A generalized derivative operator for potential field data‡

The enhancement of potential field data using filters based on horizontal and vertical derivatives is common. As well as the direct use of the gradients themselves they are used in filters such as sunshading, total horizontal derivative, analytic signal, horizontal and vertical tilt angles, the Theta map and other filters. These techniques are high‐pass filters of different types and so enhance noise as well as detail in the data. A new derivative operator is introduced in this paper, which generalizes the effects of some of the previously mentioned filters. This filter is a linear combination of the horizontal and vertical field derivatives, normalized by the analytic signal amplitude. The filter is demonstrated on aeromagnetic and gravity data from South Africa.     

How to Remedy Non-optimal Seismic Data by Seismic Processing

—Seismic data processing mostly takes into account the statistics inherent in the data to improve the data quality. Since some years the deterministic approach for processing shows many advantages. This approach takes into account e.g., the source signature, with the knowledge of its amplitude and phase behavior. The transformation of the signal into an optimized form is called wavelet processing. By this step an optimal input for deconvolution can be produced, which needs a minimum- delay signal to function well. The interpreter needs a signal which gives the optimum resolution, which is accomplished by the zero-phase transformation of the input signal. The combination of different input sources such as Vibroseis and Dynamite requires a phase adoption. All these procedures can be implemented via Two-Sided-Recursive (TSR-) filters. Spectral balancing can be accomplished very effectively in time domain after a minimum delay transform of the input signals. The DEKORP data suffer from a low signal/noise ratio, so that special methods for the suppression of coherent noise trains were developed. This can be done by subtractive coherency filtering. Multiple seismic reflections also can be suppressed by this method very effectively. All processing procedures developed during recent years are now fully integrated in commercial software operated by the processing center in Clausthal.     

基于磁异常的边界特征增强方法对比研究

基于磁异常进行场源边界识别(如断裂划分)是磁法勘探解释工作的重要内容.由于受到斜磁化、场源埋深、异常叠加以及噪声等多种因素的影响,基于磁异常直接进行场源的边界识别往往难以准确识别出场源体的边界,所以,人们研究了各种场源边界特征增强的方法技术,以便于进行场源边界的识别工作.近年来,国内外出现了很多新的边界特征增强方法,但有些方法的边界特征增强效果与已有方法相近,有的方法效果有待深化检验,存在验证方法的理论模型过于简单,未全面细致地分析出它们的优缺点等问题.针对上述情况,本文运用多种复杂、贴近实际的理论模型,深入对比分析了包括解析信号模法和倾斜角法等在内的15种具有代表性的边界增强方法,分析了它们在不同磁化方向、不同场源埋深、不同场源形态、异常叠加和噪声干扰等多种因素影响下的边界增强效果,重点归纳总结出它们的优缺点和适用条件,以为实际应用时的方法选择提供参考.通过模型实验,我们认为解析信号模垂向导数法、总水平导数法、解析信号模倾斜角法是在多种因素影响下,适用性较强、应用效果较好的三种方法.     

A method for absorption compensation based on adaptive molecular decomposition

In this paper, we present a new method for seismic stratigraphic absorption compensation based on the adaptive molecular decomposition. Using this method, we can remove most of the effects resulting from wavelets truncation and interference which usually exist in the common time-frequency absorption compensation method. Based on the assumption that the amplitude spectrum of the source wavelet is smooth, we first construct a set of adaptive Gabor frames based on the time-variant properties of the seismic signal to transform the signal into the time-frequency domain and then extract the slowly varying component (the wavelet’s time-varying amplitude spectrum) in each window in the time-frequency domain. Then we invert the absorption compensation filter parameters with an objective function defined using the correlation coefficients in each window to get the corresponding compensation filters. Finally, we use these filters to compensate the time-frequency spectrum in each window and then transform the time-frequency spectrum to the time domain to obtain the absorption-compensated signal. By using adaptive molecular decomposition, this method can adapt to isolated and overlapped seismic signals from the complex layers in the inhomogeneous viscoelastic medium. The viability of the method is verified by synthetic and real data sets.     

SIGNAL ADJUSTMENT OF VIBROSEIS AND IMPULSIVE SOURCE DATA*

In certain areas continuous Vibroseis profiling is not possible due to varying terrain conditions. Impulsive sources can be used to maintain continuous coverage. While this technique keeps the coverage at the desired level, for the processing of the actual data there is the problem of using different sources resulting in different source wavelets. In addition, the effect of the free surface is different for these two energy sources. The approach to these problems consists of a minimum-phase transformation of the two-sided Vibroseis data by removal of the anticipation component of the autocorrelation of the filtered sweep and a minimum-phase transformation of the impulsive source data by replacement of the recording filter operator with its minimum-phase correspondent. Therefore, after this transformation, both datasets show causal wavelets and a conventional deconvolution (spike or predictive) may be used. After stacking, a zero-phase transformation can be performed resulting in traces well suited for computing pseudo-acoustic impedance logs or for application of complex seismic trace analysis. The solution is also applicable to pure Vibroseis data, thereby eliminating the need for a special Vibroseis deconvolution. The processing steps described above are demonstrated on synthetic and actual data. The transformation operators used are two-sided recursive (TSR) shaping filters. After application of the above adjustment procedure, remaining signal distortions can be removed by modifying only the phase spectrum or both the amplitude and phase spectra. It can be shown that an arbitrary distortion defined in the frequency domain, i.e., a distortion of the amplitude and phase spectrum, is noticeable in the time section as a two-sided signal.     

A FREQUENCY DOMAIN MAPPING APPROXIMATION OF MOVEOUT FILTERS WITH APPLICATIONS*

Wavenumber aliasing is the main limitation of conventional optimum least-squares linear moveout filters: it prevents adequate reject domain weighting for efficient coherent noise rejection. A general frequency domain multichannel filter design technique based on a one-to-one mapping method between two-dimensional (2D) space and one-dimensional (1D) space is presented. The 2D desired response is mapped to the 1D frequency axis after a suitable sorting of the coefficients. A min-max or Tchebycheff approximation to the desired response is obtained in the 1D frequency domain and mapped back to the 2D frequency domain. The algorithm is suitable for multiband 2D filter design. No aliasing damage is inherent in the linear moveout filters designed using this technique because the approximation is done in the frequency-wavenumber (f, k)-domain. Linear moveout filters designed by using the present coefficient mapping technique achieve better pass domain approximations than the corresponding conventional least-squares filters. Compatible reject domain approximations can be obtained from suitable mappings of the origin coefficient of the desired (f k)-response to the 1D frequency axis. The (fk)-responses of linear moveout filters designed by using the new technique show equi-ripple behavior. Synthetic and real data applications show that the present technique is superior to the optimum least-squares filters and straight stacking in recovering and enhancing the signal events with relatively high residual statics. Their outputs also show higher resolution than those of the optimum least-squares filters.     

应用加强解析信号倾斜角进行位场数据的边界检测

边界检测在地球物理位场数据解释中占有重要位置.现有的传统边界识别方法有的不能同时显示不同振幅的异常边界,有的虽然能均衡不同振幅的异常,但识别出来的边界信息中含有一些额外的错误的边界信息,尤其是当测量的异常中同时含有正异常和负异常时.目前已有的去除额外错误边界信息的方法存在着一定的人为主观性.为了解决这些问题,本文定义了加强解析信号倾斜角来进行地质体边界识别.通过模型试验证明了该方法不仅能同时清晰地识别深部和浅部地质体的边界,而且能有效地避免引入一些错误边界信息.最后将该方法应用到四川盆地的重力异常数据中,并取得了良好边界结果.     

An algorithm for interpolation in the pyramid domain‡

With the pyramid transform, 2D dip spectra can be characterized by 1D prediction‐error filters (pefs) and 3D dip spectra by 2D pefs. These filters, contrary to pefs estimated in the frequency‐space domain (ω, x) , are frequency independent. Therefore, one pef can be used to interpolate all frequencies. Similarly, one pef can be computed from all frequencies, thus yielding robust estimation of the filter in the presence of noise. This transform takes data from the frequency‐space domain (ω, x) to data in a frequency‐velocity domain (ω, u=ω·x) using a simple mapping procedure that leaves locations in the pyramid domain empty. Missing data in (ω, x) ‐space create even more empty bins in (ω, u) ‐space. We propose a multi‐stage least‐squares approach where both unknown pefs and missing data are estimated. This approach is tested on synthetic and field data examples where aliasing and irregular spacing are present.     

基于非稳态多项式拟合的地震噪声衰减方法研究(英文)

基于非稳态多项式拟合理论,针对地震数据中同相轴振幅变化这一特征,我们提出了一种地震噪声衰减的新方法。非稳态多项式拟合系数是时变的,通过整形正则化约束多项式拟和系数的光滑性,自适应的估计地震数据的相干分量。基于动校正后的共中心点道集(CMP)中地震信号的相干性,利用非稳态多项式拟合估计有效信号,从而衰减随机噪声。对于线性相干噪声,如地滚波,首先利用径向道变换(RadialTraceTransform,RTT)将地震数据变换到时间一视速度域,在时间—视速度域利用非稳态多项式拟合估计出相干噪声,然后减去相干噪声。该方法可以有效的估计振幅变化的相干分量,不需要相干分量振幅为常量的假设。模拟和实际资料处理结果表明,与传统的稳态多项式拟合和低切滤波相比,该方法可以更为有效的衰减地震噪声,同时保真了地震有效信号。     

A regularized Wiener–Hopf filter for inverting models with magnetic susceptibility

For a magnetic target, the spatial magnetic signal can be expressed as a convolutional integral over Green's function of an assumed model with susceptibility as its parameter. A filter can be used to obtain the susceptibility by minimizing the mismatch between observed and the computed magnetic anomalies. In this perspective, we report the development of an advanced digital filter, which is efficient and can be used to map rock susceptibility from the acquired magnetic data. To design the new filter, we modified the space‐domain standard Wiener–Hopf filter by imposing two different constraints: (i) the filter energy constraint; and (ii) normalization of the filter coefficients. These constraints make it capable to characterize source bodies from their produced magnetic anomalies. We assume that the magnetic data are produced by induced magnetization only and interpretation can be as good as the subsurface model. Our technique is less sensitive to the data noise, which makes it efficient in enhancing the interpretation model. The modified filter demonstrates its applicability over the synthetic data with additive white Gaussian noise. In order to check the efficacy and adaptivity of this tool in a more realistic perspective, it is also tested on the real magnetic data acquired over a kimberlitic district adjoining to the western margin of the Cuddapah Basin in India to identify the source bodies from the anomalies. Our result shows that the modified Wiener–Hopf filter with the constraint for the magnetic data is more stable and efficient than the standard Wiener–Hopf filter.     

Diffraction imaging by prestack reverse‐time migration in the dip‐angle domain

Prestack image volumes may be decomposed into specular and non‐specular parts by filters defined in the dip‐angle domain. For space‐shift extended image volumes, the dip‐angle decomposition is derived via local Radon transform in depth and midpoint coordinates, followed by an averaging over space‐shifts. We propose to employ prestack space‐shift extended reverse‐time migration and dip‐angle decomposition for imaging small‐scale structural elements, considered as seismic diffractors, in models with arbitrary complexity. A suitable design of a specularity filter in the dip‐angle domain rejects the dominant reflectors and enhances diffractors and other non‐specular image content. The filter exploits a clear discrimination in dip between specular reflections and diffractions. The former are stationary at the specular dip, whereas the latter are non‐stationary without a preferred dip direction. While the filtered image volume features other than the diffractor images (for example, noise and truncation artefacts are also present), synthetic and field data examples suggest that diffractors tend to dominate and are readily recognisable. Averaging over space‐shifts in the filter construction makes the reflectors? rejection robust against migration velocity errors. Another consequence of the space‐shift extension and its angle‐domain transforms is the possibility of exploring the image in a multiple set of common‐image gathers. The filtered diffractions may be analysed simultaneously in space‐shift, scattering‐angle, and dip‐angle image gathers by means of a single migration job. The deliverables of our method obviously enrich the processed material on the interpreter's desk. We expect them to further supplement our understanding of the Earth's interior.     

Misfit functionals in Laplace‐Fourier domain waveform inversion,with application to wide‐angle ocean bottom seismograph data

In seismic waveform inversion, non‐linearity and non‐uniqueness require appropriate strategies. We formulate four types of L2 normed misfit functionals for Laplace‐Fourier domain waveform inversion: i) subtraction of complex‐valued observed data from complex‐valued predicted data (the ‘conventional phase‐amplitude’ residual), ii) a ‘conventional phase‐only’ residual in which amplitude variations are normalized, iii) a ‘logarithmic phase‐amplitude’ residual and finally iv) a ‘logarithmic phase‐only’ residual in which the only imaginary part of the logarithmic residual is used. We evaluate these misfit functionals by using a wide‐angle field Ocean Bottom Seismograph (OBS) data set with a maximum offset of 55 km. The conventional phase‐amplitude approach is restricted in illumination and delineates only shallow velocity structures. In contrast, the other three misfit functionals retrieve detailed velocity structures with clear lithological boundaries down to the deeper part of the model. We also test the performance of additional phase‐amplitude inversions starting from the logarithmic phase‐only inversion result. The resulting velocity updates are prominent only in the high‐wavenumber components, sharpening the lithological boundaries. We argue that the discrepancies in the behaviours of the misfit functionals are primarily caused by the sensitivities of the model gradient to strong amplitude variations in the data. As the observed data amplitudes are dominated by the near‐offset traces, the conventional phase‐amplitude inversion primarily updates the shallow structures as a result. In contrast, the other three misfit functionals eliminate the strong dependence on amplitude variation naturally and enhance the depth of illumination. We further suggest that the phase‐only inversions are sufficient to obtain robust and reliable velocity structures and the amplitude information is of secondary importance in constraining subsurface velocity models.     

局域化相空间中的VSP偏移成像方法(英文)

对VSP资料进行偏移成像可提高井附近地下结构的成像分辨率。本文给出了一种基于局域化相空间波场分解的VSP偏移成像方法。此方法采用了基于Gabor-Daubechies紧标架的延拓算子(G-D延拓算子)及其高频渐近形式对相空间波场进行延拓;基于局部平面假设,提出了一种局部角度域相关成像条件。合成和实际VSP资料的偏移成像结果表明,在满足渐近展开的条件下利用G-D延拓算子的高频近似式能够有效的减少计算时间;采用局部角度域相关成像条件能够在不增加计算量的同时,有效减弱VSP成像剖面上的偏移假象。     

Migration scheme for imaging offset VSP data within local phase space

The imaging of offset VSP data in local phase space can improve the image of the subsurface structure near the well. In this paper, we present a migration scheme for imaging VSP data in a local phase space, which uses the Gabor-Daubechies tight framebased extrapolator (G-D extrapolator) and its high-frequency asymptotic expansion to extrapolate wavefields and also delineates an improved correlation imaging condition in the local angle domain. The results for migrating synthetic and real VSP data demonstrate that the application of the high-frequency G-D extrapolator asymptotic expansion can effectively decrease computational complexity. The local angle domain correlation imaging condition can be used to weaken migration artifacts without increasing computation.     

A new texture-based operator for edge enhancement of potential-field data

Edges of potential-field anomalies are assumed to result from sharp discontinuities or interfaces between contrasting materials, such as faults, unconformities, or intrusive contacts. The superposition effects of potential fields make edge-enhancement techniques necessary to reduce edge mislocation. Distinguishable amplitude difference is the edge feature most widely utilized in common enhancement methods. But edges differ from other anomalies not only in amplitude but also in texture, and in some cases they reveal as weak difference in amplitude but of meaningful contrast in texture. Accordingly, we propose a new texture-based operator for edge enhancement. The operator is a modified version of dissimilarity extracted from modified calculation of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix. The matrix is tailored to fit in with the characteristics of potential-field data and it differs from the common co-occurrence matrix mainly in three aspects: (1) for the modified matrix only the pairs between the central point of a computing window and other points are counted; (2) except from commonly-used eight directions, other directions are added for the windows with direction number depending on the window size; (3) co-occurring pairs are given weight to differ the contribution of joint occurrence in different distance. Moreover, we set standard-deviation-based weight to the common dissimilarity in each window in order to locally enhance edges. We evaluate the utility of the operator based on synthetic models and real data examples of the Huanghua Depression in the Bohaiwan Basin, Northern China, and of the Haijiao area in the East China Sea Basin, Eastern China. The modified dissimilarity is proved advantageous to the total horizontal derivative and common dissimilarity in capturing more detailed features, and provides more straightforward and accurate illustration of edges than the tilt angle does. The edges enhanced in the gravity data of the Huanghua Depression accord well with the faults deduced from an integrated geophysical interpretation. The edges detected in the magnetic data of the Haijiao area illustrate the distribution of rocks. The results show the potential of the texture-based operator to facilitate the interpretation of potential-field data in locating faults, rocks, or contacts, and thus to promote the application efficiency of the data in exploration and engineering.     

时频域振幅相位联合的最小二乘逆时偏移

最小二乘逆时偏移方法具有复杂地质构造成像精度高、成像振幅准确等优点.但是,当地下存在强散射介质时,最小二乘逆时偏移方法很难透过上覆强散射地质体获得深部构造的高精度成像结果.本文为了提高深部精细构造的成像质量,提出时频域振幅相位联合的最小二乘逆时偏移方法.该方法主要通过构建时频域振幅相位联合目标函数,减弱振幅信息对成像结...     

时频域相位滤波在远震接收函数噪声压制中的应用

宽频带地震观测数据中有效信号和干扰噪声经常发生混频效应,常规的频率域滤波方法很难将二者分离.地震波信号属于时变非平稳信号,时频分析方法能够同时得到地震波信号随着时间和频率变化的振幅和相位特征,S变换是其中较为高效的时频分析工具之一.本文以S变换为例,提出了基于相位叠加的时频域相位滤波方法.与传统叠加方法相比,相位叠加方法对强振幅不敏感,对波形一致性相当敏感,更加利于有效弱信号信息的检测.时频域相位滤波方法滤除与有效信号不相干的背景噪声,保留了相位一致的有效信号成分,显著提高了信噪比.运用理论合成的远震接收函数数据和实际的宽频带地震观测数据检验结果显示该方法较传统的带通滤波方法相比,即使在信噪较低且混频严重条件下,时频域相位滤波方法的滤波效果依然很明显,有助于识别能量较弱的有效信号.     

Dipole tilt controls bow shock location and flaring angle

The dipole tilt angle has been found to affect Earth’s bow shock. This work presents a quantitative relationship between the dipole tilt angle and the bow shock location and flaring angle. We collected a large data set of bow shock crossings from four different satellites (IMP 8, Geotail, Magion 4, and Cluster), including some recent crossings obtained during 2012–2013. The results from a statistical analysis demonstrate that: (1) the subsolar standoff distance increases but the flaring angle decreases with increasing dipole tilt angle; (2) when the dipole tilt angle changes sign from negative to positive, the dayside bow shock moves toward Earth and the shift can be as much as 2.29 R _E, during which the flaring angle increases; and (3) the shape of bow shock in the northern and southern hemispheres differs. For the northern hemisphere bow shock, with increasing positive/negative dipole tilt angle, the flaring angle increases/decreases. While for the southern hemisphere, the trend is the opposite; with increasing positive/negative dipole tilt angle, the flaring angle decreases/increases. These results are helpful for future bow shock modeling that needs to include the effects of dipole tilt angle.     

Lineaments in the Shamakhy–Gobustan and Absheron hydrocarbon containing areas using gravity data

In this study, we purposed to investigate the edge of geostructures and position of existing faults of the Shamakhy–Gobustan and Absheron hydrocarbon containing regions in Azerbaijan. For this purpose, the horizontal gradient, analytic signal, tilt angle, and hyperbolic of tilt angle methods were applied to the first vertical derivative of gravity data instead of Bouguer gravity data. We obtained the maps that show the previous lineaments which were designated by considering the maximum contours of horizontal gradient, analytic signal maps, and zero values of tilt angle, hyperbolic of tilt angle maps. The geometry of basement interface was also modeled utilizing the Parker–Oldenburg algorithm to understand the sediment thickness and coherency or incoherency between the gravity values and basement topography. The lineaments were held a candle to most current tectonic structure map of the study area. It was seen that the techniques used in this study are very effective to determine the old and new lineaments in the Shamakhy–Gobustan and Absheron regions. The epicenter distribution of earthquakes within the study area supports the new lineaments which are extracted by our interpretation. We concluded that better comprehension of Azerbaijan geostructures and its effect on the large scale works will be provided by means of this study.