液化砂土流动效应的振动台试验研究

采用振动台激励使饱和砂土发生液化,并侧向拖拽埋入砂土中的铝管,模拟液化土体与管体相对运动以分析液化砂土流动的力学效应。引入流体力学理论与方法,推导出以拉力反算表观黏度的表达式以及液化土体作为流体对管壁作用的黏滞剪切力。分析和比较了振时拖动、振后拖动下土体的流体性质及其流动效应的率相关性和孔压相关性,探讨了砂土密实度对土体流动效应的影响。结果表明,土体初始密实度与液化后土体的表观黏度正相关;液化土体的表观黏度以及因流动产生的黏滞剪切力与孔压反相关;液化砂土流动产生的黏滞剪切力具有强烈的率相关性。针对可液化场地中的结构抗震分析,应考虑土-结构率相关相互作用。     

Index test for the degradation potential of carbonate sands during hydraulic transportation

Carbonate sands undergo degradation when transported hydraulically from a dredging vessel to the reclamation site. Risks involved in the production of fines during hydraulic transport are a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the fill in certain areas of the reclamation area where these fines concentrate. In order to assess sand degradation in the concrete and road construction industry, the Micro-Deval test for fine aggregates was developed in France and Canada. During Micro-Deval testing, aggregates degrade when tumbled in a rotating steel drum with water and steel balls. In the Canadian standard, the steel charge is lower than in the French standard and balls have the diameter of the smallest balls used in the French test. During testing, the quantity of fines produced is measured. This makes the Micro-Deval test an option for assessing the degradation of sand during hydraulic transportation of slurries in the dredging industry. Three sands are tested: two shelly carbonate sands and one quartzic river sand for comparison. The carbonate sands were sampled on reclaimed land and had been subjected to hydraulic transportation in pipeline before artificial deposition. Due to differences in particle shape, the carbonate sands and the quartz sand have a different number of contacts with the steel charge in the drum of the Micro-Deval and are not exposed to the same degradation forces during testing. It was found that the quartzic sand suffers relatively much degradation as compared to the carbonate sands, despite its greater hardness and resistance to crushability. The French test appears to create turbulence that promotes floatation of the curved shells of the carbonate sands instead of shell grinding at the bottom of the drum by contact with the steel balls. Microscopic observations of sand samples before and after testing showed that the French Micro-Deval test is too destructive. The test leads to the fragmentation by impact of the quartz sands and the destruction of certain particle types that had survived hydraulic transportation. With respect to the Canadian test, microscopic examination of sand grains before and after testing shows there is still much fragmentation of quartz grains. A lower rotational speed combined with a limited steel charge made of uniform balls of a smaller diameter, reduces turbulence, shell floatability and last but not the least, impact forces. It produces the desired result: a high Micro-Deval loss for the carbonate sands in comparison to that for the quartz sands and a very limited fragmentation of the quartz grains. Once the slurry reaches its destination, the grain size distribution of the fines fraction will influence the mechanical behaviour of mixed sands. A procedure is proposed to measure the particle size distribution of the fines fraction produced during Micro-Deval testing.Field validation is needed to validate preliminary laboratory results.     

文克尔地基模型下液化土桩基水平振动响应分析

在桩基顶部承受竖向荷载作用的条件下,将完全液化后的上层土体视为流体,将桩基等效为欧拉-伯努利梁模型,探讨了桩底嵌固时桩基顶部的水平振动阻抗。运用流体动力方程模拟顶部液化土层的运动,运用文克尔地基模拟下部非液化分层土的运动。结合传递矩阵法,利用液化土与非液化分层土交界面处的位移、转角和内力连续条件,得到桩基顶部和底部的相关位移?内力表达关系式。根据桩基底部的嵌固条件,求得桩顶阻抗的表达式。与已有文献解进行对比,验证了分析过程的正确性。对阻抗影响条件进行参数分析,表明液化深度、轴力和流体密度大小对桩顶阻抗有不同的影响。     

Minimum principle and related numerical scheme for simulating initial flow and subsequent propagation of liquefied ground

The problem of predicting the evolution of liquefied ground, modelled as a viscoplastic material, is addressed by combining a minimum principle for the velocity field, which characterizes such an evolution, and a time step integration procedure. Two different numerical schemes are then presented for the finite element implementation of this minimum principle, namely, the regularization technique and the decomposition‐co‐ordination method by augmented Lagrangian. The second method, which proves more accurate and efficient than the first, is finally applied to simulate the incipient flow failure and subsequent spreading of a liquefied soil embankment subject to gravity. The strong influence of liquefied soil residual shear strength on reducing the maximum amplitude of the ground displacement is particularly emphasized in such an analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流变物质对软土流变参数影响的蠕变试验

流变性是软土的一种长期变形特性,对软土地基的沉降产生重要影响。现有研究表明,软土中高黏性的流变物质是产生其流变特性的主要物质因素,当流变物质分布具有一定均匀性时其流变特性与流变物质的分布形态无关,仅与流变物质本身性质和含量比例相关。通过蠕变试验研究了流变物质对软土流变参数的影响,视强亲水性的膨润土微小颗粒为具有高黏性的流变物质,均匀地把其掺入到人工土试样中进行一维压缩蠕变试验,引入基于邓肯非线性弹性的流变元件模型对蠕变试验曲线进行拟合分析,根据流变物质含量确定流变模型参数的变化规律,建立了模型等效黏滞系数、等效弹性模量和邓肯非线性弹性模量与膨润土（流变物质）含量的关系。模型拟合分析发现,基于邓肯非线性弹性的软土流变元件模型与试验结果具有良好一致性,模型参数与流变物质含量之间关系为双曲线方程。     

Chronological constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Chinese Tianshan Orogen through detrital zircons from modern and palaeo-river sands

The Chinese Tianshan Orogen marks prolonged and complicated interactions between the southwestern Palaeo-Asian Ocean and surrounding blocks. New and previously published detrital zircon chronological data from modern and palaeo-river sands were compiled to reveal its tectonic evolution. It is characterized by predominant Palaeozoic as well as minor Mesozoic and Precambrian detrital zircon ages with a multimodal characteristic. The oldest Phanerozoic zircon population (peaking at 475 Ma) is a result of subduction and closure of the early Palaeozoic Terskey Ocean. However, the absence of this peak in the Chinese North and southern South Tianshan suggests that subductions of the North and South Tianshan oceans may not have initiated until the Late Ordovician with subsequent 460–390 and 360–320 Ma arc magmatism. Similar to the magmatic suite in classic collisional orogens, the youngest massive 320–270 Ma magmatism is suggested to be post-collisional. The North and South Tianshan oceans therefore probably had their closure to form the Chinese Tianshan Orogen during the late Carboniferous. The weak Mesozoic intra-plate magmatism further rejects a late Permian–Triassic Tianshan Orogen due to a lack of extensive syn- and post-collisional magmatism. Moreover, diverse Precambrian detrital zircon age patterns indicate that the surrounding blocks have distinct evolutionary processes with short-term amalgamation during the Meso- to Neoproterozoic.     

On the behaviour of liquefied soil

Engineering mechanics of liquefied soil is presented. Firstly, experimental methods and their results are described in order to show that liquefied soil can be approximated as a viscous fluid. The experiments proposed allow for determination of dynamic viscosity of liquefied soil, which is of the order of 10⁶ Ns/m². This value agrees with some theoretical estimates. Then, the model of viscous fluid is applied to practically important problems, in order to predict sinking of structures in liquefied subsoil, and to describe underwater flows of seabed. Enclosed examples show that the model and methods proposed lead to realistic results and, therefore, can be applied in engineering calculations.     

A simple three‐dimensional distinct element modeling of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands

This paper presents a simple three‐dimensional (3D) Distinct Element Method (DEM) for numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands. First, a series of micro‐mechanical tests on a pair of aluminum rods glued together by cement with different bond sizes were performed to obtain the contact mechanical responses of ideally bonded granular material. Second, a 3D bond contact model, which takes into account the influences of bond sizes, was established by extending the obtained 2D experimental results to 3D case. Then, a DEM incorporating the new contact model was employed to perform a set of drained triaxial compression tests on the DEM bonded specimens with different cement contents under different confining pressures. Finally, the mechanical behavior of the bonded specimens was compared with the available experimental results. The results show that the DEM incorporating the simple 3D bond contact model is able to capture the main mechanical behavior of bonded sands. The bonded specimen with higher cement content under lower confining pressure exhibits more pronounced strain softening and shear dilatancy. The peak and residual strengths, the apparent cohesion and peak/residual friction angles, and the position and slope of the critical state line increase with increase in cement content. Microscopically, bond breakage starts when the system starts to dilate and the maximum rate of bond breakage coincides with the maximum rate of dilation. Bond breakage is primarily due to tension‐shear failure and the percentage of such failures is independent of both confining pressure and cement content. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rare earth elements of the Altar Desert dune and coastal sands, Northwestern Mexico

Twenty-one surficial sand samples from the Altar Desert coastal and desert dune systems were analysed for rare earth elements (REE) content. This was done to observe the provenance signatures for four strategic dune localities near the Colorado River Delta, the El Pinacate dune fields, and the beaches of the north of the Gulf of California in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Our goals are to show which mechanisms (i.e., aeolian, marine) exert more influence on the composition of the Altar Desert dune sands. This study also shows the usefulness of REE spatial distribution to determine the relative mobility of the sand. Some sand samples from the dune systems in San Luis Río Colorado (SLRC), Golfo de Santa Clara (GSC), and Puerto Peñasco (PP) displayed dissimilar REE concentrations with respect to the rest of the sand samples from the same sites. These differences can be related to short aeolian transport distance in the sands with high REE concentrations and long aeolian transport distance in the sands with low REE concentrations. Besides, high REE concentration in the sands might be due to their closeness to the Colorado River Delta sediments and to recycled sands derived from granitic rocks. In contrast, all the sand samples from the El Pinacate (EP) site have similar REE concentration values, suggesting that the El Pinacate dune sands are influenced by more selective aeolian processes and less diverse heavy mineral content. The Altar Desert dune sands are derived from granitic sources eroded by the Colorado River. Our results also indicate that the Altar Desert dune sands are low in heavy mineral content (with the exception of Fe and Ti bearing minerals) and enriched in carbonates with phosphates (especially at the PP site) yielding poor correlations between REE and major element concentrations. The REE geographical distribution values in the Altar Desert dune sands indicate that light and heavy REE concentration values are related to aeolian transport, maturity of the sands, their low weathering rates, proximity of the source rocks, and the biogenic debris input from beach sands into the dune.     

一个用于面板坝流变分析的堆石流变模型

在前人工作的基础上, 从宏观上建立了一个用于面板坝流变分析的堆石流变模型: 堆石的瞬时弹塑性变形由椭圆-抛物双屈服面模型确定,并计入时间效应, 由双曲线函数经验公式计算堆石与时间有关的粘塑性变形。通过现场实测结果的反分析验证了模型的可靠性。     

The identification of 9-n-alkyl fluorene-9-ols in the Alberta oil sands

Homologous series of 9-n-alkyl fluorene-9-ols and their nuclear methylated derivatives have been detected in the Alberta oil sands and their structure identified by infrared, field ionization and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by comparison with synthetic standards.     

滇东泸西地区中三叠统法郎组液态油苗的发现及意义

对南盘江地区进行野外石油地质考察,在中三叠统法郎组中发现液态油苗。该油苗位于云南省泸西地区,地表延伸长度超过12km。含油层位的岩性为全黑色生物碎屑泥晶灰岩,油气显示性质为液态油苗和稠油,呈褐黑色、褐黄色,多以浸染状、晶间孔型、溶洞型和裂缝型产出。含油层的下伏地层为中三叠统个旧组,主要为一套碳酸盐岩沉积,产2套累计厚度16m左右的油浸砂糖状白云岩。含油层上覆地层法郎组上段为一套泥质碎屑岩沉积,该套地层的泥岩段中有大量油斑产出。液态油苗的发现显示了该区良好的油气勘探前景。     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts and links with sediments in surrounding areas

In addition to mineral analyses, REE and trace element geochemical characteristics of fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts and other sediments in surrounding areas are investigated.Commonly the samples consist of quartz, feldspar and muscovite and less clinochlore, dolomite and ankerite. In few samples muscovite is absent.REE and trace compositions are spatially uniform for the same grain-size sands, suggesting that they could have the same sources or/and were well homogenized. However, fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts show different REE and trace element compositions. Fine-grained sands show higher contents of REE and trace elements than those of coarse-grained sands. They differ in Eu anomalies and (La/Yb)_N ratios although both fractions are characterized by the steep LREE and smooth HREE patterns. The fine- and coarse-grained sands are also distinct in some characteristic element ratios (e.g., Th/Co, La/Sc, Th/Sc and Y/Ni).REE and trace element patterns of the two different grain-size fractions are closely associated with geological properties of individual sources rather than the mineralogical differentiation induced by wind sorting. The coarse-grained sands mainly resulted from sandstone weathering in the Ordos deserts and movements of coarse particles by wind. REE and trace element patterns of fine-grained sands in the Ordos deserts differ from those of sandstones in the Ordos deserts, the alluvial sands in the surrounding mountains and the coarse fluvial sands in the Yellow River. They resemble the fine fluvial sands in the Yellow River. In addition, arid areas of Northwest China such as the Tarim Basin and the Alxa Plateau should not be ruled out as the source of the fine-grained sands in the Ordos deserts because these arid areas reserve plenty of fine-grained sediments and also located in the upwind directions of the Ordos deserts.     

滇东泸西地区中三叠统法郎组液态油苗的发现及意义

对南盘江地区进行野外石油地质考察,在中三叠统法郎组中发现液态油苗.该油苗位于云南省泸西地区,地表延伸长度超过12km.舍油层位的岩性为全黑色生物碎屑泥晶灰岩,油气显示性质为液态油苗和稠油,呈褐黑色、褐黄色,多以浸染状、晶间孔型、溶洞型和裂缝型产出.舍油层的下伏地层为中三叠统个旧组,主要为一套碳酸盐岩沉积,产2套累计厚度16m左右的油浸砂糖状白云岩.舍油层上覆地层法郎组上段为一套泥质碎屑岩沉积,该套地层的泥岩段中有大量油斑产出.液态油苗的发现显示了该区良好的油气勘探前景.     

宾汉钻井液圆管轴向层流压降的数值计算

在计算宾汉钻井液在钻具中的层流压降时,需要求解一个非线性方程,以往通常使用近似公式进行计算。对于求解这个非线性方程,提出了一个数值迭代算法,并对该算法的收敛性进行了证明,给出了最大迭代步数的上限值。理论分析和大量实际算例表明：本文算法具有非常稳定的收敛性和非常快的收敛速度,并且能够给出压降的精确计算值。     

Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to northwestern Saskatchewan lakes east of the Athabasca oil sands

The past several decades have witnessed a significant expansion of mining activities in the Athabasca oil sands region, raising concerns about their impact on the surrounding boreal forest ecosystem. To better understand the extent to which distal sites are impacted by oil sands-derived airborne contaminants, we examine sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments and dated sediment cores from Saskatchewan lakes situated ∼100–220 km east–northeast of the main area of bitumen mining activities. The concentrations and fluxes of both parent and alkylated PAHs are low and show considerable variability over the past 70–100 years. Small yet discernible increases in PAH concentrations and fluxes occurred over the past 30 years, a trend which coincides with the rapid growth in bitumen production. However, several lines of evidence point to wildfires as the principal source of PAHs to these lakes: (1) the significant co-variations in most cores between retene (1-methyl-7-isopropyl phenanthrene) and other groups of parent and alkylated PAHs, (2) the similarity in compound specific δ¹³C signatures of the parent PAHs phenanthrene and pyrene in recently deposited surficial sediments and those corresponding to time intervals considerably pre-dating the large scale development of the oil sands and (3) the discernible up-core increases in the proportion of refractory carbon (i.e., char) in Rock-Eval 6 data. The collective evidence points to softwood combustion from boreal forest fires as the principal source of retene in sediments and the general increase in forest fire activity in this region over the past several decades as the source of refractory carbon. Mining activities associated with the Athabasca oil sands are thus not considered a major source of PAHs to these lakes.     

Structure and emplacement of granite plutons in the Paleoproterozoic crust of Eastern Burkina Faso: rheological implications

The Fada N′Gourma area in Burkina Faso is underlain by Paleoproterozoic rocks that make the northeastern West-African Craton. This region is composed of NE-trending volcano-sedimentary belts and foliated tonalites, affected by several shear zones. A generation of younger, ∼2100 Ma-old, non-foliated biotite-bearing granites intrudes the former rock units. We have investigated the younger granite pluton of Kouare that was previously considered as forming a single body with the pluton of Satenga to the west, a pluton which likely belongs to the ∼20 Ma more recent Tenkodogo-Yamba batholith. Magnetic fabric measurements have been combined with microstructural observations and the analysis of field and aeromagnetic data. The granite encloses angular enclaves of the host tonalites. Magmatic microstructures are preserved inside the pluton and solid-state, high-temperature deformation features are ubiquitous at its periphery. The presence of steeply plunging lineations in the pluton of Kouare and its adjacent host-rocks suggests that large volumes of granitic magmas became crystallized while they were ascending through the crust that was softened and steepened close to the contact. Around Kouare, the foliation in the host tonalites conforms with a map-scale, Z-shaped fold in between NNE-trending shear zones, implying a bulk clockwise rotation of the material contained in-between the shear zones, including the emplacing pluton. Regionally, the Fada N′Gourma area is concluded to result from NW-shortening associated with transcurrent shearing and vertical transfer of granitic magmas. This study concludes that the ∼2200 Myears old juvenile crust of Burkina Faso was brittle before the intrusion of the biotite-granites, became softened close to them and that gravity-driven and regional scale wrench tectonics were active together.     

浅谈边坡稳定性分析方法

综述边坡稳定性分析方法及其研究的一些新进展,从定性、定量、非确定性、流变以及动力分析等方面进行了详细论述,指出各种方法的优缺点。     

氰化液中Ag的现场测定

已往测定氰化液中Ag的方法只适用于化学成分简单的样品，对于成分较复杂，尤其是Cu，Pb，Zn浓度较高的氰化液，其测定Ag的重现性较差。现场测定氰化液中Ag的方法是基于采用HNO3 H2O2(过氧化氢)破坏氰化液中的[CN]-，在10％HNO3介质中以CCX富集分离Ag。吸附在CCX上的Ag经灰化法解脱后在pH值为3．3的CH3COOH(乙酸)-CH3COONa(乙酸钠)缓冲溶液中，以Au试剂液珠萃取比色法进行测定。选择一个已知含量的氰化液进行10次测定，方法的测定下限为0．1μg／mL，RSD为5．8％，分析结果能满足选冶生产工艺的需要。     

华北克拉通破坏与岩石圈减薄

古太古代（约4.0 Ga）时地球上可能只有一个超级大陆, 它的岩石圈厚度高达400 km。在早元古代,这个超级大陆减薄、裂解成十几块,每块中心是太古宙岩石,边缘是元古宙岩石,且各块厚度不等（150~350km）。从元古宙之后这些被称之为稳定克拉通的大陆岩石圈就一直漂游在地幔软流圈之上。中国华北地块就是这些克拉通之一,与众不同的是它在中生代时遭受了第二次破坏,岩石圈厚度从古生代时的180~200 km 减少到现今的80~100 km。本文作者从流变学的视角出发,围绕华北克拉通破坏和岩石圈减薄这一核心问题,从