a precious tool for tunnelling engineers and geologists.     

应用铀同位素研究砂岩型铀矿中的若干问题探讨

笔者通过对512铀矿床含矿层岩石中铀同位素分布特征的研究,对砂岩型铀矿床铀同位素组成的分区进行了讨论。根据不同氧化还原分带中样品铀同位素组分的分布特征,对Osmond铀钍同位素组成分区模式提出了补充修改意见,认为A区应定名为“地球化学（氧化还原）矛盾区”更宜。该砂岩型铀矿床的铀同位素组成分区特征不仅是预测铀矿化定位的依据,而且也充分说明了铀富集成矿过程的滚动性。     

大陆深俯冲的最大深度——来自数值模拟实验的结果

采用粘弹性材料8块体有限元模型并设定温度场后进行的大陆深俯冲二维数值模拟表明,在组合载荷（负浮力、洋中脊推力从上到下10～30MPa和地幔对流拖曳力100MPa）作用下,陆壳俯冲实际垂向位移可达117km,最终俯冲深度达到147km,而洋壳实际垂向位移约162km,最终俯冲深度达到231km;在洋壳、陆壳俯冲到一定深度以前,它们的俯冲速度基本保持不变,表现为洋壳、陆壳底端的位移一时间曲线近似为直线;当俯冲时间超过9Ma,洋壳、陆壳分别达到167km、96km深度后,俯冲速度会越来越慢。     

The use of sediment cores to reconstruct historical trends in contamination of estuarine and coastal sediments

Most studies using sediment cores to reconstruct the contamination history of coastal and estuarine areas around the world have dealt with trace metals, and only a few have focused on organic contaminants. Almost without exception, the studies published up to 1990 have shown that sediment contamination increased in the late 1800s, accelerated in the 1940s, and reached a plateau or a maximum in the 1960–1970s. For some pollutants, such as Pb, a decrease in concentration occurred in the 1980s, following the implementation of new discharge and emission regulations. Little is known, however, about concentration trends from the mid-1980s to present and about the effect of legislation recently passed to protect the environment.