Geothermal study of reunion island: Audiomagnetotelluric survey

In 1979 and 1980, 535 magnetotelluric soundings using a frequency range of 1700 Hz-8 Hz were performed on the island of Réunion for geothermal exploration.Few direct hot-water discharges were observed. Consequently, geophysical methods, particularly the audiomagnetotelluric method, were used extensively. Favourable geological conditions for this method were encountered and the results, which were controlled using classical electrical methods on test areas, suggest an unusual distribution of resistivities for lava flows situated above suspected geothermal areas. These layers progressively decrease in resistivity down to a very conductive layer. In areas where these conductive layers were nearest the surface, detailed studies were carried out showing a close correlation between decreasing resistivity and increasing hydrothermal alteration. In addition, gradient wells reveal high geothermal gradients in such areas. The conductive layers revealed by audiomagnetotelluric soundings seem to correlate with thermal effects creating progressive hydrothermal alteration from an inferred hot-water reservoir up toward the surface.     

地震作用下横断层地质金属成矿带电法找矿成果研究

深部矿产资源勘探是未来勘探的必然趋势.地震作用下的横断层地质构造对金属矿、 能源矿等矿产资源的分布具有重要影响,拥有较大的找矿潜力.对于地震作用下横断层地质等条件复杂的场合,采用高密度电阻率法、 激发极化法和可控源音频大地电磁法等单一电法勘探可能存在找矿效果不佳的问题,有必要研究更为有效的找矿技术方法.首先阐述了激发极化法、CSAMT法等电法勘探的基本内容和各自优缺点;然后,在分析地震作用下横断层地质特征的基础上,研究并提出了基于激发极化法和CSAMT的综合找矿法.基于激发极化法和CSAMT的综合找矿法能有效反映地下地电差异,在大深度范围有效反应地电断面电阻、 极化率参数,互相校正验证;结合已有地质物探资料,推断地下异常,提高横断层的金属矿产勘探效率和效果.将本文的研究成果应用于某横断层地质区域的金属矿勘探实践,取得了良好的勘探效果.实践表明本文所提方法有效、 可行.     

Detection of crustal inhomogeneity in the Nojima Fault zone using earth current noise

Abstract A resistivity survey method using artificial telluric noise was examined and applied to a field of a fault zone. The electric earth current was measured at 50 sites in the Nojima Fault zone, which is in the northwestern part of Awaji Island, southwestern Japan. The dominant component of the observed electric field is supposed to be leakage currents from DC electric railways running outside the island. Amplitude and polarization of the stray current were systematically investigated and were revealed to represent the subsurface electrical structure of the study area. Some features on the fault zone's electrical structure have been pointed out, including: (i) an electrical boundary that corresponds to a geological one between granite (resistive) and sediments (conductive); and (ii) a low resistivity spot on the surface rupture of the earthquake fault. The structure estimated in the present study is both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with previous resistivity surveys done using other methods pursued in the same area. It shows the validity of the 'stray current method' as one that is easy and uses low-cost resistivity exploration tools in a region where the effect of artificial noise caused mainly by leakage currents from electrical railways cannot be ignored.     

电震联合法在涪陵裂隙溶洞调查中的应用研究

涪陵页岩气勘查开发区内地层以碳酸盐岩为主,地下存在裂隙、溶洞、暗河等是该区要识别、防范的重要地质隐患.本文分析了音频大地电磁法(AMT)探测和浅层纵波反射地震勘探法的特点,明确了不同方法对裂隙溶洞调查的优缺点,认为电震联合裂隙溶洞调查的方法是获得区内异常构造与电阻率、波阻抗对应关系的有效途径.通过两个应用实例,解析区内...     

第四纪沉积区断层及其上断点探测的地震方法技术——以银川隐伏活动断层为例

地震勘探方法是隐伏断层探测的一种有效的地球物理探测手段,而地震勘探的探测参数是影响探测效果和断层定位精度的主要因素.本文以银川市活断层探测的浅层地震勘探资料为例,并结合石油地震勘探剖面结果和钻孔地质资料,阐述了在第四纪覆盖层较厚的地区,由深至浅追踪目标断层形态和确定断层上断点空间位置的方法技术.结果表明,采用高分辨率地震勘探和钻孔地质剖面相结合的探测方法是确定隐伏断层位置、判定断层活动性的有效方法.     

A conceptual model of the copper–porphyry ore formation based on joint analysis of deep 3D geophysical models: Sorskoe complex (Russia) case study

Joint analysis of deep three-dimensional models of the electrical resistivity, seismic velocity, and density of the complex hosting the Sorskoe Cu–Mo deposit (Russia) is carried out aimed at finding geophysical markers characterizing the areas of ore generation, transportation and deposition. The three-dimensional lithology model of the study area is built based on the empirical relationship between the silica content of the rocks and seismic velocities. It is in agreement with geological and geochemical studies provided in this area earlier and could be used as a basis for forecasting locations of the copper–molybdenum ore deposits at depth. A conceptual model of the copper–porphyry complex explaining the mechanisms of ore generation, transportation from the lower to the upper crust and deposition in the upper crust is suggested. In particular, it is supposed that post-magmatic supercritical gas–water ore-bearing fluids are upwelling through the plastic crust due to the sliding of the fluid films along the cleavage planes of the foliated rocks while at the depths of the brittle upper crust this mechanism could be changed by volumetric fluid transportation along the network of large pores and cracks.     

Application of 2D magnetotelluric methods in a geological complex area, Xinjiang, China

Magnetotelluric (MT) data along two profiles were collected in Tulargen Cu-Ni mining area, Xinjiang, China. The MT profiles, crossing the known ore-bearing magmatic body, are interpreted to have further understanding of the ore-bearing magmatic bodies' stretch and shape in depth, and to evaluate the prospect in the mining area. The values of phase sensitivity skewness indicate a contaminated two-dimensional (2D) structure (there exist local three-dimensional (3D) structures at shallow level) over 3D structures. G-B decomposition of the impedance tensors indicates the dominant geoelectrical strike in survey area is in East-West direction. To obtain reliable electrical structures, four different 2D inversion codes as REBOCC, NLCG, OCCAM, and ABIC are adopted, inversions of a synthetic 3D model using these codes indicate TM data are more suitable to invert the electrical structures along the profiles in Tulargen Cu-Ni mining area, while TE and TE + TM inversions can be used to verify the transverse variation of electrical structures at shallow level. The 2D electrical structures show high-resistivity basement covered by relatively low-resistivity strata in the mining area, the conductive anomalies are imbedded in the upper covers. The known ore-bearing magmatic body is coincided with the positions of two conductive anomalies in both profiles at shallow level; its extension at depth is deduced according to the shapes of the anomalies. Other conductive anomalies, isolated and existing only at limited depth as the known ore-bearing magmatic body, are presumed of good prospect.     

南海天然气水合物远景区海洋可控源电磁探测试验

为了测试我国自主设计与研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能及其在水合物探测中的适用性,本文从海洋可控源电磁法基本原理出发,首先根据试验海域水合物地质特征,建立简化地电模型开展理论研究,确定海洋可控源电磁试验的技术方案;利用研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器,在南海天然气水合物远景区开展探测试验,首次获得了我国深水海域的海洋可控源电磁数据.通过对采集数据进行处理与反演,获得了试验剖面的海底电性结构模型,揭示了4号测点下方存在一个50m厚的高阻层,其电阻率为25Ωm、顶部埋深为181m,为该区天然气水合物调查提供了有价值的电性参考资料.研究结果表明,自主研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能达到了预期的设计指标,这标志着我国海洋可控源电磁探测技术向实用化进程迈出了重要一步.     

三维CSAMT法非结构化网格有限元数值模拟

考虑到可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)电偶极发射源与地下介质的三维结构特点,本文采用非结构化网格剖分技术,开展了三维CSAMT方法有限元数值模拟研究,将三维电磁场的背景场和异常场分别求解,避免了电偶极发射源的奇异性问题,并减小了计算区域.推导了三维异常电场遵循的有限元方程,加入散度条件进行约束以消除电场伪解;对非结构化网格单元采用高斯加权平均算法,得到了精度较高的异常磁场.针对层状介质模型,与积分方程法对比,验证了有限元算法的正确性;计算分析了典型三维地质模型的电磁响应,异常体反映明显.结果表明本文算法正确、可靠,适用于三维地质模型的CSAMT方法正反演研究.     

关于兰州市“刘家堡断裂”的地震勘探研究

各种地质调查方法的综合研究证明,兰州市所谓的“刘家堡断裂”实际上应该是兰州七里河向斜盆地的北部边界.采用适合于百米以内地震勘探的观测系统,主要探测“刘家堡断裂”沿线浅部岩层变化情况,通过分析4个场地的浅层地震剖面,阐述了勘探场地附近地震图像的特征及其所反映的七里河向斜盆地西北边缘的构造趋势.地震勘探认为,向斜构造界线两侧岩层物理性质差异明显,地震反射剖面对比反映出“刘家堡断裂”与“深沟桥断裂”交汇的部位褶皱变形非常剧烈.总之,兰州盆地内部地质构造复杂,地震勘探的正确解释是建立在对地质构造正确认识的基础上的.     

综合物探方法在滑坡地质勘探中的应用研究

综合物探方法在滑坡等地质灾害的勘探中发挥着重要的技术作用。这里以河南省某地滑坡勘探为例,利用高密度电阻率法和地质雷达法等综合物探方法,分析两种物探方法的技术原理、联合解释,并结合地质钻探、地质调查等资料,查明该场地滑坡体的分布情况。结果表明,综合物探方法能有效地减少物探的多解性,提高成果解释精度,其综合物探解释成果与地质情况较为吻合,显示出综合物探方法在滑坡等地质灾害勘探中的重要作用。最后,对综合物探方法及综合解释进行了简要的总结和展望。      

Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Approaches for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Monitoring on Land

Electromagnetic methods that utilize controlled sources have been applied for natural resource exploration for more than a century. Nevertheless, concomitant with the recent adoption of marine controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) by the hydrocarbon industry, the overall usefulness of CSEM methods on land has been questioned within the industry. Truly, there are few published examples of land CSEM surveys carried out completely analogously to the current marine CSEM standard approach of towing a bipole source across an array of stationary receivers, continuously transmitting a low-frequency signal and interpreting the data in the frequency domain. Rather, different sensitivity properties of different exploration targets in diverse geological settings, gradual advances in theoretical understanding, acquisition and computer technology, and different schools in different parts of the world have resulted in a sometimes confusing multitude of land-based controlled-source EM surveying approaches. Here, I aim to review previous and present-day approaches, and provide reasoning for their diversity. I focus on surface-based techniques while excluding airborne EM and well logging and on applications for hydrocarbon exploration. Attempts at the very demanding task of using onshore controlled-source EM for reservoir monitoring are shown, and the possible future potential of EM monitoring is discussed.     

电阻率层析成像和激电测深对栾川铅锌矿的联合勘探

在栾川铅锌矿的物探工作中，采用了电阻率层析成像和激电测深两种方法，电阻率层析成像法采用温纳装置或偶极装置，电极数量和极距视情况而定，主要调查工作区内隐伏构造情况，激电测深采用对称四极测深法，最小AB／2距为3M，最大AB／2距为500M，主要研究激电测深参数的变化规律，对于含矿构造而言，激电参数呈异常高值反映，视极化率在15－40％，两种方法的联合应用，具有快速而准确的特点，在探矿工作中取得了良好的效果。     

海洋天然气水合物可控源电磁法的响应特征:一维正演模拟

We discuss the feasibility of using controlled-source electromagnetic （CSEM） in the frequency domain for prospecting marine gas hydrates. Based on the Ocean Drilling Program （ODP） Leg 164 log data, we have established several 1-D resistivity models which have different gas hydrate concentrations. Meanwhile, we analyzed the electromagnetic response of marine gas hydrates in the frequency domain based on these models. We also studied the relationship between electrical field magnitude or phase and parameters such as receiver-transmitter distance and frequency. Our numerical modeling results provide us with a quantitative reference for exploration and resource evaluation of marine gas hydrates.     

宁芜地区地质——地球物理综合探矿模型

本文在从事多年综合物探方法找矿的基础上,结合宁芜地区地质矿产及其地球化学特征,总结出了一套地质——地球物理综合探矿模型:用高精度磁测查明断裂构造,圈定矿体和矿化体异常带,利用电法对成矿有利地段的地球化学异常开展激发极化法异常查证,配合电测深和电磁测深法查明异常体的地下展布,合理布置钻探工作。利用该探矿模型在尖山～荞麦山勘查区取得了较好的找矿效果,对宁芜地区寻找多金属矿有较好的指导意义。     

Methane hydrates in controlled-source electromagnetic surveys – analysis of a recent data example

Data from a recently acquired sea-bed logging deep-water survey are analysed for resistive bodies at depths below mudline shallower than about 300 m. A model consistent with known methane hydrate properties is found to explain near-offset structures over an offset scale of a few hundred metres observed in the data. The lateral near-seabed resolution of the sea-bed logging method was determined to less than 100 m for source frequencies of up to 10 Hz. The importance of accurate hydrate maps to improve data processing is demonstrated by placing synthetic reservoirs below hydrates and observing their effects on reference model processing. The phase is shown to be less perturbed by shallow resistors than the amplitude, which is an important quality control of standard anomaly maps. While patchy shallow resistors can generally be mapped with simple normalized magnitude-versus-offset and phase-versus-offset difference analyses, large area distributions of hydrates over kilometres are hard to distinguish from deeper structures using controlled-source electromagnetic data only, short of conducting a full 3D inversion of a sufficiently large survey. Beyond, the study confirms the applicability of controlled-source electromagnetic techniques in general to map shallow resistive structures for drilling hazards and possible future exploration of methane hydrates as an energy source.     

九江-瑞昌矿集区的3D结构及对区域找矿的启示

本文分析了九瑞地区重、磁场的分布特征.运用最新的方法技术对已有的重磁资料重新进行处理:采用重磁多尺度边缘检测方法,对九瑞矿集区区域重力和航磁数据进行了边缘检测,并根据检测结果重新厘定了断裂系统的展布位置.在整理、分析九瑞地区地质、地层物性资料的基础上,对实测的1∶5万重磁数据进行较细致的准三维反演.同时将重磁三维物性反演应用到岩浆岩空间结构研究中,获得了矿集区地层结构及岩浆岩三维空间形态特征.根据反演所得磁化率强弱,分析了岩体的基性程度,为寻找与火山岩、侵入岩体有关的金属矿产提供了指示信息.最终建立的模型给出了地下地层的分布特征、控矿构造的展布规律、与成矿相关岩体的三维形态以及已知矿点的空间分布特征,为在九瑞矿集区的深部寻找隐伏矿体提供了新的信息.     

Airborne geophysical prospecting for ultramafite associated talc, Altermark, northern Norway

Talc-rich rocks in Altermark occur as rims around magnetite bearing serpentinite lenses which are up to about 1 km wide. The content of magnetite in the serpentinite makes magnetic measurements possible as a method for talc-prospecting. In 1991 a helicopter-borne geophysical survey combined with geological and petrophysical mapping was carried out in the Altermark area. Several positive magnetic anomalies were detected. Positive magnetic anomalies with oval shapes, well defined boundaries and smooth anomaly curves were interpreted to be caused by serpentinite lenses. Laboratory measurements revealed susceptibilities for the serpentinites between 0.006−0.36 SI and a Q-value of approximately 0.3. Magnetic modelling of the Nakkan anomaly and subsequent drilling revealed that it was indeed a serpentinite body surrounded by talc rocks which was the cause of the anomaly. The shallowest part was located about 150 m below surface. The geophysical exploration led to the discovery of a talc-carbonate deposit with an anticipated in situ tonnage of more than 1 million tons. The present study consequently proved to be a classical case study where we were able to locate and establish the three-dimensional form of serpentinite bodies associated with talc deposits. We conclude that helicopter-borne geophysical surveying is an effective tool in the exploration of serpentinite cored talc bearing rocks in complex geological areas where exposures are poor or absent and accessibility difficult. The rough topography and dense vegetation in the Altermark area make this type of survey very cost effective.     

大地电磁局部畸变异常特征三维数值模拟研究

局部畸变问题曾经困扰大地电磁资料反演解释几十年,大地电磁三维数值模拟技术的发展为剖析局部畸变特点和得到可靠的反演成像结果提供了技术基础。本文采用三维数值模拟成像方法对典型三维局部畸变模型进行模拟分析。三维数值模拟结果显示:电场分量垂直电性分界面的极化模式视电阻率曲线(对应二维情况下TM模式)在穿越低阻异常体界面时,曲线会先上移后下移,而在穿越高阻异常体界面时,曲线会先下移后上移,这与电性分界面处积累面电荷产生的二次电场有关。三维模型中XY模式、YX模式视电阻率和相位在三维异常体附近的水平变化是呈现近似垂向对称的,该现象与电场垂直跨越电性界面时视电阻率的变化规律是吻合的,当测线分别沿X方向和Y方向展布时,三维情况下的XY和YX模式分别对应二维情况下的TM模式。低阻小异常体对区域构造响应的畸变影响比高阻小异常体要严重。低阻小异常体对二维区域响应的两种极化模式视电阻率和相位都有非常明显的畸变影响,相比较而言对TE模式的畸变要大于TM模式,因此我们在做二维反演解释时,可优先考虑拟合TM模式数据。位于小异常体中心上方测点的三维畸变响应虽然与对应真实二维区域响应的差异比较大,但可以等效于某种二维模型响应,这种由局部畸变造成的假二维响应在实际野外数据的解释中是需要注意的。      

LONG-OFFSET TRANSIENT EM SOUNDING NORTH OF THE RHINE-RUHR COAL DISTRICT,GERMANY1

During the past two decades electromagnetic methods have been increasingly applied to problems in hydrocarbon exploration. It has been shown that EM methods achieve satisfactory results which can be supplementary to results of the seismic method. We extend the application of the Long-Offset Transient ElectroMagnetic Sounding (lotem ) to exploration problems in the coal mining industry. A survey was conducted north of the Rhine-Ruhr coal district using a grounded dipole source and receivers laid out along several profile lines giving areal coverage. The strong noise from cultural as well as natural electromagnetic sources was reduced using prestack data processing techniques resulting in reliable data with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The interpretation is self-consistent and matches the well logs and the geological information of the area quite well. The high station density permitted the mapping of the top of the Carboniferous formation to a depth of between 800 and 1000 m below surface.