Analysis of the evolution of road tunnels equilibrium conditions with a convergence–confinement approach

Since both lining structure and rock mass exhibit delayed behaviour, tunnel equilibrium conditions evolve with time. After discussing existing work done on different aspects of long-term tunnel behaviour, the aim of this paper is to “understand” the influence of rock mass and lining degradations on the long-term stability conditions of the tunnel by means of the convergence–confinement method. In order to represent the effects of degradation on tunnel long-term conditions, specific degradation models are selected according to the disorders identified during principal inspections of road tunnels in Switzerland. By simulating the reduction of the mechanical properties of both the rock mass and the lining or by using creep models, it is possible to assess the influence of the main degradation processes on tunnel stability. The results are interpreted in terms of tunnel safety factor. The presented approach for the determination of the long-term behaviour of tunnels, although valid for simple tunnel geometry and field stress conditions, allows to roughly estimate the influence of significant degradation processes that affect the rock mass and the supporting structure. Though this approach results in some simplification, it may be generalised and adopted with more refined numerical analyses for improving the assessment of tunnel long-term conditions.     

A coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical application for subway tunnel

Subway tunnels and their surrounding geotechnical media are taken as an entirety, namely, tunnel-geomaterial system (TGS), and the stability and durability of the subway tunnels are subjected to the responses of the TGS to the thermal (T), hydraulic (H) and mechanical (M) loadings and their coupled effects. Modeling of the coupled THM processes that occur in the TGS are important for reliably assessing and predicting the performance of subway tunnels. Therefore, a numerical model of coupling the THM processes in the TGS is developed incorporating the equilibrium, motion, constitutive and compatibility equations. The proposed model considers full coupling between the thermal (temperature variation), hydraulic (water seepage), mechanical (subsidence) processes and changes in the material properties, such as stress-strain relation, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and hydraulic conductivity. The developed model is validated through comparisons of field tests, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Favorable agreement between the modeling results and the compared data verifies the capability of the developed model to well describe the THM behavior of subway tunnels in the TGS and their evolutions.     

偏压状态下非对称连拱隧道有限元分析

非对称连拱隧道是一种特殊隧道,具有几何不对称、结构不对称等复杂的力学特征。而非对衬连拱隧道的修筑不可避免要穿越偏压地形,偏压地形又会对隧道的受力状态产生较大的影响。采用有限元单元法对偏压地形条件下非对称连拱隧道进行数值模拟分析,根据大洞径隧洞和小洞径隧洞的左右位置不同的情况下围岩及衬砌结构受力变形特点,得出在偏压状态下非对称连拱隧道中的小隧道应设计在埋深大一侧的结论,为隧道的设计提供了一定的理论依据。 关键词：非对称隧道;偏压状态;连拱隧道;数值模拟     

黄土隧道施工方案的数值分析

黄土隧道围岩不同开挖与支护施工方案的数值分析,对了解黄土隧洞变形破坏机理以及黄土隧洞设计施工理论具有重要意义。对黄土隧道围岩采用中壁法和双侧壁导坑法开挖各3种不同支护顺序分别进行了模拟计算,考察了各个施工工序地表最大沉降量、隧洞拱顶最大下沉量、围岩塑性区分布、衬砌单元弯矩以及岩体总应变能变化。计算结果表明,从开挖方法来说,双侧壁导坑法要优于中壁法;从支护顺序来说,滞后支护要优于及时支护。此结果可为黄土隧道工程设计施工提供参考。     

裂纹方向对隧道稳定性影响规律的研究

采用模型试验和数值模拟方法,研究单轴压缩载荷下带裂纹直墙拱形隧道在不同的裂纹面与隧道垂直边墙之间的夹角 时围岩损伤破坏规律。试验采用水泥砂浆制作成具有不同夹角 的直墙拱形隧道模型,养护30 d后进行加载。数值模拟采用混凝土损伤塑性模型,计算出隧道周边各点的应力和裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,与模型试验结果吻合较好。结果表明,拱肩处的裂纹会降低隧道的整体稳定性及强度,在裂纹尖端及侧壁产生很大的应力集中,但随着 角度的变化,强度降低的程度有所不同;当 = 60?和 = 130?时,裂纹对其整体稳定性及强度的影响最大,其裂纹尖端的应力集中现象最为明显,而且破坏应力峰值仅为无裂纹模型的40.9%和41.8%。     

Numerical simulation of round robin numerical test on tunnels using a simplified kinematic hardening model

The paper summarizes the numerical simulation of the round robin numerical test on tunnels performed in Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The main issues of the numerical simulation are presented along with representative comparisons of the computed response with the recorded data. For the simulation, the finite element method is implemented, using ABAQUS. The analyses are performed on prototype-scale models under plane strain conditions. While the tunnel behavior is assumed to be elastic, the soil nonlinear behavior during shaking is modeled using a simplified kinematic hardening model combined with a von Mises failure criterion and an associated plastic flow rule. The model parameters are adequately calibrated using available laboratory test results for the specific fraction of sand. The soil–tunnel interface is also accounted and simulated adequately. The effect of the interface friction on the tunnel response is investigated for one test case, as this parameter seems to affect significantly the tunnel lining axial forces. Finally, the internal forces of the tunnel lining are also evaluated with available closed-form solutions, usually used in the preliminary stages of design and compared with the experimental data and the numerical predictions. The numerical analyses can generally reproduce reasonably well the recorded response. Any differences between the experimental data and the numerical results are mainly attributed to the simplification of the used model and to differences between the assumed and the actual mechanical properties of the soil and the tunnel during the test.     

隧道变形失稳的能量演化模型与破坏判据研究

隧道变形失稳过程与破坏判据研究是地下工程的热点与难点之一。运用耗散结构理论,分析了隧道变形失稳的能量耗散过程与演化特征;结合热力学基本定律,研究了整个隧道系统的能量耗散机制,建立了隧道变形失稳的能量演化模型。在此基础上,分别给出了大数据量（≥3 000）与小数据量（<3 000）条件下稳定性演化过程的能量判别准则;根据隧道系统变形失稳演化各阶段特征,提出了其失稳破坏的能量判据。将研究成果应用于广州地铁某立体交叉隧道的稳定性分析,验证了该能量演化模型与判据的合理可靠性,其结果对隧道稳定性状态的判别具有一定指导意义。     

隧道变形失稳过程的非线性动力学分析与破坏判据研究

隧道变形失稳过程与破坏判据研究是地下工程的热点与难点之一。运用协同学与混沌动力学,分析了隧道变形失稳过程的非线性动力学演化特征,并将其划分为平衡、非平衡线性、非平衡非线性等3个演化阶段;从系统分析的角度,研究了整个隧道系统的涨落关联机制,建立了隧道变形失稳的动力学演化模型。在此基础上,分别给出了大数据量（≥3 000）与小数据量（ 3 000）条件下稳定性演化过程的动力学判别准则。结合隧道变形失稳的阶段性特征,建立了其破坏的混沌动力学判据。将以上研究应用于广州地铁某立体交叉隧道的稳定性分析中,验证了该动力学演化模型与判据的合理可靠性,对隧道稳定性状态的判别具有一定指导意义。     

地震作用下输水隧道的流-固耦合分析

在大规模的调水工程的建设中穿越软土地区的浅埋输水隧道的抗震性能问题更加突出。大管径浅埋输水隧道由于内部水体质量巨大,且在振动作用下隧道内部水体产生晃动,由此引起水体-隧道衬砌之间的耦联作用,这些都直接影响隧道衬砌的动力响应。针对这一问题,将围岩-衬砌-水体作为一个整体进行有限元剖分,采用流-固耦合的分析方法,对隧道中流体对隧道衬砌的频率以及隧道衬砌动力响应的影响进行了研究,其中管内水体采用基于势的流体单元,同时对隧道内无水、半满水、满水的频率和隧道衬砌的动力响应进行了比较分析,结果表明流体对软土中输水隧道的频率和隧道衬砌动力响应的影响很大。     

平行盾构隧道施工对既有隧道影响的数值分析

采用三维有限元方法对平行盾构隧道施工进行模拟,分析新隧道动态掘进时既有隧道位移、变形和内力的变化规律。模型中考虑了盾构机与管片衬砌相互作用,管片衬砌结构的横观各向同性性质。计算结果表明,既有隧道在盾构机附近主要产生纵向上的不均匀沉降和侧移,在盾构机后方主要产生横断面内的旋转。新隧道的修建还将使既有隧道受到“侧向加载“效应,使其横断面内的弯矩减小,轴力增大,且左、右侧受力不再对称。既有隧道纵向受力出现先受压、后受拉的特征,且在远离新隧道侧将出现最不利应力状态。分析表明盾构机顶进力、注浆压力和地层损失对既有隧道的影响较大,施工中应严格控制,而顶进反力的影响相对较小。该工作为类似工程的施工提供参考。     

THE ‘NEW IMPLICIT METHOD’ FOR TUNNEL ANALYSIS

Tunnel excavation is a coupled three-dimensional problem dealing with two different structures: lining and rockmass. For a simple application it is useful to develop simplified methods by treating the problem as plane strain. If the problem of tunnel face advance presents an axisymmetric geometry, then we show that the major parameter governing the ground–interface–lining interaction is the convergence of the tunnel U₀ at the moment of the lining installation. The ‘New Implicit Method’ (NIM) presented in this paper makes use of principles similar to those of the ‘convergence–confinement’ method, but it provides a better appreciation of the coupled behaviour of rockmass and lining. For independent time constitutive laws (elasticity and plasticity), we point out that the convergence U₀ depends not only on the mechanical behaviour of the rockmass and on the distance from the tunnel face, as predicted by the ‘convergence–confinement’ method, but also on the stiffness of the lining previously set. We present the ‘NIM’ for elastic and perfect elastoplastic rockmasses without dilatancy for many criteria. The development of this new method is based on the results of tunnel calculations with an axisymmetric FEM numerical model that takes into account the three-dimensional aspect of the problem. Using this method is simple and its results agree well with the FEM numerical results. Its accuracy is highly satisfactory for a geotechnical study.     

火灾作用下隧道衬砌结构变形理论分析模型

火灾作用下衬砌材料力学性能的劣化会引起隧道结构的损伤,变形量的增大,危害隧道运营安全。基于几何和材料非线性理论,综合考虑火灾作用下衬砌结构中温度的非线性分布,材料力学性能的高温劣化及热膨胀等因素的影响,提出用于描述火灾作用下隧道衬砌结构变形行为的理论分析模型。在此基础上,给出半圆形隧道在火灾作用下截面转角及径向变形的解析解,分析火灾持续时间对衬砌变形行为的影响规律,可为隧道结构防火设计及灾后评估提供理论依据。     

某核电取水隧洞洞口段及洞口高边坡抗震稳定分析

针对某核电取水隧洞工程,采用非线性的动力分析方法,用Flac3D建立大型三维有限差分模型,模拟隧洞洞口段在场址时程地震波作用下的地震响应规律,同时通过建立隧洞洞口处回填高边坡的二维有限元模型,进行洞口边坡在地震动作用下的稳定性分析,得出其边坡滑动面位置和动力安全系数时程曲线。通过场址地震波的输入,探讨隧洞洞口及边坡的结构响应特点,得出隧洞洞口衬砌内力随地震波作用的时程变化曲线,绘制隧洞衬砌内力图,同时给出隧洞洞口段高边坡安全系数。分析结果表明,隧洞洞口抗震的薄弱部位位于隧洞拱肩及边墙位置。分析方法及结论对于隧洞的抗震设计具有一定的参考价值。     

软弱围岩中偏压隧道的剪胀特性研究

在偏压情况下对不同埋深的4车道和2车道偏压公路隧道建立其力学模型,研究其松动围岩力学特征。在考虑应力剪胀对隧道围岩的影响后,计算出洞周围岩位移、收敛比。研究结果表明：对于相同的条件,4车道偏压公路隧道的围岩剪切破坏带比2车道更容易与地面贯通;随着剪胀角的递增,围岩位移矢量和隧道拱顶下沉量逐渐减小,拱脚水平位移逐渐增大;大跨度隧道围岩位移受剪胀角的影响比小断面隧道显著。     

隧道衬砌病害地质雷达探测正演模拟与应用

国内大多数隧道都存在着不同程度的病害,其中诸如衬砌开裂、不密实、含有空洞和渗漏水等衬砌病害是隧道最常见的病害类型,严重影响行车安全。地质雷达（GPR）可以用来对隧道衬砌病害进行快速无损探测,但对于衬砌病害的解译十分依赖于探测人员的经验,很容易造成误判和漏判。因此,对隧道衬砌病害进行分类,并针对典型衬砌病害类型进行建模,利用时域有限差分（FDTD）法对衬砌病害模型进行地质雷达探测正演模拟,针对衬砌渗漏水和存在钢筋干扰等特殊情况,通过频谱分析对病害进行了定量识别,总结出典型衬砌病害的地质雷达探测解释准则,最后结合工程实例对衬砌病害进行了推断和解译。结果验证了衬砌病害地质雷达探测正演模拟和解释准则的可靠性。     

大断面小净距隧道围岩稳定性数值分析 大断面小净距隧道围岩稳定性数值分析

结合小净距隧道工程特点,分别建立不同跨度小净距隧道有限元计算模型,对隧道施工过程力学特征及围岩稳定性进行对比分析,以研究三车道大断面小净距隧道区别于两车道小净距隧道的基本力学特征。分析结果表明,对应不同隧道跨度、隧道净距和围岩级别对隧道施工过程中围岩稳定性的影响有显著差别,相同隧道净距条件下,三车道小净距隧道围岩应力状态比两车道隧道差,净距越小,差别越大,而围岩质量越低,差别也越显著;另外,在质量较差的围岩中,大断面小净距隧道围岩受力最薄弱部位主要集中在岩柱雁形部,而两车道小净距隧道则为岩柱中部。研究结果可为大断面小净距隧道的设计、施工提供有益的参考。     

岩质隧洞支护结构设计计算方法探索

依靠模型试验与力学计算,分析了隧洞破坏机制与型式,提出将基于有限元强度折减法求出的围岩安全系数作为稳定分析判据。现有各种围岩分类中都有一些标志围岩稳定性的标志性说明,在前人基础上,提出了各级岩体的稳定性标志,尤其提出了一种新的定量标志,即将隧洞在无衬砌情况下的围岩安全系数作为隧洞稳定性定量标志。由此,在给出的相应稳定安全系数基础上反算出各级岩体的强度参数,以提高强度参数的准确性。提出了岩质隧洞的设计计算方法,采用有限元强度折减法计算围岩安全系数,采用有限元法计算衬砌安全系数,并对青岛市某地下工程进行数值模拟,分别计算了围岩和衬砌的安全系数。初步建议岩体隧洞的设计标准：初期支护后,围岩安全系数不小于1.15～1.2,初衬的安全系数不小于1.3;二次支护后围岩安全系数高于1.25,衬砌的安全系数大于2.0～2.4,以确保隧洞在施工和运行过程中的安全。     

黄土公路隧道病害治理实例研究

黄土物理力学性质相对较差,具有大孔隙、湿陷性强、强度低的特点,加之黄土区的地形地貌、地质条件比较复杂,导致黄土隧道修筑过程中病害较多。利用SIR2000型探地雷达、RSM-SY5非金属声波探测仪和BJSD-2型激光限界仪等多种方法对某黄土公路隧道病害进行了探测,探测表明隧道洞身出现环向和横向裂缝,衬砌厚度不足,局部地段存在集中涌水和渗漏水,根据探测结果对隧道病害成因进行了详细的分析。在此基础上结合黄土隧道的基本特征,有针对性地提出了锚喷加固、套衬加仰拱、套衬和下加固围岩3套病害治理方案。并利用数值模拟对隧道治理前后围岩稳定性和衬砌结构受力状态进行了分析,结果表明治理方案衬砌受力状态基本对称,结构的安全系数有较大的提高。     

软弱泥质砂岩地层中输水隧洞稳定性研究

泥质砂岩属于黏土岩,具有典型的遇水软化特征。在泥质砂岩富水地层中进行隧道开挖是地下工程的一个挑战性问题。研究了围岩软化与未软化条件下泥质砂岩地层中输水隧洞的稳定性和支护时间。首先,介绍了泥质砂岩遇水软化的力学试验结果;然后,采用基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的岩体参数评价方法,评估泥质砂岩在围岩软化与未软化条件下的力学参数;再后,以兰州水源地引水隧洞为依托工程,采用数值模拟方法对泥质砂岩隧洞软化与未软化工况的围岩稳定性进行了计算分析,得出泥质砂岩遇水软化对隧洞安全性存在显著影响;最后,采用位移收敛法,研究了泥质砂岩软化与未软化工况中,保障隧洞施工安全的合理支护时机。研究表明,泥质砂岩未软化工况中,可考虑隧道围岩初期支护在距掌子面4～5 m位置实施;而在泥质砂岩遇水软化工况中,初期支护建议在掌子面开挖后立刻支护。研究成果可为泥质砂岩地层隧洞的安全施工提供依据。     

隧道开挖与支护有限差分法分析

根据景德镇-黄山高速公路某隧道现场工程地质条件和隧道结构设计参数,采用有限差分法对喷射500 mm普通混凝土支护和喷射200 mm厚聚丙烯纤维混凝土支护两种支护结构,进行了施工过程的数值模拟分析。从围岩的应力、位移和塑性区分布3个方面对隧道围岩的稳定性进行了分析。模拟计算结果表明,采用喷射200 mm厚聚丙烯纤维混凝土支护结构的隧道围岩能够处于稳定状态。