Investigating the Effects of Different LED Wavelengths on Aggregation and Swimming Behavior of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

Ocean Science Journal - Efficient fish aggregation systems are essential for catching chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), which is a major target of purse seine fisheries in South Korea. To aid the...     

Alice台风对东海鲐鱼鱼卵仔鱼的输运和存活率的影响

日本鲐(Scomber japonicus)的补充量受物理环境影响很大。本文基于东海鲐鱼个体的初期生态模型,遴选对东海鲐鱼输运路径影响最大的Alice台风,研究台风导致的物理环境的改变对鲐鱼鱼卵仔鱼的输运分布和补充量的影响。研究发现,Alice台风对鲐鱼仔鱼的输运分布影响不大,原因是Alice台风逆时针旋转的气旋与潮流顺时针旋转的反气旋相互抵消,减少了台风对仔鱼输运区域低频率潮流的影响,使东海鲐鱼的输运路径处在受台风影响最小的区域。台风移动速度快、作用时间短也是造成这个结果的原因之一。台风使鱼卵仔鱼普遍向深水移动,台风过后2.5和5天存活数量分别为4.08×109和3.67×109个,而没有台风影响的分别存活6.64×109和5.93×109个,Alice台风最终导致仔鱼的存活率降低。本文为深入探讨环境变化与鲐鱼资源量的关系提供参考。     

Phylogeographic study on the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Northwestern Pacific indicates the late Pleistocene population isolation

In the present study, the population genetic structure and historical demography of the chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, in the Northwestern Pacific were examined based on the full‐length sequences of the mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b gene. A total of 320 individuals was sampled from 11 localities along the coast of China and Japan from August 2011 to May 2013. Two main clades representing Chinese and Japanese populations, respectively, were detected, suggesting population isolation of S. japonicus during the late Pleistocene era. The Chinese clade was further divided into two small clades and the distribution of haplotypes were not related to sampling locality, which may be a signature of secondary contact following past division. Analyses of molecular variance and pairwise F_ST revealed significant genetic differentiation between the Chinese and Japanese populations, but a lack of genetic structure for the populations along the coast of China. Both neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analysis suggested that the populations along the coast of China experienced population expansion during the late Pleistocene. Historical events, biological characteristics and other extrinsic forces such as ocean currents may all be associated with the current phylogeographic pattern of S. japonicus in the Northwestern Pacific.     

鲐鱼灯光围网渔船水上集鱼灯水中照度分布及优化配置的理论计算

采用叠加法照度计算模式,根据一组鲐鱼灯光围网渔船中3艘不同渔船的水上集鱼灯布置参数,使用自行开发的水上集鱼灯水下光场计算系统,对各船的水中照度分布进行了计算,获得船舷右侧中部水深方向200 m范围内不同深度的照度,并使用Surfer 8.0软件绘制等值曲线图,结果表明:主灯船在总功率为180 kW的情况下,10 lx的等照度曲线水平方向最远在56 m左右,水深方向不超过20 m;离船水平距离40 m、垂直距离40 m处的照度约为0.01 lx。副灯船在总功率为120 kW的情况下,10 lx的等照度曲线水平方向最远在46 m左右,水深方向不超过18 m;离船水平距离33 m、垂直距离38 m处的照度约为0.01 lx。网船在总功率为40 kW的情况下,10 lx的等照度曲线水平方向最远在45 m左右,水深方向不超过15 m;离船水平距离30 m、垂直距离35 m处的照度为0.01 lx左右。从集鱼灯的配置情况来看,主灯船、副灯船与网船目前的配置均较好,但主灯船在灯距增大到0.26 m、灯高增大到5 m时可增加1.6%的有效水体体积,副灯船在灯距减少到0.28 m、灯高增大到5 m时可增加2.1%的有效水体体积,网船在灯距增大到0.64 m、灯高增大到9 m时可增加1.7%的有效水体体积。计算结果还表明,大幅度的增加光诱渔船的集鱼灯功率并不能很有效的提高该船的光诱范围。     

Habitat suitability index of Chub mackerel (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis>) from July to September in the East China Sea

The habitat quality of Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the East China Sea has been a subject of concern in the last 10 years due to large fluctuations in annual catches of this stock. For example, the Chinese light-purse seine fishery recorded 84000 tons in 1999 compared to 17000 tons in 2006. The fluctuations have been attributed to variability in habitat quality. The habitat suitability Index (HSI) has been widely used to describe fish habitat quality and in fishing ground forecasting. In this paper we use catch data and satellite derived environmental variables to determine habitat suitability indices for Chub mackerel during July to September in the East China Sea. More than 90% of the total catch was found to come from the areas with sea surface temperature of 28.0°–29.4°C, sea surface salinity of 33.6–34.2 psu, chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.15–0.50 mg/m³ and sea surface height anomaly of −0.1–1.1 m. Of the four conventional models of HSI, the Arithmetic Mean Model (AMM) was found to be most suitable according to Akaike Information Criterion analysis. Based on the estimation of AMM in 2004, the monthly HSIs in the waters of 123°–125°E and 27°30′–28°00′ N were more than 0.6 during July to September, which coincides with the catch distribution in the same time period. This implies that AMM can yield a reliable prediction of the Chub mackerel’s habitat in the East China Sea.     

四种单胞藻和海洋红酵母对刺参浮游幼虫生长与变态成活的影响

本实验研究4种单胞藻与海洋红酵母(Rhodomonas sp.)搭配以及单胞藻混合投喂对刺参浮游幼虫体长生长及变态存活率的影响。采用三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closteriumf.minutissima)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)和等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)与海洋红酵母分别以1∶0、0.8∶0.2、0.6∶0.4、0.4∶0.6、0.2∶0.8和0∶1的比例搭配投喂刺参浮游幼虫,观测浮游幼虫每天的体长变化以及变态成活率。结果表明,单胞藻与海洋红酵母以适当比例混合投喂能提高刺参幼虫的体长日增长率,单独投喂海洋红酵母的刺参变态成活率也显著高于单独投喂单胞藻组。采用2种单胞藻以0.5∶0.5的比例混合投喂浮游幼虫,结果表明牟氏角毛藻与小新月菱形藻混合投喂组刺参浮游幼虫的变态成活率高于牟氏角毛藻与等鞭金藻的混合组。     

解Schr(o)dinger方程的一种修正的Runge-Kutta方法

在经典的四阶Runge-Kutta(简记为RK)方法的基础上,得到一种新的解Schr(o)dinger方程的修正的RK方法,并证明这个方法的代数阶为4.这个方法的稳定性和相性质分析也在本文中给出,新方法的相误差阶为6,耗散误差阶为5,并且通过数值试验证明了新方法的高效性.     

A New Fall-Rate Equation for T-5 Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) by TSK

The accuracy of the manufacturer’s fall-rate equation for the T-5 Model of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) has been investigated based on about 300 collocated pairs of XBT-CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler) measurements in various climatological regions. We found that the equation systematically overestimates depth by about 5% for the T-5 produced by Tsurumi Seiki, Co. Ltd. (TSK), but almost no bias is associated with the T-5 produced by Sippican, Inc., in USA. The cause of this difference is not clear, because the two manufacturers’ T-5 probes are reported to have identical shape and weight in water. We propose a new fall-rate equation for the TSK T-5: z(t) = 6.54071t - 0.0018691t ², where z(t) is depth in meters at time, t, in seconds.     

微生态制剂对刺参幼参养殖水质指标和生长、相关酶活性的影响

以刺参幼参为试验对象,在其基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0.2、1和5g/kg的微生态制剂作为免疫增强剂,进行28天的养殖实验,研究其对育苗水体中氨氮和亚硝态氮浓度及刺参生长、消化和免疫酶活性的影响。结果表明:28d时,微生态制剂对于刺参养殖水体氨氮和亚硝态氮具有明显的去除效果(P0.05);对刺参生长具有一定促进作用,其中1g/kg组幼参特定生长率最高,但与其他组差异不显著(P0.05);处理组的消化酶(淀粉酶、蛋白酶)与对照组相比均有显著提高(P0.05),免疫酶(碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶)与对照组相比也有显著的提高(P0.05)。该免疫增强剂添加量为5g/kg时,对降低育苗水体氨氮浓度和亚硝浓度及增强刺参幼参消化和免疫活力的效果最佳。本研究的结果可为微生态制剂在刺参育苗与养殖中的应用提供参考。     

On the Life History ofTigriopus japonicus Mori (Copepoda)

This species is the neritic animal in warm waters, especially a large number of the species appear in the tide pool in spring to summer season. The species has the adaptability to the environment, namely, the species is eurythermal and euryhaline organism. Each nauplius stage ofT. japonicus changed into the next stage in 18 to 20 hours. After hatching the nauplius developed into the copepodite stage in 3 to 5 days. The nauplius is disk-shaped in outline. A small antennule is 3-segmented. The antenna and mandible are the assistant oral organs for foods rather than swimming ones. On the antenna the coxa has the process with the strong cutting edge, the basipodite is extremely small, the long endopodite has a hook and a seta ventrally, and a hook, a seta and a spine terminally, and the long exopodite has the setae of which the number was changed according to the stage. On the mandible the coxa with a seta is a bulge. The endopodite is a small mound, on this mound there are a strong hook and a few setae which were changed according to the stage. The exopodite has a ventral seta and a small and a long thick terminal setae. The caudal appendages are rudimentary. The maxillule first appears as a seta on the 2nd stage. On the copedite stage ofT. japonicus the segment of body is short. The cephalothoracic segments are indistinguishable from the abdominal segments. It is the character of Harpacticoida that the antennules are small. On this copedodite there are 6 stages as in the nauplius, but the last stage is the adult stage. The 1st and the 2nd stages changed into the next stage in 18 to 20 hours as in the nauplius. The 3rd to the 5th stages changed into the next stage within 1 day. After hatching the nauplius developed into the adult by 10 days. The period of each stage fluctuates according to the amount of foods which were supplied to the animal. On the starved condition the development of this animal does not occur by any means. The most of male have mated with the adult female, but some of them mated with the earlier stage, especially the 2nd copepodite stage female. The female which developed into the adult produced the first brood in a few minutes to 3 days. A period of the adult stage is assumed 1 to 2 months. A female produced 5～10 broods. After hatching of the brood the next brood was bred in a few minutes to 1 day. The female which was 0.9 mm in the mean length produced 30 eggs per a brood.     

不同组分底质改良剂对刺参生长和底质环境的影响

以过硫酸氢钾、沸石粉和膨润土为主要成分,分别添加0%(对照)、0.5%、1%、2%、4%和8%的过碳酰胺配成6种底质改良剂,分别标记为A、B、C、D、E和F,本实验研究了以上6种不同组分的底质改良剂对刺参生长和底质环境的影响。实验过程中,分别于第0、7、14、28、42和56天测定底泥氧化还原电位和营养盐变化,实验结束后测定刺参特定生长率。结果表明:E组底泥氧化还原电位最高,但与F组间无显著差异(P>0.05);底泥中NO_3--N含量同样在E组达到最大值,且与F组间差异不显著(P>0.05);底泥NH₄₊-N、NO_2--N、和TN含量均在D组达到最小值,但与E组和F组间无显著差异(P>0.05);D组刺参特定生长率最高,但与E组和F组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,底质改良剂中添加过碳酰胺能够显著改善底质环境,以特定生长率为评价指标,当添加量为4.8%时最利于刺参的生长。     

养殖海带的生长模型研究

国内外关于海带生长和光合作用与其生长环境因素的关系研究开展的较多,但缺乏有效的模型来预测评估环境条件变化对海带生长和产量的影响.因此,根据海带生理生态学实验数据、现场观测的光照强度、温度和营养盐等影响海带生长与光合作用的环境参数和海带生长测定数据,运用动态模拟手段,建立了一个数学模型,并利用视窗化模型软件Stella9.0TM构建和运行了上述模型,用来模拟和预测海带(Laminaria japonica)的生长过程.同时,对模拟值和实测值进行了相关性分析及其检验,结果表明,该模型较好地模拟了生长海带的长度和干重,可以为相关研究和管理提供服务.     

室内培育条件下青岛文昌鱼性腺的年周期发育

青岛文昌鱼(Branchiostoma japonicus)采自于青岛沙子口海区,在室内进行周年培育。每月采集样品,经测量、固定以及组织切片观察,研究了其周年卵巢和精巢的发育规律。结果表明,室内培育的文昌鱼一周年内全长没有明显变化,仅体质量在繁殖期即其性腺发育至Ⅴ期时有明显增大(P0.05=,精卵排空后则恢复原来体质量。文昌鱼1 a内在夏季6～7月繁殖1次,能自行排放卵和精子,排空后个体的卵巢或精巢,在适宜的条件下,经历Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ期的发育过程,进行下一轮的性腺发育。文昌鱼精巢在Ⅳ期前先于卵巢发育,两者在Ⅳ期前发育都不同步,精巢处于Ⅳ期时间较长,一般从3月持续到5月,而卵巢处于Ⅳ期一般是在4月～5月。     

眼斑拟石首鱼胚胎及仔鱼、稚鱼发育的初步观察

本文初步观察描述了眼斑拟石首鱼胚胎发育及仔鱼、稚鱼的形态特征。眼斑拟石首鱼的卵径平均为０．９５ｍｍ,大多数含１个油球,约＜１０×１０－２含２个油球,１ｃｍ３卵含量约１０００粒。受精卵在２３～２４．３℃约２６ｈ孵化出仔鱼。在２５℃条件下,前半个月仔鱼日增长约０．２ｍｍ,稚鱼期日增长约１．０ｍｍ,幼鱼期日增长约１．５ｍｍ。仔鱼鳍的发育顺序为尾鳍、臀鳍、背鳍和腹鳍,最后为胸鳍。     

Larval shell development of the toheroa,Paphies ventricosa (Gray, 1843) (Mactracea: Mesodesmatidae)

The larval shells of Paphies ventricosa, reared to settlement in the hatchery, are similar in longitudinal profile to shells of some other mactracean larvae; the umbo‐stage larval shells are nearly round with the anterior margin less broadly curved than the posterior margin, the anterior end is longer than the posterior end, and the umbo is broadly rounded. Straight‐hinge larvae had total lengths up to 149 μm, and total heights up to 126 μm, and umbo larvae had total lengths up to 320 μm, and total heights up to 282 μm. The larvae settled in about 22 days at a size of about 270 μm. The larval hinge structure bears some similarities to those of other mactracean larvae.