基于可靠度方法的全基质吸力段土-水特征模型研究

土-水特征曲线是非饱和土入渗和流-固耦合分析的基础,目前该模型的研究成果由于试验方法和设备的局限,仅能够得到局部基质吸力段(低吸力或高吸力)的土-水特征曲线;而如何根据局部试验数据集推断与试验结果相吻合的全基质吸力段范围的土-水特征曲线是一个难题。对东南沿海广泛分布的原状残积土进行了不同基质吸力段的土-水特征试验。根据残积土低吸力段和高吸力段的试验数据,运用可靠度分析方法,从土壤孔隙微元破裂失稳的角度,建立了土壤全基质吸力段的土-水特征模型。根据UNSODA2.0数据库提取砂土、粉土、黏土等3种类型土样本(52个)的试验数据,讨论了模型参数意义和不同土类的模型适用性,进行了不同土-水特征模型的比较分析。对比验证研究表明,形状参数σ和中值比例参数μ使提出的模型具有很强的适应性,并且具有依据局部试验数据(低或高基质吸力段)快速获得全基质吸力段土壤土-水特征曲线的能力。与其它模型相比,模型计算过程适应性强,模型决定系数R2>0.98。研究结果对快速获取不同类型土壤的全基质吸力段土-水特征曲线具有参考价值。     

氯盐渍土土-水特征曲线的试验研究

采用滤纸法和压力板法测定不同含盐量盐渍土的土-水特征曲线（SWCC）,探讨土中含盐量对盐渍土土-水特征曲线的影响。试验结果表明,粉土中含盐量对基质吸力土-水特征曲线的影响不大。采用滤纸法测得的总吸力与基质吸力之间的差值随着土中盐溶液浓度的增加而增加,且该差值要大于相同浓度纯盐溶液的渗透吸力,其原因是由于土颗粒表面对溶液吸附作用引起的,用滤纸法测得的基质吸力土-水特征曲线处于脱湿曲线和吸湿曲线之间。采用蒸汽平衡法测定Whatman 42号滤纸在高吸力阶段的总吸力的率定曲线,使得高吸力时用滤纸法测定吸力更为精确。     

脱湿状态下南京下蜀土的土水-力学特性

用经改造的GDS非饱和土三轴仪测得下蜀土在不同净围压下的变形特性和持水特性,并以van Genuchten模型对试验数据的拟合结果为基础,分析了净围压对下蜀土吸力应力特征曲线的影响,全面系统地研究了脱湿状态下南京下蜀土的土水-力学特性。研究表明,下蜀土的变形特性受净围压与基质吸力影响,基质吸力越高,下蜀土的压缩性越低,可以用二元指数函数本构模型分析孔隙比与应力状态变量间的关系。净围压使下蜀土持水能力增强,净围压与进气值呈幂函数关系。土的压缩性越高,净围压对其持水特性的影响越显著;随着净围压的增大,下蜀土孔隙比趋同,净围压对持水特性的影响逐渐减弱。外部荷载对下蜀土吸力应力特征曲线的影响是分段的,在边界效应区范围内,净围压增大时,吸力应力特征曲线间的差异逐渐减小;在过渡区范围内,吸力应力随状态变量变化的快慢程度不受外部荷载影响。根据双电层理论分析了高吸力时吸力应力的物理意义与计算方法,提出以界限有效饱和度作为吸力应力函数的分界点。     

全吸力范围的盐渍土持水特性的试验研究

盐渍土中含有大量易溶盐,含水率和吸力变化对其工程性质产生重要影响。现有针对盐渍土持水特性的研究较少,尚未得到全吸力范围内统一、明确的土-水特征曲线试验觃律。采用压力板法、蒸汽平衡法和冷镜露点法3种方法测量盐渍土的基质吸力和总吸力,幵通过试验手段探究压实度和含盐量对盐渍土持水特性的影响觃律。试验结果表明:在低吸力阶段,随着压实度的增加,土样的饱和体积含水率降低,进气值提高;持水能力随着压实度和孔隙溶液浓度的增加而提高,幵且低压实度时孔隙溶液浓度对基质吸力影响明显。在高吸力阶段,含盐量较高时压实度对土样土-水特征曲线的影响明显,幵且土体的持水能力随含盐量增加而增强。     

硫酸钠盐渍土土-水特征曲线的试验与理论研究

土-水特征曲线（SWCC）在非饱和土力学中扮有重要的角色,是非饱和土力学研究的核心问题。以西北地区黄土中含有的典型硫酸钠盐为变化因素,采用滤纸法测得了兰州黄土及不同含盐量黄土状硫酸钠盐渍土的基质吸力并绘制土-水特征曲线,通过试验测试和理论分析来解释硫酸钠盐分对黄土状硫酸钠盐渍土基质吸力的影响规律,以期为工程实践提供一定的理论依据。结果表明：相同含水率下硫酸钠盐渍土的含盐量越高,基质吸力越大。以非饱和土力学理论和表面物理化学理论为基础,考虑了土中的盐分对基质吸力的毛细部分及吸附部分的影响,得到了土中含盐量与基质吸力关系的半经验公式。利用该公式计算得到不同含盐量硫酸钠盐渍土的土-水特征曲线,计算曲线与试验曲线吻合程度较高,表明该公式可以很好地描述盐渍土中不同含盐量与基质吸力的关系。     

土-水特征曲线滞后阻塞模型

基于Young-Laplace方程利用土-水特征曲线估算孔隙分布,借鉴非饱和渗流统计模型,建立了土-水特征曲线的滞后模型。在某一基质吸力下对应的毛细半径上限的毛细水对更大孔隙半径的毛细水具有阻塞作用,阻塞概率与孔隙分布函数直接相关。孔隙分布函数自身属性体现了土体孔隙空间分布的非均匀性。该模型显示：在高基质吸力与低基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线趋近相等;中等基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线饱和度高于吸湿曲线饱和度,两者的差值存在一个明显的峰值。并采用实例验证了该模型的可靠性,发现该模型对中、细粒土预测效果较好,而砂类土因孔隙分布不符合假设,导致存在较大误差。对于砂类土等特征尺寸较大的土质,引入阻塞概率修正系数,发现最佳修正系数与土-水特征曲线半对数坐标下的土-水特征曲线最大斜率呈反比例关系。     

基于粒径分布曲线的非饱和砂土土水特征曲线概率预测模型

土水特征曲线定义了非饱和土的基质吸力和含水量之间的关系,与非饱和土的渗流和强度等特征有密切关系.本文通过对100组砂土的粒径分布曲线和土水特征曲线进行分析,结合常用的VG模型提出了基于粒径分布曲线的非饱和砂土土水特征曲线概率预测方法,并基于另外30组数据对提出的模型进行了验证.研究表明,基于粒径分布曲线无法唯一确定土体...     

颗粒级配对非饱和粘性土基质吸力的影响规律

颗粒级配是影响非饱和粘性土基质吸力变化规律的主要因素之一。本文在室内实验基础上,根据颗粒级配与非饱和土土水特征曲线基本参数之间的定量关系,探讨了颗粒级配对非饱和土基本特性的影响程度。研究结果表明:颗粒级配对非饱和土残余含水量控制作用明显,后者与粘粒、粉粒含量线性正相关,与角砾含量和粗、细粒含量之比分别线性、非线性负相关;不同粒组中,粉粒含量对土体残余含水量的影响程度最大,角砾含量的影响程度较低。颗粒级配对非饱和土残余基质吸力的影响程度较弱,后者与粘粒含量以及粗、细粒含量之比具有一定的相关性。非饱和土含水量变化幅度以及基质吸力对含量变化的敏感性与颗粒级配相关性最弱。但是,粘粒、粉粒含量以及粗、细粒含量之比对这两个特征值可能具有一定的影响作用。     

非饱和土失水过程轴向位移变化规律试验研究

随着地下空间的大力开发,基坑降水导致的地面沉降对周边建筑物稳定性及地下管道系统产生一定影响,开始引起国内外学者的关注。本文选择武汉地区典型粉土,采用土-水特征曲线压力板仪开展失水过程的土-水特征曲线试验,得到了非饱和土的土-水特征曲线;质量含水率、轴向位移随基质吸力的变化规律及误差修正;不同基质吸力作用下含水率和轴向位移随时间的变化规律。根据测定曲线,非饱和土含水率随基质吸力的增大而减小,达到残余含水率时不再变化;随着基质吸力的增加,土体失水收缩,轴向位移增大,达到残余含水率时不再变化;加压过程中不仅有轴向变形,还伴随有一定径向变形。除此,对仪器本身及试验过程中可能出现的误差进行了详细的分析,为压力板仪试验提供参考依据。     

膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线研究

高放废物（HLW）深地质处置中,在膨润土中添加一定比例的石英砂能优化缓冲/回填材料的性能。利用水汽平衡法,对高庙子压实膨润土-砂混合物在不同温度、掺砂率和干密度条件下的土-水特征曲线（SWCCs）进行试验研究,分析温度、掺砂率与干密度对混合物土-水特征曲线的影响。试验结果表明,随着温度升高,混合物的持水能力明显下降;在试验控制吸力范围内,低吸力段掺砂率对土-水特征曲线影响明显,高吸力段掺砂率对混合物土-水特征曲线的影响逐渐降低;干密度对混合物的土-水特征曲线基本没有影响。根据试验数据建立了不同温度和掺砂率条件下膨润土-砂缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线的经验公式,可用来预测不同温度和掺砂率条件下的膨润土-砂混合型缓冲/回填材料土-水特征曲线     

Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Initial Dry Density and Grain Size Distribution on Soil–Water Characteristic Curves of Wide-Grading Gravelly Soil

Wide-grading gravelly soils are often encountered in debris flow source areas. To perform stability analyses under rainfall conditions, the soil–water characteristic curves (SWCC) are significant. However, the studies for SWCC of wide-grading gravelly soils are rare. In order to investigate the effects of initial dry density and grain size distribution on the SWCCs of wide-grading gravelly, a large-scale osmotic column, allowing the measurement of both volumetric water content and matric suction at various levels, was fabricated for a series of osmotic column tests. The test data were best-fitted to Van Genuchten equation using a least-squares algorithm and found that both the initial dry density and grain size distribution had a greater effect on the SWCCs. An increase in the initial dry density resulted in an increase in water retention capacity. The air entry value and residual volumetric water content increased linearly with increases in the initial dry density, whereas the maximum slope of SWCC decreased linearly with increases in the initial dry density. The air entry value and residual volumetric water content increased linearly with increases in the fine content (particle diameter <0.075), whereas the maximum slope increases linearly with increases in the effective size, d ₁₀.     

考虑温度效应的延安新区压实黄土全吸力范围持水和渗透特性研究

干旱和半干旱黄土地区的压实土路基、垃圾填埋场黄土盖层等的持水特性和渗透特性均受温度影响。为了探究温度对全吸力范围内压实黄土水力特性的影响规律和内在机制,基于滤纸法和自行研发的小土柱试验装置对不同温度下延安新区压实黄土的土-水特征曲线(SWCC)以及渗透性曲线(HCC)进行测定。结果表明:在黄土SWCC的高吸力段体积含水率随温度升高而减小,低吸力段受温度影响不明显;黄土渗透曲线则是在低吸力段受温度影响显著,温度越高渗透性越强,当土体吸力增大或体积含水率减小至一定值后,温度对土体渗透性的影响可忽略不计。基于此结果,将改进的van Genuchten(VG)模型作为可考虑温度影响的SWCC预测函数,通过拟合实测数据得出温度相关参数并进行验证;对于渗透性曲线,以90 kPa基质吸力为分段点,在低吸力段和高吸力段分别采用统计模型和幂函数进行分段预测,能够得到与实测数据吻合较好的预测结果。     

轴平移技术在基质吸力测控中的局限性和误差分析

为了揭示非饱和土在自然环境和轴平移环境两种条件下,基质吸力测试数据存在差异的原因,分别研究了表面张力系数和难充水微孔隙在相同吸力作用下对含水率的影响。一方面,表面张力系数随压力的增大而小幅减小,同一基质吸力条件下采用轴平移技术时对应的含水率较自然状态有偏小的趋势;另一方面,由于一端封闭微孔隙的存在,较高的孔隙气压力必然促使土中水进入部分难充水微孔隙,从而同一基质吸力条件下轴平移技术对应的含水率较自然状态又有升高的趋势。因此,在特定基质吸力条件下,轴平移方法得到的含水率较自然状态偏大还是偏小取决于上述两方面的综合效应。毛细上升试验和针对一端封闭微孔隙模型的研究表明,一端封闭微孔隙的存在对土-水特征曲线的影响远远大于表面张力系数变化的影响。针对石英砂、砂土和黏土的两种SWCC测试结果表明,随土颗粒逐渐变细,轴平移技术对SWCC的影响越来越大。从而进一步印证,张力计法和轴平移方法在测试黏土土-水特征曲线方面存在差异的原因在于一端封闭微孔隙的存在。     

A comparative study of suction stress between sand and silt under unsaturated conditions

The purpose of this study is to estimate and compare suction stress between sand and silt sampled from the coast of Korea. The water content and matric suction of sand (Joomunjin) and silt (Saemangeum) were first examined using an automated soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) apparatus based on the axis translation technique. SWCCs were then estimated from the test results using the van Genuchten (1980) model. At equal matric suction, the corresponding water content of silt was higher than that of sand. Moreover, the saturated water content and air-entry value (AEV) of silt were larger than those of sand. Using the fitting SWCC parameters, suction stress characteristic curves (SSCCs) were estimated according to the method proposed by Lu and Likos (2006). The SSCC behavior for sand and silt was different and significantly depended on the material properties, particularly pore size and pore size distribution. For sand, the suction stress exhibited rapid variation with changes in matric suction, but for silt, the suction stress approached a constant value as the matric suction increased. In addition, when the matric suction was smaller than the AEV of soil, the suction stress was equal to the magnitude of the matric suction. In contrast, when the matric suction exceeded the AEV of soil, suction stress had a nonlinear shape with respect to the matric suction.     

Effect of Matric Suction on Resilient Modulus of Compacted Aggregate Base Courses

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of matric suction on resilient modulus of unbound aggregate base courses. The study characterized the water characteristic curves and resilient modulus versus matric suction relationships of aggregate base courses that were compacted at different water contents and between 98 and 103 % of the modified Proctor density. The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and the relationship between resilient modulus (M _r ) and matric suction (ψ) were established for different unbound granular and recycled asphalt pavement materials. This relationship is important for predicting changes in modulus due to changes in moisture of unbound pavement materials. Resilient modulus tests were conducted according to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-28A procedure at varying water contents, and the measured SWCC was used to determine the corresponding matric suction. Three reference summary resilient moduli (SRM) were considered: at optimum water content, optimum water content +2 % and optimum water content ?2 %. The Bandia and Bargny limestones are characterized by a higher water-holding capacity which explains why the modulus of limestone was more sensitive to water content than for basalt or quartzite. Limestones tend to be more sensitive to changes in water content and thus to matric suction. The shape of the SWCC depends on the particle size distribution and the cementation properties from dehydration of the aggregates. Material properties required as input to the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-EPDG) to predict changes in resilient modulus in response to changes in moisture contents in the field were determined for implementation in the M-EPDG process. Results show that the SRM was more correlated with matric suction than with compaction water content (for resilient modulus testing). The empirical models commonly used to predict the SWCC such as the Perera et al. (Prediction of the SWCC based on grain-size-distribution and index properties. GSP 130 Advances in Pavement Engineering, ASCE, 2005) and the M-EPDG (NCHRP in Guide for mechanistic-empirical design of pavement structures. National cooperative highway research program. ARA, Inc., ERES Consultants Division, Champaign, IL, 2004) models tend to underestimate the SWCC and cannot provide reasonable estimation. SRM normalized with respect to the SRM at the optimum water content varied linearly with the logarithm of matric suction. Empirical relationships between SRM and matric suction on semi-logarithmic scale were established and are reported.     

Comparison of testing techniques and models for establishing the SWCC of riverbank soils

The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), also known as soil water retention curve (SWRC), describes the relationship between water content and soil suction in unsaturated soils. Water content and suction affect the permeability, shear strength, volume change and deformability of unsaturated soils. This paper presents results of the laboratory determination of the SWCC for soil samples obtained from the riverbank of the Lower Roanoke River in North Carolina. Six different testing methods were used to establish the SWCC including the filter paper, dewpoint potentiameter, vapor equilibrium, pressure plate, Tempe cell and osmotic methods. It is concluded that each suction measurement technique provides different measurable ranges of suction values, and the combined results from the different tests provide continuous SWCCs. Three widely available models were also shown to adequately fit the experimental SWCC data, particularly for matric suction values under 1500 kPa. These results will be valuable to practitioners in deciding which methods to use to establish the SWCC, and which empirical relationship to use for modeling the SWCC of riverbank soils.     

全吸力范围生物炭−黏土混合土的土−水特性

土−水特征曲线在研究非饱和土的水力与力学特性中发挥着重要的作用。生物炭具有多孔结构、高比表面积和强吸附的特性。将生物炭改性土应用于垃圾填埋场上覆盖层,因受自然环境因素的影响会使其水力特性发生改变。为了研究全吸力范围内生物炭掺量对生物炭−黏土混合土保水特性的影响,利用蒸汽平衡法（吸力范围 3～368 MPa）、滤纸法（吸力范围 0 ～40 MPa）和压力板法（吸力范围 0～1.5 MPa）控制土样的吸力,测定吸力平衡后土样的含水率和饱和度,得到全吸力范围内生物炭−黏土混合土的土−水特征曲线。试验结果表明：（1）3种吸力测试方法很好地表达了生物炭−黏土混合土全吸力范围内的土−水特征曲线。（2）生物炭能够影响黏土的保水性,但在一定的吸力范围内,生物炭−黏土混合土的保水性还与孔隙结构和孔隙中水的形态相关。（3）通过压力板法测得,试样的进气值随着生物炭掺量的增加而减小。当吸力值小于进气值时,曲线出现水平段,土样始终处于饱和状态,生物炭掺量越大,试样的保水性越好。（4）由生物炭−黏土混合土微观孔隙结构以及生物炭在黏土中的分布形态来解释生物炭改性黏土的保水能力随生物炭掺量的变化关系。     

Laboratory Investigations on Extremely High Suction Measurements for Fine-grained Soils

A Dewpoint PotentiaMeter (WP4) was used to measure suction of two fine-grained soils: a locally available silty soil and commercially available white clay, rapidly. Using these results, efforts were made to check the suitability and efficiency of various fitting functions, for defining the soil–water characteristic curve, SWCC, for high suction ranges (0–80 MPa). In addition to this, a knowledge-based database SoilVision 3.34 was used to estimate the SWCC using Pedo-transfer functions, PTFs. The study brings out that the Fredlund et al. [1997, Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Unsaturated Soil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 13–23] PTF yields the best estimate of SWCC for fine-grained soils. The influence of the soil type and dry unit weight, on suction and the SWCC fitting parameters, have also been studied.     

集成回填材料的土水特征曲线测定

以膨润土为基材,添加沸石、黄铁矿制备高压实集成回填材料,采用渗析法和汽相法分别测得其在不同温度及自由、侧限条件下的土水特征曲线( SWCC),并采用SWCC模型对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明:低吸力范围内,施加相同的初始吸力,最终测得50℃试样含水率＞20℃对应含水率,原因是温度影响渗析法所测吸力值及试样饱和后的微观结构;高吸力范围内,同一吸力值80℃对应的含水率最小,土水特征曲线斜率随温度升高而增大.应力状态对土水特征曲线的影响,在低吸力范围内显著,而高吸力范围内则影响不大.这与材料的微观结构有关.Van Genuehten模型对实测数据的拟合效果最佳.     

土-水特征曲线及其相关性研究

土-水特征曲线（SWCC）描述了土体吸力与含水率之间的关系,是非饱和土力学研究的重要内容。从理论和试验两个方面研究了土-水特征曲线和渗透曲线的相互关系。在理论上,应用自然比例法则研究了土-水特征曲线和渗透曲线的特征,从物理和力学意义两个方面探讨了土-水特征曲线及其导数、渗透曲线、颗粒分布曲线之间的特征,给出了土-水特征曲线和渗透曲线两指数函数表达式幂的取值范围和相互关系。试验研究结果表明：土体的土-水特征曲线受到土体的物质成分、塑性指数、孔隙结构、应力状态等多种因素影响,土体持水特性研究对工程建设具有重要的指导意义。