基于HJ-1B数据的雪盖提取方法研究——以军塘湖流域为例

 HJ-1A、1B卫星具有较高的时间和空间分辨率,适合小流域尺度的积雪动态监测研究。本文基于HJ-1B数据,选取军塘湖流域,针对同时具有HJ-1B/CCD、IRS数据和只有HJ-1B/CCD数据两种情况展开雪盖提取方法研究。对于第一种情况,因研究区南端有大面积森林覆盖,会影响雪像元识别,选用[WTBX]NDSI[WTBZ]和[WTBX][STBX]S3[WTBZ][STBZ]两种雪盖指数,并利用[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]或TM影像反演的林区辅助判识积雪。结果表明:当有植被信息辅助分类时,两种雪盖指数均能较好提取出森林覆盖区的积雪,且提取结果基本一致,精度较高。对于第二种情况,因无法计算雪盖指数,采用光谱与纹理信息结合的SVM法提取雪盖,提取的面积和精度与上述方法相比略低,但很接近,说明在缺少[WTBX]IRS[WTBZ]数据的情况下,仅利用CCD仍可提取出较为准确的雪盖,满足实际应用需求。     

应用MODIS卫星数据提取植被-温度-水分综合指数的研究

中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)覆盖可见光、近红外和热红外的36个波段,其波谱分辨率高、信息量丰富.通过分析MODIS数据的波谱特性以及植被和土壤的反射波谱特征,选用可见光波段(0.66 μm)、近红外波段(0.86 μm、1.24 μm)提取修正的土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)和归一化植被水分指数(NDWI);用两个热红外波段(8.6 μm、11 μm)反演植被冠层温度,并通过分析三者之间的耦合特征来提取反映植被水分状况的综合指标(VTWSI).用实测的植被水分数据和模拟的叶片等效水分厚度数据验证所提取的VTWSI值,拟合结果表明呈显著正相关,说明所提取的VTWSI可有效反映植被的水分状况.该项研究探讨了一种直接从卫星遥感数据提取植被水分指标的新方法,为研究干旱、半干旱地区的区域缺水提供简便途径.     

水体石油类污染中红外波段吸收特征分析

2008年5月21～26日在辽宁省盘锦市辽河油田境内的双台子河和绕阳河,沿河流采集了水体样本28个,并且利用取自辽河油田的稠油和稀油标样,以及污水处理厂自然污水,进行水槽配比试验,获取不同油浓度水体样本9个;在此基础上,利用红外分光光度计测定水样中的石油类污染浓度和其在3.04～.1μm(波数2 400～3 300 cm-1)波长范围内的透过率;采用朗伯-比尔(Lamber-Beer)定律,计算吸光度,分析有石油类污染水体在中红外波段3.0～4.1 μm(波数为2 400～3 300 cm-1)的吸收特征.研究结果表明:(1)水体石油类污染在中红外的吸收特征主要体现在3.3～3.7μm(2 700～3 000 cm-1)范围内,在3.0～3.3μm(2 400～2 700 cm-1)和3.7～4.1μm(3 000～3 300 cm-1)表现不明显;(2)在3.3～3.7μm(2 700～3 000 cm-1)范围内有两个吸收峰,较强的吸收峰约位于3.412 μm(2 925 cm-1)处,次强的吸收峰约位于3 502 nm(2 850 cm-1)处;(3)在3.3～3.7 μm(2 700～3 000 cm-1)范围内,随着波长变化,石油类物质吸收光谱曲线呈现规则的变化趋势,随着浓度的增加,吸收峰强度增强.本研究结果对于拓展中红外波段在探测水体油膜以及水环境和土壤石油类污染方面的应用可提供一定的参考.     

IRS - P6卫星LISS3图像数据质量评价

利用辐射精度、清晰度、信息量、信噪比、几何精度、地面分辨率6个数据质量评价指标,对LISS3与TM图像进行对比分析。研究结果表明,LISS3图像在地面分辨率和信噪比方面有显著提高,几何精度(均方根误差为0.28)小于1/2个像元,在绿(0.52~0.59μm)、红(0.62~0.68μm)和近红外(0.77~0.86μm)波段其辐射精度、清晰度、信息量均高于TM图像,在短波红外波段(1.55~1.70μm)相应指标略低于TM图像。分析LISS3在短波红外波段图像质量指标降低的原因,提出增加LISS3第5波段宽度、新增波长2.2~2.5μm的短波红外波段以改进LISS3传感器的波段参数。     

秸秆焚烧期间徐州市空气污染物时空分布特征分析

为研究秸秆焚烧对徐州市空气污染物时空分布的影响规律,针对2013年6月与10月两时段徐州市及周边地区的秸秆焚烧事件,利用卫星遥感火点数据、地基气溶胶监测数据及空气质量监测数据,进行时空统计分析;并结合后向轨迹模型,分析秸秆焚烧期间徐州市空气质量状况及污染物来源。研究揭示:1)徐州市空气质量指数的日波动性与秸秆焚烧事件显著相关,即秸秆焚烧事件对空气质量影响显著;2)PM10/SO2比值能反映秸秆焚烧对城市空气质量影响过程及强度,在徐州地区仍然适用;3)在特定的风力风向等气象条件下,周边地区的秸秆焚烧事件会对徐州市的空气质量产生影响;4)无论是否存在秸秆焚烧现象,徐州市区南部的空气质量状况都明显好于北部。     

应用MODIS卫星数据提取植被-温度-水分综合指数的研究

中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)覆盖可见光、近红外和热红外的36个波段，其波谱分辨率高、信息量丰富。通过分析MODIS数据的波谱特性以及植被和土壤的反射波谱特征，选用可见光波段(0．66μm)、近红外波段(0．86μm、1．24μm)提取修正的土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)和归一化植被水分指数(NDWI)；用两个热红外波段(8．6μm、11μm)反演植被冠层温度，并通过分析三者之间的耦合特征来提取反映植被水分状况的综合指标(VTWSI)。用实测的植被水分数据和模拟的叶片等效水分厚度数据验证所提取的VTWSI值，拟合结果表明呈显著正相关，说明所提取的VTWSI可有效反映植被的水分状况。该项研究探讨了一种直接从卫星遥感数据提取植被水分指标的新方法。为研究干旱、半干旱地区的区域缺水提供简便途径。     

玛多县高原湿地变化及其驱动因素分析

利用青海省三江源区玛多县1990年前后Landsat TM影像、2000年前后Landsat ETM+影像和2010年前后HJ-1A/B卫星影像以及DEM和地形图等,建立玛多县湿地分类体系;目视解译提取湿地信息;利用湿地解译结果和湿地类型面积转移矩阵,对玛多县近20a来湿地面积的变化进行评价;结合气象数据和统计数据初步...     

基于神经网络的超光谱热红外辐射传输模型快速算法

基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络技术设计了一种新的超光谱热红外大气辐射传输模型快速算法,通过模拟实验,确定神经网络样本和输入输出数据,并对典型波段训练出相应的多层神经网络,用于快速计算超光谱热红外大气顶部辐射传输亮度.实验中分别训练了9 μm、10 μm和12μm波长处相应的神经网络,实验结果表明所建算法不仅具有较高的计算精度,而且每个波长对应亮温的计算速度比利用4A模型的计算速度最多可提高100倍以上,同时,在波段的选择上也具有更高的灵活性.     

卫星反演太阳紫外辐射数据产品在东疆黑戈壁区域的适用性验证

论文利用2017年东疆哈密地区红柳河黑戈壁地面高精度紫外辐射实测数据与美国NASA Langely研究中心大气科学数据中心提供的CERES_SYN1 deg_Ed4A产品数据,对卫星反演的紫外辐射A、B波段(UVA和UVB)数据在该地区的适用性进行了对比验证。结果表明：① 在日尺度上,该地区地面实测紫外辐射UVA和UVB与卫星反演数据之间的相关系数达0.9以上,其中在全天空情况下UVA平均偏差为1.15 W·m ^-2、UVB 平均偏差为0.03 W·m ^-2,晴天条件下UVA和UVB的平均偏差分别为0.93 W·m ^-2和0.03 W·m ^-2;② 在季节尺度上,实测和卫星反演UVA和UVB的偏差夏季最大,分别为2.04 W·m ^-2和0.05 W·m ^-2,春冬两季次之,秋季最小;③ 红柳河地区在春夏两季受到气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)影响较大,呈现显著负相关;④ 云量越大,紫外辐射削弱程度越大,在多云条件下地面实测与卫星反演UVA与UVB偏差最大,分别为1.73 W·m ^-2和0.05 W·m ^-2。     

哈尔滨沙尘沉降物物源敏感粒度组分的提取及来源分析

采用粒级-标准偏差算法对哈尔滨2006年3月10日沙尘沉降物进行了物源区敏感粒度组分的提取,获得各来源组分的粒级范围和含量,并进一步分析了不同粒级成因组分的来源.研究认为:1)19.2 μm是哈尔滨2006年沙尘天气颗粒短期悬浮和长期悬浮之界限,而152.4 μm是沙尘颗粒悬浮搬运的粒径上限.2)20 μm作为粉尘物质短期悬浮颗粒与长期悬浮颗粒之界限具有普遍性,而悬浮载荷的粒径上限则与一定的风力条件和地表状况密切相关.3)沙尘沉降物包含4个物源区组分,粒径范围分别为:<1 μm(组分1)、1～19.2 μm(组分2)、19.2～152.4 μm(组分3)和>152.4 μm(组分4).前2个组分属长期悬浮组分,其中组分1代表大气粉尘的本底值;组分2代表非本地源的远距离外源输入,可能与高空气流的搬运有关,包括甘肃和内蒙古在内的半干旱地区为哈尔滨沙尘提供了一定量的粉尘物质;组分3为短期悬浮组分,主要是区域内部沙尘天气产生,松散地表裸土是该组分的重要物源;组分4为跳跃或滚动组分,源于近源物质堆积,是就地起沙.4)哈尔滨2006年沙尘天气外源输入约占63.8%,近源和内源输入占36.2%.松散地表裸土的治理仍是哈尔滨防治沙尘天气的工作重点.     

2014—2019年中国秸秆焚烧火点的地理特征分析

客观、精细地刻画秸秆火点的地理空间分布特征,对科学引导作物秸秆焚烧和提高行政监管效率具有重要意义。基于2014—2019年中国区域内Satsee-Fire火点数据集和地形、社会经济数据建立的中国秸秆火点数据库和自然-人口-经济数据库,本研究采用GIS分析工具和数理统计方法,剖析了中国秸秆火点在地形、公共交通和人口-经济三方面7个因子之下的空间格局特征,结果表明：① 秸秆焚烧现象集中发生在高程低于250 m、坡度低于8°的区域,而位于北向坡和南向坡的秸秆火点数分别占总数的42.65%、37.36%。② 秸秆焚烧现象在机场和铁路禁燃区内呈不同的空间格局特征。距机场愈远秸秆焚烧行为愈普遍,机场禁燃区的秸秆焚烧有近六成发生在距机场11~15 km处;而铁路禁燃区内的秸秆火点分布较为均衡,总体呈内部圈层较外部区域略微密集态势,空间上火点密度整体随纬度增加而逐步增加,山西、内蒙古、河北及东三省铁路禁燃区火点数占总数的76.88%。③ 近七成的秸秆火点发生在人口密度低于250人/km2的县域,而58.17%的秸秆火点发生在年GDP低于100亿元的县域;秸秆焚烧现象与县域人口密度、GDP水平存在负相关关系,即县域人口密度愈大、县域经济愈发达,发生秸秆焚烧的现象愈为鲜见。     

Incremental aggradation on the Okavango Delta-fan,Botswana

Distributary channel switching is a relatively frequent event in the upper reaches of the Okavango Delta-fan, Botswana. This phenomenon was investigated by means of detailed topographic surveys and excavations along an abandoned channel and depth probing along an active channel system. This work has confirmed that channel switching is the result of aggradation within the channel systems. Initially, new channel systems are erosive but later in their evolution both channel bed and adjacent swamp (peat) areas begin to aggrade. This phase leads to a change in channel gradient and causes the channel to become moribund. Abandonment follows with consequent desiccation of the peat. Burning of the peat completes the cycle of the channel evolution, the entire process taking about one hundred years under present flow conditions. The intial aggradation phase results in the accumulation of about 4 m of peat, but net aggradation after collapse of the peat following a peat fire is 30–40 cm. channel beds probably also experience about 4 m of aggradation, as measured from the eroded, channel floor. After a peat fire, the channel bed sands remain elevated by about 1 m relative to the surrounding, burnt out peat. As a result of the collapse of the peat, the abandoned area becomes available for reflooding.     

灌溉与施氮对留茬免耕春小麦产量、水分利用效率及氮肥表观利用效率的影响

在甘肃省石羊河流域绿洲灌区,研究了不同灌溉量(常规灌溉327 mm、节水20%灌溉261 mm和节水40%灌溉196 mm)和施氮量(0、140、221 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2)对留茬免耕春小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量、收获指数、水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率的影响。结果表明,在各施氮处理中,春小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量、收获指数随灌溉量增加而增加,水分利用效率和氮素利用效率随灌溉量增加先增加后降低。节水20%灌溉的水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率最高。就各灌溉水平平均值而言,当施氮达到221 kg·hm-2,春小麦籽粒产量(6 365 kg\5hm-2)、收获指数 (0.49)、水分利用效率 (14.51 kg·mm-1·hm-2) 和氮素表观利用效率(21.8%)达到最大值。在与该试验条件相似地区,综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率,节水20%灌溉和221 kg·hm-2施氮量为最优组合。     

Channel and woody debris characteristics in adjacent burned and unburned watersheds a decade after wildfire, Park County, Wyoming

Large variability in responses of stream sediment and large woody debris (LWD) to severe fire has limited the accurate prediction of the magnitude and duration of fire effects on streams. Conditions in one Absaroka Range stream that was severely burned in 1988 were compared to those in an adjacent, undisturbed stream to improve understanding of fire effects on channel and LWD characteristics beyond the first few years. Ten reaches of each stream were sampled during summer 1999.Average bankfull channel width was greater in burned Jones Creek than in unburned Crow Creek. LWD frequency and overall frequency of LWD accumulations were greater in Crow Creek than Jones Creek. Debris-jam frequency was greater in Jones Creek after accounting for differences in the frequency of pieces with length greater than channel width. Larger piece size and better anchoring contributed to more frequent, small accumulations of LWD in Crow Creek. Differences between streams in LWD frequency are consistent with greater mobility of debris in burned Jones Creek. LWD-associated fine-sediment deposits were thicker but less frequent along Jones Creek than Crow Creek.     

东北三江平原全新世火演化及其与植被和气候的关系

通过勤得利泥炭剖面碳屑、花粉记录,重建东北三江平原地区全新世火演化与植被变化的历史;研究火演化与植被、气候的关系;探讨人类火活动及其环境效应的信息。三江平原最近9700aB.P.以来,疏林草原植被时期(9200-8500aB.P.)和疏林植被时期(9700-9200aB.P.)对应了暖干气候阶段,碳屑浓度出现峰值,而湿润时期的碳屑浓度均很低。显示在暖干气候阶段,火灾发生的频次高、强度大;湿润或相对湿润阶段。火灾力度相对较小或频次较低。同时,自然植被状况和植物类型同样制约了天然火发生的频次和强度。20世纪50年代三江平原开发与垦荒对火演化和环境产生重要影响。     

不同施肥对黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田玉米产量及土壤硝态氮积累影响的初步研究

在黑河中游边缘绿洲的沙地农田进行不同施肥对玉米产量及土壤硝态氮积累的试验研究表明,有机肥与化肥配合施用增加作物产量。不同肥料处理,玉米籽粒产量由高到低的顺序依次为NPK3M1（高量氮磷钾肥低量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-225-15 000 kg·hm-2）>NPK2M2（中量氮磷钾肥中量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,225-135-135-22 500 kg·hm-2）>NPK3（高量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-225-0 kg·hm-2）>NP1M3（低量氮磷肥高量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-0-30 000 kg·hm-2）>NP3（高量氮磷肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-0-0 kg·hm-2)>NPK1M3（低量氮磷钾肥高量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-90-30 000 kg·hm-2）>NPK2（中量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,225-135-135-0 kg·hm-2）>NPK1（低量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-90-0 kg·hm-2）>M3（单施有机肥:N-P2O5-K2O-M,0-0-0-30 000 kg·hm-2）。高量氮磷钾肥配合低量有机肥处理玉米产量最高,单施有机肥处理产量最低。与只施有机肥处理相比,各处理产量分别增加37.68%、33.43%、28.32%、25.10%、24.60%、23.84%、21.46%、11.30%。在不施有机肥的3个氮磷钾施肥处理中,玉米产量和氮肥农学利用效率（AE）随施肥量的增加而增加,但当施肥量超过225-135-135 kg·hm-2（N-P2O5-K2O）时,玉米产量和AE不再随施肥量的增加而增加。与不施有机肥处理不同,在氮磷钾配施有机肥的3个处理中,AE随化肥施用量的增加而减少,有机肥的施用使得化肥利用效率增加。不同施肥处理对土壤硝态氮的积累与分布有显著的影响,土壤硝态氮受土壤质地影响主要分布于0~40 cm土壤层次内,与化肥单施相比,有机肥导致土壤中硝态氮的积累。因此,从持续农业发展及保护生态环境等方面考虑,有机无机肥配合施用是增加绿洲农田土壤生产力,维持和提高土壤质量的有效途径,与当地农户普遍采用的施肥量相比,有机无机配施的情况下,适度减少化肥投入33%是合理的施肥对策。     

创新资源协同空间联系与区域经济增长——基于中国省域数据的实证分析

以中国31个省域为空间样本,运用趋势面、引力模型和探索性空间数据分析法研究中国创新资源协同空间联系的动态变化特征,通过构建创新资源协同势能与区域经济增长空间面板计量模型,实证探讨创新资源协同空间联系与区域经济增长关系。研究结果表明：2003~2014年中国各省域创新资源协同状况整体呈现“东南高,西北低”的空间分布特征;创新资源协同空间联系呈现显著的区域不平衡性,空间网络结构分布格局变化显著：从简单雏形逐渐发育为“鸡爪型”、多核心复杂化的“网络型”空间结构;创新资源协同势能呈现显著的空间正相关,主要向东部沿海地区集聚;实证结果显示中国区域经济增长存在显著的空间溢出效应,创新资源协同空间联系对区域经济增长表现出显著的促进效应,可以通过直接效应、间接效应和总效应空间溢出促进区域经济增长。     

Mapping fire regimes in China using MODIS active fire and burned area data

Relatively little is known about vegetation fire regimes in China. In this study, we investigated fire regime characteristics and their potential drivers, utilizing information extracted from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) satellite. Twelve fire regime variables were selected and computed on a regular grid over all of China, using MODIS burned area and active fire data during the period 2001 to 2016, to identify fire incidence and its inter-annual variability, seasonality, intensity, fire size distribution and vegetation types affected by fire. The variables were normalized and clustered to define six fire regimes with distinctive fire attributes. Results show that 78.6% of the land in China was affected by fire during the study period. The barren or sparsely vegetated lands of western China are nearly fire-free. Active fires were observed in Central China, but area burned was not detectable from MODIS. Forest fires in northeastern China are relatively large, infrequent, with a short fire season that peaks in non-winter seasons and higher inter-annual variability, implying a high likelihood of accidental causes. In contrast, forest fires in southern China are relatively small, frequent, with a long fire season that peaks in non-summer seasons, and lower inter-annual variability, suggesting regular use as a land management tool. Low inter-annual variability and low fire intensity were associated with cropland fires, whereas grassland fires generally exhibit the opposite traits. We have also discussed the potential drivers of each fire regime characteristics.     

两种覆盖方式下的土壤溶液盐分含量变化

利用定期取表层土样测定其电导率和在不同深度埋设盐分传感器探头的方法，在作物生长季节内，监测了秸杆覆盖和地膜覆盖农田不同深度的土壤溶液含盐量变化。结果为：（1）土壤表层盐分含量和10cm深土壤溶液含盐量的变化规律为，未灌水期间迅速增加；灌水时急剧降低。秸杆覆盖和覆膜可明显抑制盐分的累积，使整个生育期内土壤盐分含量波动幅度变小。其中覆膜处理抑制土壤盐分累积的作用最大。（2）30cm深土壤溶液含盐量的变化为灌水降低，未灌水时升高。秸杆覆盖处理在灌头水后含盐量虽有波动，但总体上呈下降趋势；覆膜处理在灌头水后一直处于很低的含盐水平。（3）60cm深土壤溶液含盐量变化幅度小于其上土层。秸杆覆盖增强了灌水对60cm土壤溶液含盐量的降低作用，并抑制了后期土壤溶液含盐量增加。覆膜减少了灌水对60cm深土壤溶液含盐量的降低幅度，也抑制了未灌水期间含盐量的增加。     

Increases in fire risk due to warmer summer temperatures and wildland urban interface changes do not necessarily lead to more fires

Forest fire frequency in Mediterranean countries is expected to increase with land cover and climate changes as temperatures rise and rainfall patterns are altered. Although the cause of many Mediterranean fires remains poorly defined, most fires are of anthropogenic origin and are located in the wildland urban interface (WUI), so fire ignition risk depends on both weather and land cover characteristics. The objectives of this study were to quantify the overall trends in forest fire risk in the WUI of the Alpes-Maritimes department in SE France over a period of almost 50 years (about 1960–2009) and relate these to changes in land cover and temperature changes. Land cover for two contrasting reference catchments (236 km² and 289 km², respectively) was mapped from available aerial photographs. Changes in fire risk over time were estimated using statistical relationships defined for each type of WUI, where isolated and scattered housing present a greater risk than dense and very dense housing. Summer monthly temperatures and spring and summer precipitation were quantified over the same temporal period as land cover. Finally, trends in fire frequency and burned area were analyzed over a shorter 37 year period (1973–2009) due to the lack of available fire data before 1973. Fire risk associated with WUI expansion increased by about 18%–80% over the 1960–2009 period (depending on the catchment). Similarly, mean summer minimum and maximum monthly temperatures increased by 1.8 °C and 1.4 °C, respectively, over the same period. Summer rainfall appears to decrease over time since about the 1970's but remains highly variable. Land cover and weather changes both suggest an overall increase in fire risk. However, the number of fires and burned area have decreased significantly since about 1990. This paradoxical result is due to a change in fire-fighting strategy which reinforced the systematic extinction of fires in their early stages. Technical support in the form of improved radio communication and helicopters contributed greatly to reducing fire frequency and burned area. Surveillance and legal reforms included the introduction of field patrols and restricted access to forests during high risk periods. Although this has proven highly successful in the short term, the risk of fuel load accumulation over time remains a risk which might contribute to the development of mega-fires in extreme climatic conditions in the future.