含植物河道紊流结构研究进展

自然河流中,水生植物的存在改变了河道中的紊流结构.与普通明渠紊流相比,含植物河道水体掺混更剧烈,紊流结构更复杂.由于紊流结构直接影响河流中泥沙、污染物和营养物的输移,含植物河道紊流结构研究越来越受到重视.从紊流平均结构、紊动特性、拟序结构和紊流类型几方面归纳并总结了国内外研究进展,综合分析了影响紊流结构的因素,提出利用场与点相结合的综合分析方法,对拟序结构的形成及发展过程进行定量刻画,探究植物条件下紊流机理是今后的重要研究方向.     

On the hydrodynamics of flotation machines

Flotation is realized under highly turbulent flow conditions, so that turbulence may be process-determining, too. Because the principles of turbulent multi-phase flow have still not been fully worked out, one needs integral quantities to characterize the state of turbulence indirectly.To show the hydrodynamic conditions diagrams are introduced in which the power intensity $\text{P}\text{V}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>t</mtext>}}$ is a function of air flow number c_L; impeller rotational speed n and specific air rate q_L are additional parameters. Diagrams of this kind are also useful for the characterization of the optimum operation conditions. For the flotation of different particle sizes the realization of closely defined power inputs is an important condition to obtain an optimum recovery.     

Solar MHD turbulence in regions with various levels of flare activity

The paper continues investigations of MHD turbulence in active solar regions. The statistical distributions of the increments (structure functions) of the turbulent field are studied analytically in the context of a refined Kolmogorov theory of turbulence. Since photospheric transport of the B _z component of the magnetic field is quite similar to that of a scalar field in a turbulent flow, the theory of transport of a passive scalar can be applied. This approach enables us to show that the structure functions are determined by the competition between the dissipation of the magnetic and kinetic energies and to obtain a number of relations between the structure-function parameters and energy characteristics of the MHD turbulence. Taking into account general conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of the refined Kolmogorov turbulence theory, the structure functions of the B _z field are calculated for eight active regions (from measurements of SOHO/MDI and the Huairou Solar Observing Station, China). These calculations show that the behavior of the structure functions is different for the B _z field of each active region. The energy-dissipation index of the fluctuation spectrum (which is uniquely determined by the structure functions) is closely related to the level of flare activity: the more activity, the less steep the dissipation spectrum for a given active region. This provides a means to test and, consequently, forecast the flare activity of active regions.     

溢流堰与竖缝组合式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

利用声学多普勒测速仪（ADV）实测了凹口溢流堰与同侧布置竖缝组合式鱼道的三维瞬时流速,应用射流力学和紊流统计理论剖析了鱼道水池内的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力、相关函数、紊动尺度等紊流结构。试验研究结果表明:溢流堰与竖缝组合式鱼道池内水流流态呈现出复杂的三维紊流结构;同竖缝相比,溢流堰对紊动强度和雷诺应力的变化有着更为显著的影响,尤其是鱼道池内表层区域;堰流区涡旋的相关性比竖缝壁面射流区好,并且堰流区存在较大尺度的涡旋结构,而竖缝壁面射流区的涡旋尺度则较小。相比单一式鱼道,组合式鱼道紊流结构更加复杂,研究结果可为优化鱼道设计、修复鱼类生境提供参考。     

Laboratory sustained turbidity currents form elongate ridges at channel mouths

The turbulent flow structure, suspended sediment dynamics and deposits of experimental sustained turbidity currents exiting a channel across a break in slope into a wide tank are documented. The data shed light on the flow evolution and deposit geometry of analogous natural channel‐fed submarine fans. Flows generated in a 0·3 m wide, sloping (0°, 6°, 9° or 20°) channel crossed an angular slope break and spread onto a horizontal tank floor. Flow development comprised: (i) channelized phase (unsteady channel flow developing into steady channel flow); (ii) initial lateral expansion phase (unsteady‐spreading wall jet phase); (iii) constant lateral expansion phase (steady‐spreading wall jet phase); and (iv) rapid waning phase. Phases (i) and (iv) are similar to laterally constrained turbidity currents, but phases (ii) and (iii) are considerably different from such two‐dimensional currents. Steeper channel slopes produced greater flow velocities and turbulence intensities, but these effects diminished markedly with distance from the channel mouth. Flow velocity vectors in the tank had similar patterns for all channel slopes, with a central core of faster velocity and narrow vector dispersion and slower flow with larger dispersion at the jet margins. Suspended sediment concentrations were higher within flow heads and dense basal layers in flow bodies. Time‐averaged acoustic backscatter data showed vertical concentration gradients, confirmed by siphon samples. The deposits comprised a thick central ridge, of similar order width to the channel mouth, with abrupt margins and a surrounding, very thin, fan‐like sheet. The ridge was coarser grained and better sorted than the original sediment, with grain‐size fining downstream, particularly over the fan‐like sheet. The formation of a central ridge suggests that, in the tank, vertical turbulent momentum exchange is more significant for sediment dynamics than spanwise momentum exchange due to lateral expansion. The streamwise elongate geometry of the ridge contrasts with conventional fan‐like geometry found with surge‐type turbidity flows, a result that has widespread stratigraphic and economic implications.     

Interaction of a normal shock wave with a compressible turbulent flow

A speckle photographic method, which is sensitive to changes of gradients in fluid density, is applied for analyzing a compressible turbulent air flow with density fluctuations. Spatial correlation coefficients, turbulent length scales, and energy spectra are determined under the assumption of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The experiments are performed in a shock tube where the flow is passed through a turbulence grid. Measurements are taken before and after the turbulent regime interacts with the normal shock wave reflected from the tube's end wall. Amplification of the turbulence intensity by the shock interaction process is verified quantitatively and is shown to be restricted to the lower wave numbers in the spectrum.A version of this paper was presented at the 11th Symposium on Turbulence, University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 17–19, 1988.To Professor Dr.-Ing. Klaus Gersten on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Direct numerical simulation of a turbulent stably stratified air flow above a wavy water surface

The influence of the roughness of the underlaying water surface on turbulence is studied in a stably stratified boundary layer (SSBL). Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is conducted at various Reynolds (Re) and Richardson (Ri) numbers and the wave steepness ka. It is shown that, at constant Re, the stationary turbulent regime is set in at Ri below the threshold value Ri_c depending on Re. At Ri > Ri_c, in the absence of turbulent fluctuations near the wave water surface, three-dimensional quasiperiodical structures are identified and their threshold of origin depends on the steepness of the surface wave on the water surface. This regime is called a wave pumping regime. The formation of three-dimensional structures is explained by the development of parametric instability of the disturbances induced by the surface water in the air flow. The DNS results are quite consistent with prediction of the theoretical model of the SSBL flow, in which solutions for the disturbances of the fields of velocity and temperature in the wave pumping regime are found to be a solution of a two-dimensional linearized system with the heterogeneous boundary condition, which is caused by the presence of the surface wave. In addition to the turbulent fluctuations, the three-dimensional structures in the wave pumping regime provide for the transfer of impulse and heat, i.e., the increase in the roughness of the water–air boundary caused by the presence of waves intensifies the exchange in the SSBL.     

横向振动格栅紊流紊动特性试验

建立了一套大尺度格栅紊流试验系统,格栅进行有别于传统垂向模式的横向振动,采用粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)测量流速。对瞬时流速的检验表明,该系统产生的紊流场具有较强的随机性和统计规律性。均方根流速在格栅片附近变化较大,在两片格栅中间处趋于稳定,纵向均方根流速明显大于垂向均方根流速,二者比值在1.5~2.0之间,接近天然明渠紊流。雷诺应力在距格栅越近处波动越大,随着距格栅距离的增加而减小,至两片格栅中间处雷诺应力基本为0。时间和长度积分尺度在格栅片处最小,随着距格栅距离的增加而线性增加,至两片格栅中间处达到最大值。流速能谱呈现Kolmogorov理论的-5/3次方规律。本系统生成的紊流场的统计规律与传统的垂向振动格栅紊流较为一致,但纵向和垂向的紊动强度更接近实际,为后续紊流中泥沙和污染物等运动机理的研究奠定了基础。     

CFD modeling of high-pressurized CO2 released from onshore pipeline leakages

Safe pipeline transportation of carbon dioxide is a critical issue in the developing field of carbon capture and storage technology. Inadequate fluid thermo- and regimes for on- and offshore transport through high-pressurized pipelines can induce pipe material obsolescence or even pipeline rupture. In such cases, CO₂ (Carbon dioxide) will be released and dispersed in the ambient medium. The dispersion is influenced by the total amount of released fluid, jet pressure and direction, the released concentrations, leakage hole size, ambient material properties and is also affected by the dynamical conditions of the environmental medium. The goal of this study is the hydrodynamical characterization of carbon dioxide jet expansion and dispersion in the ambient atmosphere in case of onshore pipeline accidental leaks. Numerical simulations were carried out by means of a 3D turbulent CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code which includes multi-component flow treatment. The influence of the jet release pressure and size of the leakage hole on harmful CO₂ concentration distances will be analyzed.     

The vertical turbulence structure of experimental turbidity currents encountering basal obstructions: implications for vertical suspended sediment distribution in non‐equilibrium currents

Large roughness features, caused by erosion of the sea floor, are commonly observed on the modern sea floor and beneath turbidite sandstone beds in outcrop. This paper aims to investigate the effect of such roughness elements on the turbulent velocity field and its consequences for the sediment carrying capacity of the flows. Experimental turbidity currents were run through a rectangular channel, with a single roughness element fixed to the bottom in some runs. The effect of this roughness element on the turbulent velocity field was determined by measuring vertical profiles of the vertical velocity component in the region downstream of the basal obstruction with the Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Profiling technique. The experiments were set up to answer two research questions. (i) How does a single roughness element alter the distribution of vertical turbulence intensity? (ii) How does the altered profile evolve in the downstream direction? The results for runs over a plane substrate are similar to data presented previously and show a lower turbulence maximum near the channel floor, a turbulence minimum associated with the velocity maximum, and a turbulence maximum associated with the upper flow interface. In the runs in which the flows were perturbed by the single roughness element, the intensity of the lower turbulence maximum was increased between 41% to 81%. This excess turbulence dissipated upwards in the flow while it travelled further downstream, but was still observable at the most distal measurement location (at a distance ca 39 times the roughness height downstream of the element). All results point towards a similarity between the near bed turbulence structure of turbidity currents and free surface shear flows that has been proposed by previous authors, and this proposition is supported further by the apparent success of a shear velocity estimation method that is based on this similarity. Theory of turbulent dispersal of suspended sediment is used to discuss how the observed turbulent effects of a single large roughness element may impact on the suspended sediment distribution in real world turbidity currents. It is concluded that this impact may consist of a non‐equilibrium net‐upwards transport of suspended sediment, counteracting density stratification. Thus, erosive substrate topography created by frontal parts of natural turbidity flows may super‐elevate sediment concentrations in upper regions above equilibrium values in following flow stages, delay depletion of the flow via sedimentation and increase their run‐out distance.     

Prediction of magnetite segregation in dense medium cyclone using computational fluid dynamics technique

Multi-phase simulations of turbulent driven flow in a dense medium cyclone with magnetite medium have been conducted in Fluent, using the Algebraic Slip Mixture model to model the dispersed phases and the air-core, and both the Large Eddy Simulation turbulence model (LES) and Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) for turbulence closure. The predicted air-core shape and diameter were found to be close to the experimental results measured by gamma ray tomography. It is possible to use the LES turbulence model with ASM multi-phase model to predict the air/slurry interface accurately. Multi-phase simulations (air/water/medium) show appropriate medium segregation effects but over-predict the level of segregation compared to that measured by gamma ray tomography near the wall. This is believed to be because of unaccounted back-mixing of the dispersed phase due to turbulence in the basic Algebraic Slip Mixture model. The predictions of accurate axial segregation of magnetite medium are investigated using the LES turbulence model in conjunction with the multi-phase mixture model and viscosity corrections according to the feed particle loading factor. At higher feed densities the agreement between the Dunglison [Dunglison, M.E., 1999, A general model of the dense medium cylone, PhD thesis, JKMRC, University of Queensland] correlations and experimental measurements and the CFD is reasonably good, but the overflow density is lower than the model predictions. It is believed that the excessive underflow volumetric flow rates are responsible for under prediction of the overflow density. The effect of size distribution of the magnetite has been fully studied. As expected, the ultra-fine magnetite sizes (i.e. 2 and 7 microns) are distributed uniformly throughout the cyclone. As the size of magnetite increases, more segregation of magnetite occurs close to the wall.     

水沙调节后荆江典型河道横向调整过程的响应——Ⅰ. 二、三维耦合模型的建立

三峡水库蓄水运用后,下游河道来水来沙条件均会发生改变,从而影响河道河势演变过程(包括垂向冲淤变化以及横向调整过程)。为解决长河道因岸滩崩塌引起的河势演变模拟问题,依据水位、流量及输沙量守恒和河床及河岸变形连续等条件,提出虚拟断面连接法构建了考虑岸滩崩塌的二、三维嵌套河势研究数值模型。采用1996年10月~1998年10月沙市至新厂河段实测资料对模型进行了验证,模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好,从而为定量研究水沙条件变化对荆江河道横向调整过程的影响提供了技术支撑。     

Meridional circulation in young massive stars with laminar rotation

We study the rotation of a chemically homogeneous star with a mass of 16M_⊙, assuming that the angular-momentum distribution in its radiative envelope is determined by hydrodynamical processes—flows and turbulent diffusion. Meridional circulation and horizontal shear turbulence are the main hydrodynamical processes forming the radial distribution of the angular momentum in young massive stars in the absence of magnetic fields. The rotation of such stars is close to steady-state. The angular velocity of rotation of the convective core can be ～5–20% higher than the surface value. Under these conditions, the characteristic time for the radial transport of angular momentum by meridional flows and shear turbulence is comparable to the nuclear time scale.     

初始裂隙对岩溶水紊流形成的影响

岩溶地区地下发育着大量的溶洞和地下河管道,地下水流状态既有层流也有紊流,而紊流是溶洞管道形成的重要条件。紊流的形成受到岩石初始裂隙的影响,初始裂隙的张开度、分布、走向、迹长、密度等因素都影响着裂隙发育过程中水流状态的变化。通过对不同统计特征的初始裂隙网络进行水流和溶蚀的数值模拟发现,以张开度标准差反映的裂隙网络非均匀性越强,模拟紊流出现的时间就越早;主要裂隙的存在使裂隙网络的非均性增强,主要裂隙与水力梯度总方向的角度越小,紊流出现的时间就越早;当裂隙平均迹长过小时会导致裂隙连通性较差,影响裂隙水流和溶蚀作用;裂隙密度,尤其是主要裂隙密度,对岩溶发育的影响较大。相对于次要裂隙,如果主要裂隙密度偏小,紊流形成时间会大大增加,甚至很难形成紊流。当初始裂隙张开度小于0.001 cm,增大水力梯度仍没有紊流发生,岩溶几乎不发育。      

Oxygen influx and geochemistry of percolate water from reactive mine waste rock underlying a sloping channelled soil cover

An ideal engineered soil cover can mitigate acid rock drainage (ARD) by limiting water and gaseous O₂ ingress into an underlying waste rock pile. However, the barrier layer in the soil cover almost invariably tends to develop cracks or fractures after placement. These cracks may change water flow and O₂ transport in the soil cover and decrease performance in the long run. The present study employed a 10-cm-wide sand-filled channel installed in a soil barrier layer (silty clay) to model the aggregate of cracks or fractures that may be present in the cover. The soil cover had a slope of 20%. Oxygen transport through the soil cover and oxidation of the underlying waste rock were investigated and compared to a controlled column test with bare waste rock (without soil cover). Moreover, gaseous O₂ transport in the soil cover with channel and its sensitivity to channel location as well as the influence of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material were modeled using the commercial software VADOSE/W. The results indicted that the waste rock underlying the soil cover with channel had a lower oxidation rate than the waste rock without cover because of reduced O₂ ingress and water flushing in the soil cover with channel, which meant a partial soil cover might still be effective to some extent in reducing ARD generation. Gaseous O₂ ingress into the covered waste rock was more sensitive to the channel location than to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the material filling the channel. Aqueous equilibrium speciation modeling and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that secondary minerals formed as a result of the oxidation of the waste rock included gypsum and goethite in the covered waste rock and schwertmannite and other Fe oxides in the uncovered waste rock. The findings of the study provided insight into the effect of channel flow on O₂ transport and oxidation of the covered waste rock, which may help to improve soil cover design and construction to minimise the generation of preferential flow in the barrier layer.     

The importance of suppression of turbulence by stratification on the estuarine turbidity maximum

A simple numerical model demonstrates that the reduction in turbulence due to stratification greatly enhances the trapping of suspended sediment that occurs at the estuarine turbidity maximum. In moderately and highly stratified estuaries the turbulent diffusivity decreases markedly between the region upstream of the salinity intrusion, where the turbulence is uninhibited by salt stratification, and the stratified regime within the salinity intrusion, where turbulence is reduced by the inhibitory influence of salt stratification. This reduction in turbulent diffusion results in a reduction in the quantity of sediment that can be carried by the flow, causing sediment to be trapped near the landward limit of the salinity intrusion. This trapping process occurs at the same location as that due to the estuarine convergence, but it appears to be many times more effective at trapping silt-size particles. A model is formulated that is similar to Festa and Hansen's (1978) model of the estuarine turbidity maximum, with the addition of a stratification-dependent eddy diffusivity. For silt-size sediment particles, the model indicates as much as a 20-fold increase in the trapping rate with inclusion of the stratification effect. it is likely that this mechanism is important in many partially mixed and highly stratified estuaries.     

Flow, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper-stage plane beds: implications for the formation of planar laminae

Preliminary results are reported from an experimental study of the interaction between turbulence, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper stage plane beds. Over the transition, typical dunes changed to humpback dunes (mean velocity 0–8 ms^-1, depth 01 m, mean grain size 0.3 mm) to nominally plane beds with low relief bed waves up to a few mm high. All bedforms had a mean length of 0.7–0.8 m. Hot film anemometry and flow visualization clearly show that horizontal and vertical turbulent motions in dune troughs decrease progressively through the transition while horizontal turbulence intensities increase near the bed on dune backs through to a plane bed. Average bedload and suspended load concentrations increase progressively over the transition, and the near-bed transport rate immediately downstream of flow reattachment increases markedly relative to that near dune crests. This relative increase in sediment transport near reattachment appears to be due to suppression of upward directed turbulence by increased sediment concentration, such that velocity close to the bed can increase more quickly downstream of reattachment. Low-relief bedwaves on upper-stage plane beds are ubiquitous and give rise to laterally extensive, mm-thick planar laminae; however, within such laminae are laminae of more limited lateral extent and thickness, related to the turbulent bursting process over the downstream depositional surface of the bedwaves.     

In situ acoustic measurements of marine gravel threshold and transport

Measurements of the nearbed turbulent current flow and the bedload transport of marine gravel have been made over three tidal cycles. The turbulence in the bottom boundary layer was measured using two electromagnetic current meters, and the gravel transport was measured using a passive acoustic system which monitored the interparticle collision noise of locally mobile material. Visual estimates of bedload were also obtained with an underwater TV camera. The acoustic technique, unlike a conventional bedload sampler, has allowed estimates of transport to be obtained with a temporal resolution comparable with the turbulence data collected. This has enabled a detailed comparison to be made between the turbulent flow and the sediment response to the instantaneous flow conditions. The results of the study show that of the turbulent bursting events which contribute towards the Reynolds stress, only the sweeps and outward interactions play a significant role in the transport of coarse sedimentary material. The measurements show that it is the instantaneous increases in the horizontal turbulent velocity fluctuations that generate excess shear stresses which drive the transport process.     

Pre-flare changes in the turbulence regime for the photospheric magnetic field in a solar active region

Observations of the total magnetic field in the active region NOAA 6757 have been used to study the turbulence regime from 2.5 h before the onset of a 2B/X1.5 flare until two minutes after its maximum. The curvature of the exponent ζ(q) for the structure functions of the B _z field increases monotonically before the flare (i.e., the multifractal character of the B _z field becomes more complex) but straightens at the flare maximum and coincides with a linear Kolmogorov dependence (implying a monofractal structure for the B _z field). The observed deviations of ζ(q) from a Kolmogorov line can be used for short-term forecasting of strong flares. Analysis of the power spectra of the B _z field and the dissipation of magnetic-energy fluctuations shows that the beginning of the flare is associated with the onset of a new turbulence regime, which is closer to a classical Kolmogorov regime. The scaling parameter (cancellation index) of the current helicity of the magnetic field, k _h , remains at a high level right up until the last recording of the field just before the flare but decreases considerably at the flare maximum. The variations detected in the statistical characteristics of the turbulence can be explained by the formation and amplification of small-scale flux tubes with strong fields before the flare. The dissipation of magnetic energy before the flare is primarily due to reconnection at tangential discontinuities of the field, while the dissipation after the flare maximum is due to the anomalous plasma resistance. Thus, the flare represents an avalanche dissipation of tangential discontinuities.     

Quantifying velocity and turbulence structure in depositing sustained turbidity currents across breaks in slope

Two-dimensional experiments investigating sediment transport and turbulence structure in sustained turbidity currents that cross breaks in slope are presented as analogue illustrations for natural flows. The results suggest that in natural flows, turbulence generation at slope breaks may account for increased sand transport into basins and that the formation of a hydraulic jump may not be necessary to explain features such as the occurrence of submarine plunge pools and the deposition of coarser-grained beds in the bottomsets of Gilbert-type fan deltas. Experimental flows were generated on 0°, 3°, 6° and 9° slopes of equal length which terminated abruptly on a horizontal bed. Two-component velocities were measured on the slope, at the slope break and downstream of the slope break. Flows were depositional and non-uniform, visibly slowing and thickening with distance downstream. One-dimensional continuous wavelet transforms of velocity time series were used to produce time-period variance maps. Peaks in variance were tested against a background red-noise spectrum at the 95% level; a significant period banding occurs in the cross-wavelet transform at the slope break, attributed to increased formation of coherent flow structures (Kelvin–Helmholtz billows). Variance becomes distributed at progressively longer periods and the shape of the bed-normal-velocity spectral energy distribution changes with distance downstream. This is attributed to a shift towards larger turbulent structures caused by wake stretching. Mean velocity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy profiles illustrate the mean distribution of turbulence through the currents. A turbulent kinetic energy transfer balance shows that flow non-uniformity arises through the transfer of mean streamwise slowing to mean bed-normal motion through the action of Reynolds normal stresses. Net turbulence production through the action of normal stresses is achieved on steeper slopes as turbulence dissipation due to mean bed-normal motion is limited. At the slope break, an imbalance between the production and dissipation of turbulence occurs because of the contrasting nature of the wall and free-shear boundaries at the bottom and top of the flows, respectively. A rapid reduction in mean streamwise velocity predominately affects the base of the flows and steeper proximal slope flows have to slow more at the break in slope. The increased turbulent kinetic energy, limited bed-normal motion and strong mixing imposed by steep proximal slopes means rapid slowing enhances turbulence production at the break in slope by focusing energy into coherent flow structures at a characteristic period. Thus, mean streamwise slowing is transferred into turbulence production at the slope break that causes increased transport of sediment and a decrease in deposit mass downstream of the slope break. The internal effects of flow non-uniformity therefore can be separated from the external influence of the slope break.